• Korean journal of food and cookery science
• /
• v.22 no.2 s.92
• /
• pp.147-157
• /
• 2006

To improve the properties of non-waxy rice flours for baking, soaked-wet milled rice flour (SWRF) was adjusted moisture content (MC) to 30 and 50 % and heated at 50 and $70^{\circ}C$ in a shaking water bath for 6 and 18 hrs, respectively. Moisture-heat treated rice flours were investigated with regard to particle size distribution, and morphological, physicochemical and pasting properties for comparing dry and wet milled flours. The particle size of rice flour treated with 30% MC was distributed between $4-20{\mu}m\;and\;100-200{\mu}m$, like SWRF. The particles above $200{\mu}m$ in the flour were produced at higher heating temperature. By SEM, starch granules were found in the rice flours treated with 30% MC, who whereas aggregated starch granules were shown in the flours treated with 50% MC. Moisture-heat treatment using higher MC and heating temperature decreased the lightness and increased the yellowness of non-waxy rice flours. Water binding capacity of 30% moisture treated rice flour was similar to that of SWRF. In the same moisture treated rice flour, swelling power was higher, but solubility was lower at $50^{\circ}C$ than at $70^{\circ}C$. The initial pasting temperature by RVA increased after moisture-heat treatment. The peak viscosity of moisture-heat treated rice flour was higher for 30% moisture than that of the others. The rice flour treated with 30% MC and heated at $50^{\circ}C$ showed low setback and increased stability for retrogradation.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.45 no.4
• /
• pp.382-398
• /
• 2017

This study was conducted to identify the potential of Quercus mongolica (QUM), Pinus densiflora (PID) and Pinus rigida (PIR) as a raw material for pellet production. Larix kaempferi (LAK), which has mostly been used for pellet production in Korea, was also used as a control. All specimens contained very minimal amounts of sulfur and chlorine. Ash content of LAK was the lowest, followed by PID, PIR and QUM. For the size distribution, the mass fraction between 0.42 mm and 0.25 mm was the highest in PIR. Most fuel characteristics of the produced wood pellets improved with the use of 12% moisture content (MC) particles and the increase of the ratio of length to diameter of a hole in flat-die (L/D ratio). When the MC, bulk density and durability of QUM, PID, PIR and LAK pellets was compared with the standards of the KFRI and ISO, the use of wood particles of 12% MC and flat-die with an L/D ratio of 5.00 for PID particles are suitable for high-quality pellets in the aspects of all fuel characteristics. For PIR and QUM, further work is needed to seek the optimum conditions for the production of high-quality and durable pellets.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.38 no.2
• /
• pp.108-116
• /
• 2010

This paper explains the effects of wood drying on treatability (as determined by water uptake) of Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) at the sevenmoisture content (MC) levels above and below the fiber saturation point (FSP). According to the experimental results, it was found that water uptake (as the percentage of void volume filledwith distilled water, VVF%) was influenced by level of moisture content and percentage of void volume filled was improved effectively by kiln drying process. A significant relationship between moisture content and treatability was established. Permeability and liquid uptake were decreased above the FSP due to the effect of the less void space available in wood. Even though increased liquid uptake was observed at lower moisture content, no significant differences was observed moisture content below 20%. Therefore, this species need to be initially dried below FSP before treated with liquids. But drying moisture content below 10% might not be economical for the commercial purpose comparing drying the wood between 10 and 20% moisture content. The result of this study inferred that the treatability of pine wood can be improved by reducing the moisture content up to a certain level of 10~20% for allowing better performance.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.910-916
• /
• 2009

Present work was focused on the influence of methylcellulose (MC) on steady rheology of wheat gliadin solution and the properties of glycerol plasticized gliadin films. The presence of MC below 0.99 wt% improved viscosity and flow activation energy of the 10 wt% gliadin solution significantly. In the casting films containing 0.2 g glycerol/g dry protein, the MC component aggregated in the gliadin matrix. The blend films containing less than 7.7 wt% MC exhibited higher Young's modulus (E) and tensile strength (${\sigma}_b$) and lower elongation at break (${\epsilon}_b$) in comparison with the pure gliadin film, which was related to the intermolecular interaction between MC and gliadins, the brittle fracture of the aggregated MC component, and the increase in glass transition temperature ($T_g$) of the gliadin phase. Increasing MC content led to a slight increase in water vapor permeability (WVP) without significant influence on the moisture absorption (MA).

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.33 no.5
• /
• pp.470-477
• /
• 2007

This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of moisture content on direct landfilling prohibition of organic sludge. Organic sludges with moisture content (Me) of 75 and 85% were filled in two lysimeters. The lysimeters were named as Exp.75 and Exp.85, respectively. LFG of 2,064 l was generated greatly for Exp.85, compared to 1,500 l for Exp.75. LFG generations in Exp.75 and Exp.85 were 64.1 l/kg and 157.1 l/kg as dry TS basis, and 113.6 l/kg and 266.2 l/kg as dry VS basis. Total $CH_4$ generation in LFG for Exp.85 was 1,238 l, while 1,050 l for Exp.75. $H_2S$ of $3{\sim}150$ ppmv was generated from Exp.85, which was 5 times higher than $2{\sim}30$ppmv from Exp.75. Leachate was not generated from Exp.75 during operation time. However, 420 ml of leachate was generated from Exp.85. From the results of gas generation, composition, odorous compounds, and leachate generation, landfilling of organic sludge with high MC was more harmful to the environment in spite of great LFG generation. However, direct landfilling of organic sludges without great difference of MC made a severe odor problem. Therefore, it was thought that current direct landfilling prohibition law for all organic sludge was appropriate.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.97-106
• /
• 2000

To develop the grain moisture meter using microwave free space transmission technique, a 10.5GHz microwave signal with the power of 11mW generated by an oscillar with a dielectric resonator is transmitted to an isolator and radiated from a transmitting $2{\times}2$ microstrip patch array antenna into the sample holder filled with the 12 to 26%w.b. of Korean Hwawung paddy rice. the microwave signal, attenuated through the grain with moisture, is collected by a receiving $2{\times}2$ microstrip patch array antenna and detected using a Shottky diode with excellent high frequency characteristic. A pair of light and simple microstrip patch array antenna for measurement of grain moisture content is designed and implemented on atenflon substrate with trleative dielectric constant of 2.6 and thickness of 0.54 by using Ensemble ver. 4.02 software. The aperture of microstrip patch arrays is 41 mm width and 24mm high. The characteristics of microstrip patch antenna such as grain. return loss, and bandwidth are 11.35dBi, -38dB and 0.35GHz($50^{\circ}$ at far-field pattern of E and H plane. The width of the sample holder is large enough to cover the signal between the antennas temperature and bulk density respectively. The calibration model for measurement of grain moisture content is proposed to reduce the effects of fluectuations in bulk density and temperature which give serious errors for the measurements . From the results of regression analysis using the statistically analysis method, the moisture content of grain samples (MC(%)) is expressed in terms of the output voltage(v), temperature (t), and bulk density of samples(${\rho}b$)as follows ;$$MC(%)\;=\;(-3.9838{\times}10^{-8}{\times}v^{3}+8.023{\times}10^{-6}{\times}v^{2}-0.0011{\times}v-0.0004{\times}t+0.1706){\frac{1}{{\rho}b}}{\times}100$ Its determination coefficient, standard error of prediction(SEP) and bias were found to be 0.9855, 0.479%w.b. and -0.0.369 %w.b. respectively between measured and predicted moisture contents of the grain samples.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.29 no.9
• /
• pp.1229-1238
• /
• 2016

This study was conducted to determine the relationships of five intragenic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers (protein kinase adenosine monophosphate-activated ${\gamma}3$ subunit [PRKAG3], fatty acid synthase [FASN], calpastatin [CAST], high mobility group AT-hook 1 [HMGA1], and melanocortin-4 receptor [MC4R]) and meat quality traits of Duroc breeding stocks in Korea. A total of 200 purebred Duroc gilts from 8 sires and 40 dams at 4 pig breeding farms from 2010 to 2011 reaching market weight (110 kg) were slaughtered and their carcasses were chilled overnight. Longissimus dorsi muscles were removed from the carcass after 24 h of slaughter and used to determine pork properties including carcass weight, backfat thickness, moisture, intramuscular fat, $pH_{24h}$, shear force, redness, texture, and fatty acid composition. The PRKAG3, FASN, CAST, and MC4R gene SNPs were significantly associated with the meat quality traits (p<0.003). The meats of PRKAG3 (A 0.024/G 0.976) AA genotype had higher pH, redness and texture than those from PRKAG3 GG genotype. Meats of FASN (C 0.301/A 0.699) AA genotype had higher backfat thickness, texture, stearic acid, oleic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid than FASN CC genotype. While the carcasses of CAST (A 0.373/G 0.627) AA genotype had thicker backfat, and lower shear force, palmitoleic acid and oleic acid content, they had higher stearic acid content than those from the CAST GG genotype. The MC4R (G 0.208/A 0.792) AA genotype were involved in increasing backfat thickness, carcass weight, moisture and saturated fatty acid content, and decreasing unsaturated fatty acid content in Duroc meat. These results indicated that the five SNP markers tested can be a help to select Duroc breed to improve carcass and meat quality properties in crossbred pigs.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.108-114
• /
• 2002

Red pine(Pinus densiflora) square timbers with 14.0 cm and 16.5 cm of face size and 24 m long were dried in a vacuum-press kiln and in a radio-frequency/vacuum(RF/V) kiln to compare drying rate, moisture content(MC) distribution and specific energy. RF/V drying rate was higher than vacuum-press drying rate. The effect of size of cross section on the RF/V drying rates were more pronounced than those of vacuum-press drying. The longitudinal- and the transverse MC distribution of dried square timber showed convex profile for the vacuum-press drying and concave profile for the RF/V drying. Moisture gradient of width direction was similar to the thickness direction in vacuum-press dried square timber and was more slight than that of the thickness direction in the RF/V dried large square timber. The specific energy consumption curve increased as MC decreased. Specific energy(kWh/kg of water evaporated) of the vacuum-press process required more than that of the RF/V process.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.43 no.6
• /
• pp.798-803
• /
• 2015

This study was conducted to predict the effect of door opening in wooden cultural heritages (WCHs) on their conservation environment. For this prediction, measured relative humidity (RH) and surface wood moisture content (MC) of inner part of wood columns in open wooden building and neighboring closed wooden building were compared with minimum RH, including the duration of minimum RH, and MC required for spore germination and resultant growth of wood-degrading fungi reported in some literatures. Moisture conditions, namely RH of inside wooden building and MC of wood was unsuitable for decay and sap-stain fungi all the year round; however, moisture conditions during summer season was suitable for spore germination and resultant growth of surface mold fungi, regardless of door opening. When compared, the duration of minimum (75%) or higher RH and the number of wood columns with MC level greater than the minimum MC (15%) during summer season, the surface mold related to the conservation environment of inside wooden building was somewhat better in open building than in closed building. Rather, doors should be opened in closed building for reducing indoor RH as a necessary measure during summer season when outdoor RH is high.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.27-33
• /
• 1985

Air-drying tests were carried out on green taun (Pometia pinnata f glabra) for 25-mm and 50-mm thickness to elucidate drying characteristics on air-drying rate, time and defects in spring and air-drying calendar. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The air-dried lumber for 25-mm thickness from an initial average moisture content (MC) of $58.3{\pm}3.5$ percent reached 30 percent MC in 17 days, 25 percent MC in 24 days, 20 percent MC in 38 days and 15 percent MC in 84 days. 2. The air-dried lumber for 50-mm thickness from an initial average MC of $59.6{\pm}5.0$ percent reached 30 percent MC in 39 days, 25 percent MC in 55 days and 20 percent MC in 84 days. 3. Air-drying calendar that could be useful in estimating drying times for each month developed by the use of climatological data for Suwon. Total number of effective air-drying days during a year were 243.5 days and the major determinant of the effect air-drying days was temperature. 4. The air-drying rates for 25-mm and 50-mm coated lumber were slight1y slower than those of uncoated lumber. The number and total length of both end checks and surface checks for end coated lumber were less severe than those of uncoated lumber.