• 제목/요약/키워드: Molecular Recognition

검색결과 376건 처리시간 0.03초

분자지표 및 탄소안정동위원소 조성비를 이용한 국내 수입 주요 원유의 식별 (Identification of Major Crude Oils Imported into Korea using Molecular and Stable Carbon Isotopic Compositions)

  • 김은식;안준건;김기범;심원준;주창규;김문구
    • 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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    • 제15권3호
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    • pp.247-256
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    • 2012
  • 원유의 탄소안정동위원소비는 증발, 생물분해, 용해 등 풍화작용에 의해 큰 영향을 받지 않는 것으로 알려져 있어, 유출유의 기원을 확인하는 추적자로서 널리 사용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 국내에 수입되고 있는 유류 중 주요 14종 원유와 제품유 1종의 분자단위 유지문 지표와 탄소안정동위원소비 조성을 분석하고, 이를 유지문으로 활용하여 각 지표의 유류 간 식별력을 비교하였다. Bintulu 원유와 제품유(B-C(1%)) 만이 다른 원유와 구별되는 고유한 alkane 분포패턴을 보였고, 나머지 원유들은 매우 유사한 분포특성을 나타내었다. Alkane 분자지표를 사용하였을 때, 원유를 크게 3개 그룹으로 분류할 수 있었으나 그룹 내 식별은 불가능하였다. PAHs 분자지표인 C2D/C2P와 C3D/C3P 이중지수를 이용해서 A.L., A.S.L., Foroozan, B-C(1%)을 다른 원유들로부터 구별할 수 있었으며, 4-mD/1-mD와 2/3-mD/1-mD 이중지수는 A.S.L., Bintulu, Oman 원유를 뚜렷이 식별할 수 있었다. 하지만 나머지 원유들은 매우 유사한 값을 가지고 있어서 원유 간 식별이 어려웠다. 반면 탄소안정동위원소비를 활용한 식별법은 A.L., A.M., Qatar-Marine, B-C(1%)를 제외한 나머지 모든 원유 사이의 식별을 가능하게 하였다. 개별화합물의 탄소안정동위원소 조성비를 활용한 유지문 분석법은 기존의 PAHs와 alkane의 대표적인 분자지표들과 비교했을 때 상대적으로 높은 원유 간 식별력을 보여 주었다.

Magnaporthe oryzae Effector AVR-Pii Helps to Establish Compatibility by Inhibition of the Rice NADP-Malic Enzyme Resulting in Disruption of Oxidative Burst and Host Innate Immunity

  • Singh, Raksha;Dangol, Sarmina;Chen, Yafei;Choi, Jihyun;Cho, Yoon-Seong;Lee, Jea-Eun;Choi, Mi-Ok;Jwa, Nam-Soo
    • Molecules and Cells
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    • 제39권5호
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    • pp.426-438
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    • 2016
  • Plant disease resistance occurs as a hypersensitive response (HR) at the site of attempted pathogen invasion. This specific event is initiated in response to recognition of pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) and subsequent PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Both PTI and ETI mechanisms are tightly connected with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and disease resistance that involves distinct biphasic ROS production as one of its pivotal plant immune responses. This unique oxidative burst is strongly dependent on the resistant cultivars because a monophasic ROS burst is a hallmark of the susceptible cultivars. However, the cause of the differential ROS burst remains unknown. In the study here, we revealed the plausible underlying mechanism of the differential ROS burst through functional understanding of the Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae) AVR effector, AVR-Pii. We performed yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screening using AVR-Pii as bait and isolated rice NADP-malic enzyme2 (Os-NADP-ME2) as the rice target protein. To our surprise, deletion of the rice Os-NADP-ME2 gene in a resistant rice cultivar disrupted innate immunity against the rice blast fungus. Malic enzyme activity and inhibition studies demonstrated that AVR-Pii proteins specifically inhibit in vitro NADP-ME activity. Overall, we demonstrate that rice blast fungus, M. oryzae attenuates the host ROS burst via AVR-Pii-mediated inhibition of Os-NADP-ME2, which is indispensable in ROS metabolism for the innate immunity of rice. This characterization of the regulation of the host oxidative burst will help to elucidate how the products of AVR genes function associated with virulence of the pathogen.

Targeting the epitope spreader Pep19 by naïve human CD45RA+ regulatory T cells dictates a distinct suppressive T cell fate in a novel form of immunotherapy

  • Kim, Hyun-Joo;Cha, Gil Sun;Joo, Ji-Young;Lee, Juyoun;Kim, Sung-Jo;Lee, Jeongae;Park, So Youn;Choi, Jeomil
    • Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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    • 제47권5호
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    • pp.292-311
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    • 2017
  • Purpose: Beyond the limited scope of non-specific polyclonal regulatory T cell (Treg)-based immunotherapy, which depends largely on serendipity, the present study explored a target Treg subset appropriate for the delivery of a novel epitope spreader Pep19 antigen as part of a sophisticated form of immunotherapy with defined antigen specificity that induces immune tolerance. Methods: Human polyclonal $CD4^+CD25^+CD127^{lo-}$ Tregs (127-Tregs) and $na\ddot{i}ve$ $CD4^+CD25^+CD45RA^+$ Tregs (45RA-Tregs) were isolated and were stimulated with target peptide 19 (Pep19)-pulsed dendritic cells in a tolerogenic milieu followed by ex vivo expansion. Low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) and rapamycin were added to selectively exclude the outgrowth of contaminating effector T cells (Teffs). The following parameters were investigated in the expanded antigen-specific Tregs: the distinct expression of the immunosuppressive Treg marker Foxp3, epigenetic stability (demethylation in the Treg-specific demethylated region), the suppression of Teffs, expression of the homing receptors CD62L/CCR7, and CD95L-mediated apoptosis. The expanded Tregs were adoptively transferred into an $NOD/scid/IL-2R{\gamma}^{-/-}$ mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis. Results: Epitope-spreader Pep19 targeting by 45RA-Tregs led to an outstanding in vitro suppressive T cell fate characterized by robust ex vivo expansion, the salient expression of Foxp3, high epigenetic stability, enhanced T cell suppression, modest expression of CD62L/CCR7, and higher resistance to CD95L-mediated apoptosis. After adoptive transfer, the distinct fate of these T cells demonstrated a potent in vivo immunotherapeutic capability, as indicated by the complete elimination of footpad swelling, prolonged survival, minimal histopathological changes, and preferential localization of $CD4^+CD25^+$ Tregs at the articular joints in a mechanistic and orchestrated way. Conclusions: We propose human $na\ddot{i}ve$ $CD4^+CD25^+CD45RA^+$ Tregs and the epitope spreader Pep19 as cellular and molecular targets for a novel antigen-specific Treg-based vaccination against collagen-induced arthritis.

Molecular Cloning of Two Genes Encoding Cinnamate 4-Hydroxylase (C4H) from Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus)

  • Chen, An-He;Chai, You-Rong;Li, Jia-Na;Chen, Li
    • BMB Reports
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    • 제40권2호
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    • pp.247-260
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    • 2007
  • Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) is a key enzyme of phenylpropanoid pathway, which synthesizes numerous secondary metabolites to participate in development and adaption. Two C4H isoforms, the 2192-bp BnC4H-1 and 2108-bp BnC4H-2, were cloned from oilseed rape (Brassica napus). They both have two introns and a 1518-bp open reading frame encoding a 505-amino-acid polypeptide. BnC4H-1 is 57.73 kDa with an isoelectric point of 9.11, while 57.75 kDa and 9.13 for BnC4H-2. They share only 80.6% identities on nucleotide level but 96.6% identities and 98.4% positives on protein level. Showing highest homologies to Arabidopsis thaliana C4H, they possess a conserved p450 domain and all P450-featured motifs, and are identical to typical C4Hs at substrate-recognition sites and active site residues. They are most probably associated with endoplasmic reticulum by one or both of the N- and C-terminal transmembrane helices. Phosphorylation may be a necessary post-translational modification. Their secondary structures are dominated by alpha helices and random coils. Most helices locate in the central region, while extended strands mainly distribute before and after this region. Southern blot indicated about 9 or more C4H paralogs in B. napus. In hypocotyl, cotyledon, stem, flower, bud, young- and middle-stage seed, they are co-dominantly expressed. In root and old seed, BnC4H-2 is dominant over BnC4H-1, with a reverse trend in leaf and pericarp. Paralogous C4H numbers in Brassicaceae genomes and possible roles of conserved motifs in 5' UTR and the 2nd intron are discussed.

과학담화에서 과학자와 중학생의 제스처 비교 -분자운동과 물질의 상태변화를 중심으로- (The Difference of Gestures between Scientists and Middle School Students in Scientific Discourse: Focus on Molecular Movement and the Change in State of Material)

  • 김지현;조해리;조영환;정대홍
    • 한국과학교육학회지
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    • 제38권2호
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    • pp.273-291
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    • 2018
  • 과학 담화에 동반되는 제스처는 정신 모형의 구성과 모델에 기반한 추론에 중요한 역할을 한다. 체화된 인지의 관점에서 제스처는 학생의 내면에 기저한 정신모형을 유추하는 근거인 동시에 학생의 불완전한 과학적인 사고의 변화에 도움을 줄 수 있다. 이 연구는 과학 교육의 맥락에서 제스처의 역할을 탐색해보고자 과학적 담화에서 제스처의 특징을 살펴보고 과학자와 중학생의 제스처를 비교하였다. 각각 10명의 과학자와 중학생이 본 연구에 참여했으며, 일대일 면담에서는 '분자운동과 상태 변화'에 관한 세 가지 면담과제가 제시되었고 면담은 반구조화된 clinical interview의 방식으로 진행되었다. 과학자와 중학생의 제스처는 모두 비디오로 녹화하였으며, 근거 이론(grounded theory)에 기반하여 4명의 연구자가 반복적으로 비교 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 과학자와 중학생의 제스처는 4가지 측면(제스처의 특징, 제스처의 사용, 제스처의 내용, 제스처의 기능)에서 상이한 특성을 보였다. 과학자는 다양하고 정교한 제스처를 보다 빈번하게 체계적으로 사용했으며, 중학생 또한 과학적 사고와 소통의 도구로 제스처를 과학담화에서 사용했으나, 중학생의 제스처는 과학자의 제스처에 비해 과학적인 근거가 부족했으며 기능적인 특징에서도 상당한 차이점이 있었다. 이 결과는 제스처가 과학적 사고를 강화하는 데 도움이 될 수 있으며, 내면에서 일어나는 인지활동을 알아보는 수단이 될 수 있다는 것을 보여준다. 앞으로 학생들이 제스처를 과학 개념의 이해와 추론을 돕는 도구로 사용할 수 있도록 지원할 필요가 있다.

엽록체 matK 와 핵 ITS 염기서열을 이용한 나도풍란속 및 풍란속의 계통과 종동정 (Phylogenetic position of Neofinetia and Sedirea (Orchidaceae) and their species identification using the chloroplast matK and the nuclear ITS sequences)

  • 김영기;조상진;김기중
    • 식물분류학회지
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    • 제44권1호
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    • pp.39-50
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    • 2014
  • 엽록체 matK 유전자와 핵 ITS 염기서열을 이용하여 나도풍란속 및 풍란속의 계통학적 위치를 정립하였다. 또한, 이들 마커를 이용하여 종 및 원산지 추적에 활용가능성을 평가하였다. 풍란속과 나도풍란속은 두 마커 모두에서 뚜렷한 단계통군을 형성하였다. 풍란속의 자매군은 Vanda임이 두 마커 모두에서 입증되었으나,본 연구 결과는 풍란속을 Vanda에 포함시키는 처리에는 동의하지 않았다. 나도풍란속은 (Dimorphorchis (Pteroceras (Saccolabiun+Phalaeonopsis))) 계통군과 자매군을 형성하였고, 이중 Dimorphorchis와 자매속일 가능성이 가장 높았다. 형태적 유사성으로 나도풍란속이 Aerides와 자매속이라는 주장의 가능성은 희박하였다. 두 마커를 분석한 결과 풍란속의 경우 종 및 종 내의 산지별 구별이 가능한 것으로 평가되었다. 따라서 풍란의 재배 개체들의 기원을 규명하는데도 유용한 것으로 평가되었다. 그러나, 공공 염기서열 DB에 있는 서열들은 의유전자로 추정되는 서열들을 다수 포함하고 있었다. 또한, 재배 난과식물에는 속간 및 종간 잡종이 많으며 잡종에 의한 수평적 유전자 이동문제 등이 결부되어 있으므로, 계통학적으로 염기서열 자료를 이용하는데 주의하여야 한다. 계통분석을 위하여는 한 종 내의 여러 개체로부터 염기서열을 확보하는 것이 이러한 위험성을 줄이는 방법 중에 하나이다.

Development of High-specificity Antibodies against Renal Urate Transporters Using Genetic Immunization

  • Xu, Guoshuang;Chen, Xiangmei;Wu, Di;Shi, Suozhu;Wang, Jianzhong;Ding, Rui;Hong, Quan;Feng, Zhe;Lin, Shupeng;Lu, Yang
    • BMB Reports
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    • 제39권6호
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    • pp.696-702
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    • 2006
  • Recently three proteins, playing central roles in the bidirectional transport of urate in renal proximal tubules, were identified: two members of the organic anion transporter (OAT) family, OAT1 and OAT3, and a protein that designated renal urate-anion exchanger (URAT1). Antibodies against these transporters are very important for investigating their expressions and functions. With the cytokine gene as a molecular adjuvant, genetic immunization-based antibody production offers several advantages including high specificity and high recognition to the native protein compared with current methods. We fused high antigenicity fragments of the three transporters to the plasmids pBQAP-TT containing T-cell epitopes and flanking regions from tetanus toxin, respectively. Gene gun immunization with these recombinant plasmids and two other adjuvant plasmids, which express granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand, induced high level immunoglobulin G antibodies, respectively. The native corresponding proteins of URAT1, OAT1 and OAT3, in human kidney can be recognized by their specific antibodies, respectively, with Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Besides, URAT1 expression in Xenopus oocytes can also be recognized by its corresponding antibody with immuno-fluorescence. The successful production of the antibodies has provided an important tool for the study of UA transporters.

Streptomyces Peucetius에서의 ${\varepsilon}$-rhodomycinone 추출 및 이종균주에서의 rhodomycin D 생산 연구 (NDP-sugar production and glycosylation of ${\varepsilon}$-rhodomycinone in Streptomyces venezuelae)

  • 박성희;차민호;김은정;윤여준;송재경;이희찬;류광경;김병기
    • KSBB Journal
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    • 제23권1호
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    • pp.44-47
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    • 2008
  • Streptomyces peucetius가 생산하는 anthracycline 계열의 doxorubicin은 치료목적으로 사용되는 중요한 항암제 중 하나이다. Doxorubicin은 rhodomycin D에서부터 몇 단계의 생합성 과정을 더 거쳐 생산되는데, 생물학적 활성을 갖기 위해서는 deoxy-sugar의 전이가 반드시 일어나야 한다. 본 논문에서는 이종균주인 Streptomyces venezuelae에 11개의 유전자를 형질 전환하여 TDP-L-daunosamine를 생산하고 이것을 ${\varepsilon}$-rhodomycinone에 전이하여 rhodomycin D를 생산하는 연구를 수행하였다. S. peucetius 유래의 7개 유전자 dnmU, T, J, V, Z, Q, S.를 당 합성 및 전이를 위해 plasmid 형태로 전이하였으며, S. venezuelae의 desIII, IV와 doxorubicin 내성 유전자인 drrA, B는 chromosomal DNA에 삽입하였다. Aglycone 기질인 ${\varepsilon}$-rhodomycinone을 확보하기 위하여 6L의 고체 배지에 S. peucetius를 배양하여 유기용매로 추출하고 preparative HPLC로 분리 정제하였다. 결과적으로 이종균주인 S. venezuelae에서 ${\varepsilon}$-rhodomycinone에 당 전이가 일어난 생산물을 확인함으로써 deoxy-sugar의 생합성 및 전이에 필요한 최소한의 유전적 정보를 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, 유사서열 단백질 모델링을 통하여, 최초로 당 전이 반응에 필수적인 도움효소 DnrQ의 구조를 예측하였다.

Natural and synthetic pathogen associated molecular patterns modulate galectin expression in cow blood

  • Asiamah, Emmanuel Kwaku;Ekwemalor, Kingsley;Adjei-Fremah, Sarah;Osei, Bertha;Newman, Robert;Worku, Mulumebet
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • 제61권5호
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    • pp.245-253
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    • 2019
  • Pathogen-associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) are highly conserved structural motifs that are recognized by Pathogen Recognition receptors (PRRs) to initiate immune responses. Infection by these pathogens and the immune response to PAMPS such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Peptidoglycan (PGN), bacterial oligodeoxynucleotides [CpG oligodeoxynucleotides 2006 (CpG ODN2006) and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides 2216 (CpG ODN2216)], and viral RNA Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid (Poly I:C), are associated with infectious and metabolic diseases in animals impacting health and production. It is established that PAMPs mediate the production of cytokines by binding to PRRs such as Toll-like receptors (TLR) on immune cells. Galectins (Gal) are carbohydrate-binding proteins that when expressed play essential roles in the resolution of infectious and metabolic diseases. Thus it is important to determine if the expression of galectin gene (LGALS) and Gal secretion in blood are affected by exposure to LPS and PGN, PolyI:C and bacterial CpG ODNs. LPS increased transcription of LGALS4 and 12 (2.5 and 2.02 folds respectively) and decreased secretion of Gal 4 (p < 0.05). PGN increased transcription of LGALS-1, -2, -3, -4, -7, and -12 (3.0, 2.3, 2.0, 4.1, 3.3, and 2.4 folds respectively) and secretion of Gal-8 and Gal-9 (p < 0.05). Poly I:C tended to increase the transcription of LGALS1, LGALS4, and LGALS8 (1.78, 1.88, and 1.73 folds respectively). Secretion of Gal-1, -3, -8 and nine were significantly increased in treated samples compared to control (p < 0.05). CpG ODN2006 did not cause any significant fold changes in LGALS transcription (FC < 2) but increased secretion of Gal-1, and-3 (p < 0.05) in plasma compared to control. Gal-4 was however reduced in plasma (p < 0.05). CpG ODN2216 increased transcription of LGALS1 and LGALS3 (3.8 and 1.6 folds respectively), but reduced LGALS2, LGALS4, LGALS7, and LGALS12 (-1.9, -2.0, -2.0 and; -2.7 folds respectively). Secretion of Gal-2 and -3 in plasma was increased compared to control (p < 0.05). Gal-4 secretion was reduced in plasma (p < 0.05). The results demonstrate that PAMPs differentially modulate galectin transcription and translation of galectins in cow blood.

Deciphering the role of a membrane-targeting domain in assisting endosomal and autophagic membrane localization of a RavZ protein catalytic domain

  • Park, Jui-Hee;Lee, Seung-Hwan;Park, Sang-Won;Jun, Yong-Woo;Kim, Kunhyung;Jeon, Pureum;Kim, Myungjin;Lee, Jin-A;Jang, Deok-Jin
    • BMB Reports
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    • 제54권2호
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    • pp.118-123
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    • 2021
  • The bacterial effector protein RavZ from a pathogen can impair autophagy in the host by delipidating the mammalian autophagy-related gene 8 (mATG8)-phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) on autophagic membranes. In RavZ, the membrane-targeting (MT) domain is an essential function. However, the molecular mechanism of this domain in regulating the intracellular localization of RavZ in cells is unclear. In this study, we found that the fusion of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) to the MT domain of RavZ (GFP-MT) resulted in localization primarily to the cytosol and nucleus, whereas the GFP-fused duplicated-MT domain (GFP-2xMT) localized to Rab5- or Rab7-positive endosomes. Similarly, GFP fusion to the catalytic domain (CA) of RavZ (GFP-CA) resulted in localization primarily to the cytosol and nucleus, even in autophagy-induced cells. However, by adding the MT domain to GFP-CA (GFP-CA-MT), the cooperation of MT and CA led to localization on the Rab5-positive endosomal membranes in a wortmannin-sensitive manner under nutrient-rich conditions, and to autophagic membranes in autophagy-induced cells. In autophagic membranes, GFP-CA-MT delipidated overexpressed or endogenous mATG8-PE. Furthermore, GFP-CA△α3-MT, an α3 helix deletion within the CA domain, failed to localize to the endosomal or autophagic membranes and could not delipidate overexpressed mATG8-PE. Thus, the CA or MT domain alone is insufficient for stable membrane localization in cells, but the cooperation of MT and CA leads to localization to the endosomal and autophagic membranes. In autophagic membranes, the CA domain can delipidate mATG8-PE without requiring substrate recognition mediated by LC3-interacting region (LIR) motifs.