• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.280-287
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• 2021

Generating electricity by using water in many energy harvesting system is due to their simplicity, sustainability and eco-friendliness. Evaporation-driven moist-electric generators (EMEGs) are an emergent technology and show great potential for harvesting clean energy. In this study, we report a transpiration driven electro kinetic power generator (TEPG) that utilize capillary flow of water in an asymmetrically wetted cotton fabric coated with carbon black. When water droplets encounter this textile EMEG, the water flows spontaneously under capillary action without requiring an external power supply. First carbon black sonicated and dispersed well in three different solvent system such as dimethylformamide (DMF), sodiumdedecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS-anionic surfactant) and cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide (CTAB-cationic surfactant). A knitted cotton/PET fabric was coated with carbon black by conventional pad method. Cotton/PET fabrics were immersed and stuttered well in these three different systems and then transferred to an autoclave at 120 ℃ for 15 minutes. Cotton/PET fabric treated with carbon black dispersed in DMF solvent generated maximum current up to 5 µA on a small piece of sample (2 µL/min of water can induce constant electric output for more than 286 hours). This study is high value for designing of electric generator to harvest clean energy constantly.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.282-291
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• 2022

Background: The Arctic permafrost stores enormous amount of carbon (C), about one third of global C stocks. However, drastically increasing temperature in the Arctic makes the stable frozen C stock vulnerable to microbial decomposition. The released carbon dioxide from permafrost can cause accelerating C feedback to the atmosphere. Soil organic matter (SOM) composition would be the basic information to project the trajectory of C under rapidly changing climate. However, not many studies on SOM characterization have been done compared to quantification of SOM stocks. Thus, the purpose of our study is to determine soil properties and molecular compositions of SOM in four different Arctic regions. We collected soils in different soil layers from 1) Cambridge Bay, Canada, 2) Council, Alaska, USA, 3) Svalbard, Norway, and 4) Zackenberg, Greenland. The basic soil properties were measured, and the molecular composition of SOM was analyzed through pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (py-GC/MS). Results: The Oi layer of soil in Council, Alaska showed the lowest soil pH and the highest electrical conductivity (EC) and SOM content. All soils in each site showed increasing pH and decreasing SOC and EC values with soil depth. Since the Council site was moist acidic tundra compared to other three dry tundra sites, soil properties were distinct from the others: high SOM and EC, and low pH. Through the py-GC/MS analysis, a total of 117 pyrolysis products were detected from 32 soil samples of four different Arctic soils. The first two-axis of the PCA explained 38% of sample variation. While short- and mid-hydrocarbons were associated with mineral layers, lignins and polysaccharides were linked to organic layers of Alaska and Cambridge Bay soil. Conclusions: We conclude that the py-GC/MS results separated soil samples mainly based on the origin of SOM (plants- or microbially-derived). This molecular characteristics of SOM can play a role of controlling SOM degradation to warming. Thus, it should be further investigated how the SOM molecular characteristics have impacts on SOM dynamics through additional laboratory incubation studies and microbial decomposition measurements in the field.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.65-75
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• 2024

본 연구에서는 여러 영향 인자들이 사질토의 액상화로 인한 침하에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위해 변형률 제어조건 하에서 반복단순직접전단시험을 수행하였다. 누적 전단 변형률, 상대밀도, 반복 하중의 형태, 시료 준비 방법 등의 다양한 인자들을 선정하였으며, 지진 하중이 발생하였을 때 인자들이 지반 침하에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 시험 결과, 누적 전단 변형률이 낮고 상대밀도가 높은 시료에서 더 작은 부피 변형이 발생하였다. 추가적으로 반복하중의 진폭은 부피 변형에 영향을 미쳤으나, 주파수는 시료의 부피 변형에 영향을 미치지 않는다는 사실을 확인할 수 있었다. 시료 준비 방법에 따라서도 액상화에 따른 침하가 다른 양상을 보인다는 사실을 확인하였으며, 이와 같은 결과들은 향후 액상화로 인한 침하 예측을 수행할 때 기초 연구로써 의미가 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.4335-4338
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• 2015

Background: Oral cancer is the third most common malignancy in Saudi Arabia, the highest incidence of which is reported from Jazan province. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of various locally used substances, especially shamma, with oral cancer in the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based case-control study was designed and patient records were scanned for histologically confirmed oral cancer cases. Forty eight patients who were recently diagnosed with oral cancer were selected as cases. Two healthy controls were selected for each observed case and they were matched with age (+/- 5 years) gender and location. Use of different forms of tobacco such as cigarettes, pipe-smoking and shamma (smokeless-tobacco) was assessed. Khat, a commonly used chewing substance in the community was also included. Descriptive analysis was first performed followed by multiple logistic regression (with and without interaction) to derive odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CIs). Results: Mean age of the study sample (56% males and 44% females) was 65.3 years. Multinomial regression analysis revealed that shamma use increased the odds of developing oral cancer by 29 times (OR=29.3; 10.3-83.1). Cigarette (OR=6.74; 2.18-20.8) was also seen to have an effect. With the interaction model the odds ratio increased significantly for shamma users (OR=37.2; 12.3-113.2) and cigarette smokers (OR=10.5; 2.88-3.11). Khat was observed to have negative effect on the disease occurrence when used along with shamma (OR=0.01; 0.00 - 0.65). Conclusions: We conclude that shamma, a moist form of smokeless tobacco is a major threat for oral cancer occurrence in the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia. This study gives a direction to conduct further longitudinal studies in the region with increased sample size representing the population in order to provide more substantial evidence.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.475-481
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• 1984

상어육을 시료로 하여 sucrose, sorbitol, glycerol, propylence glycol등 4 종류의 수분유지제(水分維持劑) 용액 중에서 침투량을 측정하였다. 또한 침투에 미치는 수분유지제(水分維持劑) 농도 및 온도의 영향을 검토하고 침투속도식을 유도하였다. 상어육을 10% 수분유지제(水分維持劑) 용액에 침지할 때는 10시간 전후, 30% 용액에서는 7 시간 정도에서 거의 평형에 도달하였다. 수분유지제(水分維持劑) 종류에 따른 침투 속도는 분자량이 작을수록, 온도가 높을수록 빨랐다. 그리고한종류의 수분유지제(水分維持劑)를 10%로 하여 침지할 경우와 여러종류의 수분유지제(水分維持劑)를 각각 10% 되도록 혼합한 용액에 침지할 경우 침투속도에는 차이가 없었다. 상어육을 10% 및 30% 용액에 침지할 경우 수분유지제(水分維持劑) 침투량은 다음의 회귀직선식으로 예측가능 하다는 결론을 얻었다. $$M\;=\;a\;{\log}(c{\cdot}t)\;+\;b$$ (M : 침투량, t : 침지시간, c : 수분유지제(水分維持劑)농도, a, b : 상수)

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.91-112
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• 2020

In Ethiopia, dry land vegetation including the fairly intact lowland and western escarpment woodlands occupy the largest vegetation resource of the country. These forests play a central role in environmental regulation and socio-economic assets, yet they received less scientific attention than the moist forests. This study evaluated the woody plant species composition, population structure and carbon sequestration potential of the A. senegal woodland across three distance gradients from the settlements. A total of 45 sample quadrants were laid along a systematically established nine parallel transect lines to collect vegetation and soil data across distance gradients from settlement. Mature tree dry biomass with DBH>2.5 cm was estimated using allometric equations. A total of 41 woody plant species that belong to 20 families were recorded and A. senegal was the dominant species with 56.4 IVI value. Woody plant species diversity, density and richness were significantly higher in the distant plots compared to the nearest plots to settlement (p<0.05). The cumulative DBH class distribution of all individuals had showed an interrupted inverted J-shape population pattern. There were 19 species without seedlings, 15 species without saplings and 14 species without both seedlings and saplings. A significant above ground carbon (5.3 to 12.7 ton ha^-1), root carbon (1.6 to 3.6 ton ha^-1), soil organic carbon (35.6 to 44.5 ton ha^-1), total carbon stock (42.5 to 60.7 ton ha^-1) and total carbon dioxide equivalent (157.7 to 222.8 ton ha^-1) was observed consistently with an increasing of distance from settlement (p<0.05). Distance from settlement had significant and positive correlation with species diversity and carbon stock at 0.64^⁎⁎ and 0.78^⁎⁎. Disturbance intensity may directly influence the variation of species composition, richness and density along the A. senegal woodland. The sustainability of the A. senegal woodland needs urgent protection, conservation and restoration.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제22권5호통권95호
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• pp.650-658
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• 2006

알로에가루 첨가량(0%, 1.5%. 3.0%. 4.5%. 6.0%)을 달리하여 제조한 알로에 설기떡을 4일간 저장하면서 기계적 품질특성과 관능적 품질특성을 평가하였다. 수분함량은 제조 직후 대조구가 47.76%였고, 알로에 가루 첨가량이 많아질수록 낮아져 6.0% 첨가가 37.38%로 가장 낮게 나타났다. 저장기간별로는 대조구와 첨가군 모두 저장기간이 길어질수록 수분함량은 감소하였다. 물성측정에서 응집성, 탄력성, 점착성, 부착성, 씹힘성은 가루 첨가량이 증가할수록 감소하는 경향을 보였고, 견고성은 알로에가루 첨가량이 많을수록 증가하였으며, 저장기간이 경과할수록 높아졌다. 색도에서 L값은 설기떡에 첨가한 알로에 가루량이 많을수록 유의적으로 감소하였고, a값의 경우 제조직후 대조구는 -0.86이었으며, 알로에가루 첨가량이 많을수록 양의 값을 나타내어 적색을 띠는 것을 알 수 있었고, b값은 알로에가루 첨가량에 따라 유의적으로 증가하였다. 총균수는 알로에가루의 첨가에 따라 총균수가 적게 나타났으며, 관능검사는 색, 알로에 향, 알로에 맛, 쓴맛의 경우 알로에가루 첨가량이 많을수록 관능적 특성도가 높게 나타났으며 반면 촉촉한 정도, 부드러운 정도는 알로에 가루 첨가량이 적을수록 높게 평가되었다. 전반적 기호도는 알로에 가루 3% 첨가구가 가장 기호도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 설기떡에 알로에 가루를 사용함으로써 떡의 품질이 향상되어 건강 기능성 상품 개발이 가능할 것으로 예상되며 향후 알로에의 기능적 성분 분석 등의 연구가 부가되어 다양한 식품조리에 대한 응용연구가 이루어져야 하겠다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제30권5C호
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• pp.209-218
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• 2010

풍화 잔류토, 토석류, 산사태, 또는 매립 지반에서 자갈과 같은 굵은 입자가 모래나 점토와 같은 작은 입자로 둘러 쌓여져 있는 경우가 있다. 작은 입자 사이에 굵은 입자가 고립된 상태로 존재하는 혼합토의 강도는 흙에서 대부분을 차지하는 작은 입자 즉 모래나 점토의 역학적 특성에 따라 좌우되지만 흩어져 있는 굵은 입자인 자갈의 크기, 모양, 함유량 등에 의해 영향을 받는 경우도 있다. 본 연구에서는 이와 같이 모래 지반 내에 흩어져 있는 소량의 자갈이 모래의 전단강도에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 습윤 상태의 낙동강모래를 이용하여 각층 높이의 중간부분에 굵은 자갈 또는 작은 자갈을 넣고 다음 층을 쌓아 다지는 방식으로 5층으로 된 조밀한 공시체를 제작하였다. 각층 높이의 중간부분에 들어간 굵은 자갈과 작은 자갈의 중량비를 0, 3, 9, 14%로 달리하면서 다양한 공시체를 제작하여 압밀시킨 다음 비배수 삼축압축시험을 실시하였다. 혼합되는 굵은 자갈의 중량비(개수)가 증가할수록 자갈을 포함한 낙동강모래의 최대축차응력은 최대 38%까지 감소하였으며, 이와 같은 굵은 자갈로 인한 최대축차응력 감소는 구속압이 증가할수록 줄어드는 경향을 보였다. 하지만 공시체 내에 포함된 작은 자갈의 중량비가 증가할수록 최대축차응력은 오히려 증가하였으며, 자갈의 중량비가 3, 9%로 작을 경우 최대축차응력의 증가는 미미하였으나 14%로 증가할 경우에는 최대축차응력이 최대 34%까지 증가하였다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.10-24
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• 1979

It is understood that drum speed of threshers and the moisture content of paddy grains to be threshed, respectively, have a signific:mt effect upon rice recoveries. Threshing under an increased drum speed would give a high performance rate, which is the general practice in custom work threshing in association with the use of semiauto-t hreshers. In the connection, however, it may result in the promotion of grain cracks and brokens of the rice product after milling. No reference or determination for an opti mum drum speed of the thresher is made available for various grain moisture contents at the time of the threshing operation and for different rice varieties especially for the Tongil rice varieties. This study was Conducted to find out and determine effects of the drum speeds on grain losses. The grain loss was quantified in terms of recovery rates of rice grains after treatments. Samples of each of all treatments were taken from the grain sampling plate placed in the grain conveyor of threshers. The grain sample plate was specially provided for this experiment. The brown-rice, milling, and head-rice recJveries were tes ted in the laboratory mill, respectively. Two rice varieties, Akibare and Suweon 251, each with five levels of different moist\ulcornerure contents at harvest and six levels of different drum speeds of threshers, were selected and used for treatments in this experiment. Two conditions of materials were tested in the thresher. One condition was to thresh the experimental material immediately after cutting, referred to as the wet-material thr eshing in this study. The other was to thresh the experimental :material, dried to contain about 15-16 percent of the grain moisture under the shocking operation. This is referred to as the dry-material threshing in this study. In additioon, field measurements for the grain moistures and drum-sdeeds under actual operation practices of the traditional field threshing, were conducted with a view to comparing with results of the experimental treatments. The results of the study may be summarized as follows: 1. For threshing treatments of Japonica-type rice variety (Akibare) , the effect of drum speeds and levels of grain moisture at cutting upon brown-rice, milling, and head-rice recoveries were found statistically significant. No significant difference in these recovery rates was noticed regardless of whether the material was threshed right after cutting or after drying by the shocking operation. 2. For the Tongil-sister rice variety(Suweon 251), milling recovery for the varied drum-speed and the grain~moisture level at cutting was found statististically significant. Th milling recovery was much significant when associated with the wet-material thres\ulcornerhing compared to the dry-material threshing. 3. The optimum peripheral velocity to be maintained at the edge of teeth on the thr\ulcorneresher drum was determined and may be recommanded as that of about 12 to 13 meters per second in view of the maximum recovery rate of the milled rice. 4. The effect of the drum speed on the qualitative loss of the milled rice was much greater in the case of the Tongil variety than Japonica. This effect was also greater by the wet-material threshing than by the dry-material threshing. Therefore, to apply the wet-material threshing operation for the Tongil variety, in particular, it should be very important to introduce the kind of threshing technology which would maintain the drum speed at optimum. 5. A field survey for the actual drum speed of threshing operations for 50 threshers indicated that average peripheral velccity was 12.76m/sec., and that the range was from 10.50 to 14.90m/sec. Approximately, more than 30% of the experimented and measured threshers were being operated at speeds which exceeded the optimum speed determined and assessed in this study. Accordingly, it should be highly desirable and important to take counter-measures against these threshing practices of operational overspeed.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.9-9
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• 1979

It is understood that drum speed of threshers and the moisture content of paddy grains to be threshed, respectively, have a signific:mt effect upon rice recoveries. Threshing under an increased drum speed would give a high performance rate, which is the general practice in custom work threshing in association with the use of semiauto-t hreshers. In the connection, however, it may result in the promotion of grain cracks and brokens of the rice product after milling. No reference or determination for an opti mum drum speed of the thresher is made available for various grain moisture contents at the time of the threshing operation and for different rice varieties especially for the Tongil rice varieties. This study was Conducted to find out and determine effects of the drum speeds on grain losses. The grain loss was quantified in terms of recovery rates of rice grains after treatments. Samples of each of all treatments were taken from the grain sampling plate placed in the grain conveyor of threshers. The grain sample plate was specially provided for this experiment. The brown-rice, milling, and head-rice recJveries were tes ted in the laboratory mill, respectively. Two rice varieties, Akibare and Suweon 251, each with five levels of different moist?ure contents at harvest and six levels of different drum speeds of threshers, were selected and used for treatments in this experiment. Two conditions of materials were tested in the thresher. One condition was to thresh the experimental material immediately after cutting, referred to as the wet-material thr eshing in this study. The other was to thresh the experimental :material, dried to contain about 15-16 percent of the grain moisture under the shocking operation. This is referred to as the dry-material threshing in this study. In additioon, field measurements for the grain moistures and drum-sdeeds under actual operation practices of the traditional field threshing, were conducted with a view to comparing with results of the experimental treatments. The results of the study may be summarized as follows: 1. For threshing treatments of Japonica-type rice variety (Akibare) , the effect of drum speeds and levels of grain moisture at cutting upon brown-rice, milling, and head-rice recoveries were found statistically significant. No significant difference in these recovery rates was noticed regardless of whether the material was threshed right after cutting or after drying by the shocking operation. 2. For the Tongil-sister rice variety(Suweon 251), milling recovery for the varied drum-speed and the grain~moisture level at cutting was found statististically significant. Th milling recovery was much significant when associated with the wet-material thres?hing compared to the dry-material threshing. 3. The optimum peripheral velocity to be maintained at the edge of teeth on the thr?esher drum was determined and may be recommanded as that of about 12 to 13 meters per second in view of the maximum recovery rate of the milled rice. 4. The effect of the drum speed on the qualitative loss of the milled rice was much greater in the case of the Tongil variety than Japonica. This effect was also greater by the wet-material threshing than by the dry-material threshing. Therefore, to apply the wet-material threshing operation for the Tongil variety, in particular, it should be very important to introduce the kind of threshing technology which would maintain the drum speed at optimum. 5. A field survey for the actual drum speed of threshing operations for 50 threshers indicated that average peripheral velccity was 12.76m/sec., and that the range was from 10.50 to 14.90m/sec. Approximately, more than 30% of the experimented and measured threshers were being operated at speeds which exceeded the optimum speed determined and assessed in this study. Accordingly, it should be highly desirable and important to take counter-measures against these threshing practices of operational overspeed.