• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.141-147
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• 2014

Purpose: Dental casting #Gr I (Co-25Cr-5Mo-3Sn-1Mn-1Si), #Gr II (Co-25Cr-5Mo-5Cu-1Mn -1Si) and #Gr III (Co-25Cr-5Mo-3Sn-5Cu-1Mn-1Si) master alloys of granule type were manufactured the same as manufacturing processes for dental casting Ni-Cr and Co-Cr-Mo based alloys of ingot type. These alloys were analyzed melting processes with heating time of high frequency induction centrifugal casting machine using infrared thermal image analyzer. Methods: These alloys were manufactured such as; alloy design, the first master alloy manufatured using vacuum arc casting machine, melting metal setting in crucible, melting in VIM, pouring in the mold of bar type, cutting the gate and runner bar and polishing. These alloys were put about 30g/charge in the ceramic crucible of high frequency induction centrifugal casting machine and heat, Infrared thermal image analyzer indicated alloys in the crucible were set and operated. Results: The melting temperatures of these alloys measuring infrared thermal image analyzer were decreased in comparison with remanium$^{(R)}$ GM 800+, vera PDI$^{TM}$, Biosil$^{(R)}$ f, WISIL$^{(R)}$ M type V, Ticonium 2000 alloys of ingot type and vera PDS$^{TM}$(Aabadent, USA), Regalloy alloys of shot type. Conclusion: Co-Cr-Mo based alloy in addition to Sn(#Gr I alloy) were decreased the melting temperature with heating time of high frequency induction centrifugal casting machine using infrared thermal image analyzer.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.507-516
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• 2014

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of electron beam irradiation on control of Botrytis cinerea and postharvest quality of cut roses. Electron beam doses of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 2, 10, and 20 kGy were applied with a 10-MeV linear electron beam accelerator (EB Tech, Korea). Electron beams inhibited spore germination and mycelial growth of B. cinerea with increasing irradiation doses. Conidia of B. cinerea were more tolerant to irradiation than were mycelia: the effective irradiation doses for 50% inhibition ($ED_{50}$) of spore germination and mycelial growth were 2.02 kGy and 0.89 kGy, respectively. In addition, electron beam irradiation was more effective in reducing mycelial growth of B. cinerea at $10^{\circ}C$ than at $20^{\circ}C$. Analysis of in vivo antifungal activity revealed that elevated irradiation doses exhibited increased control efficacy for tomato gray mold. Flower longevity and fresh weight of cut roses decreased when the irradiation dose was increased. In addition, flower bud opening tended to be inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. Although 'Decoration', 'Il se Bronze', 'Queen Bee', and 'Revue' roses tolerated and maintained overall postharvest quality up to 0.4 kGy, 'Vivian' did not, demonstrating that the irradiation sensitivity of cut roses varies according to cultivar.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 2016

Objectives: Preservatives are commonly used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and other products to extend the expiration date and prevent the growth of microorganisms. Preservatives are generally effective in controlling mold and inhibiting yeast growth, and against a wide range of bacterial attacks as well. They also adversely affect the quality of sperm and cause precocious puberty in children. This study was performed to analyze seven preservatives used in pharmaceuticals and personal care products. Methods: Five kinds of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) were examined for analysis with a high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector. Each sample was homogenized and the targeted compounds were extracted with methanol. The suspended particulate was removed by syringe filter. Next, the sample was injected into an HPLC system. The separation of the seven preservatives was achieved with a C18 column and gradient mode. The accuracies were between 73% and 120% and precision was lower than 11.58% (RSD). Results: All of the calibration curves showed good linearity with a coefficient of determination ($r^2$) over 0.999. Among the PPCP samples, the detection rate of preservatives was 32.5% for pharmaceuticals, 44.8% for toothpaste, 76.9% for mouthwash, 40.0% for body lotion and 56.0% for wet tissues. The average concentrations of the preservatives in PPCPs were BA 1141.0 mg/kg, MP 709.8 mg/kg, EP 624.9 mg/kg, PP 216.9 mg/kg, BP 167.8 mg/kg, and TCS 538.2 mg/kg. The most frequently detected preservatives in pharmaceuticals and personal care products were BA, MP and PP. The concentrations of preservatives exceeded Korean regulatory standards in 11 samples of medicines, three of mouthwash and two of body lotion. Conclusion: We found that most of the PPCP samples contained various preservatives. It is necessary to identify which preservatives were used and to determine the level of preservatives in PPCPs and to assess the health risk to susceptible populations such as children.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 1999

A series of N-phenyl-O-phenylthionocarbamate derivatives were synthesized and determinated fungicidal activities in vitro against gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) and capsicum phytophthora blight (Phytophthora capsici) which showed resistance and sensitivity to benomyl and metalaxyl as systemic fungicides, respectively. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) was investigated by Free-Wilson analysis method and Hansch method. From the basis on the findings, the N-phenyl(X) groups had more contributions than O-phenyl(Y) groups did and ortho-substituents on the N-phenyl group showed high fungicidal activities. Especially, 4-cyano substituent, 2 as X-group showed 50% inhibition($pI_{50}=5.50$) of hyphae growth at 0.8ppm against resistance P. capsici (RPC) And hydroxyl substituents, 12 and 23 displayed the highest fungicidal activity against resistant B. cinerea (RBC), sensitive B. cinerea (SBC), and sensitive P. capsici (SPC). Antifungal activities of SPC were dependent upon molar refractivity (MR) constant and those of others relied on hydrophobic parameters (${\sigma}$ and logP). For increasing fungicidal activity against RPC and SBC, the optimum values of the sigma (${\sigma}$) and field(F) constants as electron withdrawing groups were 0.32 and 0.18, respectively.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.86-93
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• 2009

This study was conducted to determine microbiological assessment on edible ices, which is one of mandatory items for HACCP application, and to provide basic scientific data for the improvement of HACCP system. In HACCP applied edible ice companies, the contamination levels of total counts, yeast and mold, and coliform from raw materials, mixed samples before sterilization, mixed samples after sterilization, and final products of edible ices were lower than those of non-HACCP applied edible ice companies. Foodborne pathogens, such as L. monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., B. cereus, B. aureus, Y. enterocolitica were not detected in all samples of edible ices from HACCP applied edible ice companies, but S. aureus was isolated1 from 1 raw material, 1 mixed samples before sterilization and 1 final product of edible ices from non-HACCP applied edible ice companies, respectively.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 1971

This experiment was conducted as a preliminary test to invent the quick ripening process for soysauces. The bran koji extract of 2 kinds of mold (Asp. niger and Asp. sojae) was used as enzyme sources in order to improve the rate of enzymatic conversion of raw materials and shorten the ripening period of soysauces. Soybean koji (inoculated Asp. sojae) and steamed soybean were enzymatically decomposed for 8 hours at $40^{\circ}C$, pH 4-6 with stirring at a rate of 1500 rpm. After the enzymatic treatment, soysauces were fermented by 4 kinds of processes with the above-mentioned salt tolerant microorganisms inoculated. After 4 weeks, sensory evolution for these soysauces products and analysis of chemical components were carried out. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. Soysauces prepared from decomposed koji by Asp. niger enzyme complex showed higher extractables, such as total nitrogen, amino nitrogen, pure extract and reducing sugar, than any other procedure. Extracted amounts of each components of soysauces prepared from this process during 1 month were similar to those of soysauces made from general procedure (control) for 5 to 6 months. 2. According to sensory evaluation, soysauce prepared from decomposed koji also showed best taste and were similar to that of soysauces prepared by general method for 6 months.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.198-204
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• 2009

From leaf mold and reclamation site soil of the Capital area of Korea, 3 poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate: PBSA)-degrading strains were isolated through the clear zone test. The PBSA-degrading activities of the strains were assessed by means of a modified Sturm test using 0.01% of PBSA film as a sole carbon source. After the modified Sturm tests for 40 days at the respective isolation temperatures, the 3 strains degraded 30%, 55% and 43% of PBSA, respectively. The isolated strains were identified to be Burkholderia cepacia PBSA-4, Bacillus licheniformisPBSA-5 and Burkholderia sp. PBSA-6 through the 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. Among them, PBSA-5 degraded both PBSA and Poly(vinyl alcohol). The degradation activity of the PBSA degrading strains appeared to be high at moderate temperatures such as $27^{\circ}C$ and $37^{\circ}C$, and initial inoculum size of $10^{10}cfu\;mL^{-1}$ degraded PBSA 1.2~1.3 more times than that $10^9cfu\;mL^{-1}$. Addition of 0.1 or 0.5% (w/w) of gelatin, yeast extract and ammonium sulfate raised the PBSA degrading activity, and especially addition of 0.1% (w/w) of gelatin enhanced the PBSA degrading activity by more than 33%. The mixed strains degraded PBSA faster than the single strain.

• Proceedings of the KACD Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.235-245
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• 2008

The aim of this study was to develop a method for measuring the slumping resistance of resin composites and to relate it to the rheological characteristics. Five commercial hybrid composites (Z100. Z250. DenFil, Tetric Ceram. ClearFil) and a nanofill composite (Z350) were used to make disc-shaped specimens of 2 mm thickness. An aluminum mold with square shaped cutting surface was pressed onto the composite discs to make standardized imprints. The imprints were light-cured either immediately (non-slumped) or after waiting for 3 minutes at $25^{\circ}C$ (slumped). White stone replicas were made and then scanned for topography using a laser 3-D profilometer. Slumping resistance index (SRI) was defined as the ratio of the groove depth of the slumped specimen to that of the non-slumped specimen. The pre-cure viscoelasticity of each composite was evaluated by an oscillatory shear test and normal stress was measured by a squeeze test using a rheometer. Flow test was also performed using a flow tester. Correlation analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between the viscoelastic properties and the SRI. SRI varied between the six materials (Z100 < DenFil < Z250 < ClearFil < Tetric Ceram < Z350). The SRI was strongly correlated with the viscous (loss) shear modulus G' but not with the loss tangent. Also. slumping resistance was more closely related to the resistance to shear flow than to the normal stress. Slumping tendency could be quantified using the imprint method and SRI. The index may be applicable to evaluate the clinical handling characteristics of composites.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.757-766
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• 2012

The SSH100-10 bacterial strain, which exhibits strong antifungal (anti-mold and anti-yeast) activity, was isolated from traditional korean soysauce aged 100 years. The strain was identified as Bacillus velezensis based on Gram-staining, the biochemical properties and 16S rRNA gene sequence determination. B. velezensis SSH100-10 showed strong proteinase activity and NaCl tolerance, but did not produce enterotoxin. Two-antifungal compounds from B. velezensis SSH100-10 were purified using SPE, preparative HPLC, and reverse phase-HPLC. The purified antifungal compounds were identified as $C_{14}$ and $C_{15}$ iturin through MALDI-TOF-MS and amino acid composition analysis. The stability characteristics of the antifungal compounds after temperature, pH, and enzyme treatments suggested that B. velezensis SSH100-10 produced more than two antifungal compounds; pH-stable $C_{14}$ iturin A and $C_{15}$ iturin A, and unidentified pH-unstable compounds. The results suggested that B. velezensis SSH100-10 can be used in soybean fermentation as a starter. Moreover it has potential as a biopreservative in the food and feed industry and as a biocontrol agent in the field of agriculture.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.235-245
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• 2008

The aim of this study was to develop a method for measuring the slumping resistance of resin composites and to relate it to the rheological characteristics. Five commercial hybrid composites (Z100, Z250, DenFil, Tetric Ceram, ClearFil) and a nanofill composite (Z350) were used to make disc-shaped specimens of 2 mm thickness. An aluminum mold with square shaped cutting surface was pressed onto the composite discs to make standardized imprints. The imprints were light-cured either immediately (non-slumped) or after waiting for 3 minutes at $25{\circ}C$ (slumped). White stone replicas were made and then scanned for topography using a laser 3-D profilometer. Slumping resistance index (SRI) was defined as the ratio of the groove depth of the slumped specimen to that of the nonslumped specimen. The pre-cure viscoelasticity of each composite was evaluated by an oscillatory shear test and normal stress was measured by a squeeze test using a rheometer. Flow test was also performed using a flow tester. Correlation analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between the viscoelastic properties and the SRI. SRI varied between the six materials (Z100 < DenFil < Z250 < ClearFil < Tetric Ceram < Z350). The SRI was strongly correlated with the viscous (loss) shear modulus G' but not with the loss tangent. Also, slumping resistance was more closely related to the resistance to shear flow than to the normal stress. Slumping tendency could be quantified using the imprint method and SRI. The index may be applicable to evaluate the clinical handling characteristics of composites.