• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제17권12호
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• pp.2066-2077
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• 2003

The time-dependent behavior of unsteady condensation of moist air through the Ludwieg tube is investigated by using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) work. The two-dimensional, compressible, Navier-Stokes equations, fully coupled with the condensate droplet growth equations, are numerically solved by a third-order MUSCL type TVD finite-difference scheme, with a second-order fractional time step. Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model is employed to close the governing equations. The predicted results are compared with the previous experiments using the Ludwieg tube with a diaphragm downstream. The present computations represent the experimental flows well. The time-dependent unsteady condensation characteristics are discussed based upon the present predicted results. The results obtained clearly show that for an initial relative humidity below 30% there is no periodic oscillation of the condensation shock wave, but for an initial relative humidity over 40% the periodic excursions of the condensation shock occurs in the Ludwieg tube, and the frequency increases with the initial relative humidity. It is also found that total pressure loss due to unsteady condensation in the Ludwieg tube should not be ignored even for a very low initial relative humidity and it results from the periodic excursions of the condensation shock wave.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.547-553
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• 1989

본 연구에서는 작동유체로서 수증기와 거동이 유사한 습공기를 대기 흡입식 풍동을 사용하여 원호 노즐로서 팽창시키는 경우에 대하여 응축충격파가 발생하는 흐름이 측정부내에 쐐기를 설치하여 발생시킨 경사충격파에 미치는 영향에 대해 실험적으로 조사하였다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제32권6C호
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• pp.259-265
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• 2012

본 논문에서는 경량화 재료인 기포를 혼합한 기포혼합경량토와 폐타이어 분말을 혼합한 타이어혼합경량토를 연약지반의 개량, 진동차폐재 및 교대의 뒷채움재 등으로 활용하기 위하여 공학적 특성을 조사하였다. 당 연구에서는 목표 습윤단위중량과 시멘트 혼합비 변화에 따른 기포혼합경량토와 타이어혼합경량토의 강도특성과 변형특성을 일축압축시험과 비압밀-비배수 삼축압축시험으로 분석하였다. 동일한 습윤단위중량($13kN/m^3$)에서 2종류의 경량혼합토 강도특성을 비교한 결과, 일축압축시험에서는 같은 조건에서 비슷한 압축강도특성를 보였으나 비압밀-비배수 삼축압축시험 결과에서는 타이어 분말의 탄성특성으로 인한 영향으로 타이어혼합경량토가 기포혼합경량토 보다 큰 압축강도를 보였다. 그리고 2종류의 경량혼합토는 습윤단위중량과 시멘트량의 증가에 따라 일축압축강도와 삼축압축강도가 증가하였으나 습윤단위중량 $11kN/m^3$ 이하의 기포혼합경량토는 일정한 기포혼합비 수준에서는 시멘트량이 증가해도 기포에 의한 간극의 영향으로 경량혼합토의 강도는 증가하지 않거나 저하되는 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한설비공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한설비공학회 2008년도 하계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.1201-1206
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• 2008

Psychrometric chart displays graphically the thermophysical properties of moist air, so it is very conveniently used in air-conditioning and refrigeration. On general psychrometric chart, there are dry bulb temperature, web bulb temperature, absolute humidity ratio, relative humidity, specific enthalpy, specific volume, sensible heat factor, and enthalpy-humidity difference ratio. However, various state and process values besides aboves can be plotted on psychrometric chart. In this study, we developed the software drawing twenty kinds of lines, that is vapor pressure, mole fraction ratio of vapor, dew point temperature, degree of saturation, density, specific entropy, specific exergy, contact or bypass factor, uncomfort index, discomposition index, predicted mean vote index, predicted percent dissatisfied, and so on. We wish to this software is a help to design, analysis and education.

• 한국가시화정보학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.63-69
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• 2022

In this study, we numerically simulate the condensational growth of micron-sized particles traveling through a pipe filled with humidified air. Using the finite volume method and Lagrangian particle tracking technique, the mixture of particle-laden flow with moist air in a T-juction pipe is simulated. The condensational growth of particles is calculated by considering the mass transfer of vapor in the air onto the particle surface. The results indicate that the growth rate of the particles increases as the relative humidity of air is higher. Furthermore, the placement of a porous media with low permeability in the pipe could enhance the degree of condensational growth.

• 대기
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.171-186
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• 2013

Recently, the number of observations used in a data assimilation system is increasing due to the enormous amount of observations, including satellite data. However, it is not clear that all of these observations are always beneficial to the performance of the numerical weather prediction (NWP). Therefore, it is important to evaluate the effect of observations on these forecasts so that the observations can be used more usefully in NWP process. In this study, the adjoint-based Forecast Sensitivity to Observation (FSO) method with the KMA Unified Model (UM) is applied to two high-impact weather events which occurred in summer and winter in Korea in an effort to investigate the effects of observations on the forecasts of these events. The total dry energy norm is used as a response function to calculate the adjoint sensitivity. For the summer case, TEMP observations have the greatest total impact while BOGUS shows the greatest impact per observation for all of the 24-, 36-, and 48-hour forecasts. For the winter case, aircraft, ATOVS, and ESA have the greatest total impact for the 24-, 36-, and 48-hour forecasts respectively, while ESA has the greatest impact per observation. Most of the observation effects are horizontally located upwind or in the vicinity of the Korean peninsula. The fraction of beneficial observations is less than 50%, which is less than the results in previous studies. As an additional experiment, the total moist energy norm is used as a response function to measure the sensitivity of 24-hour forecast error to observations. The characteristics of the observation impact with the moist energy response function are generally similar to those with the dry energy response function. However, the ATOVS observations were found to be sensitive to the response function, showing a positive (a negative) effect on the forecast when using the dry (moist) norm for the summer case. For the winter case, the dry and moist energy norm experiments show very similar results because the adjoint of KMA UM does not calculate the specific humidity of ice properly such that the dry and moist energy norms are very similar except for the humidity in air that is very low in winter.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제40권12호
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• pp.785-792
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 NACA0012 천음속 익형 유동에 있어 비평형 응축이 항력 발산 마하수 $M_D$에 미치는 영향을 TVD 유한 차분법을 사용하여 연구하였다. 받음각 ${\alpha}$가 동일한 경우, 정체점 상대습도 ${\phi}_0$가 높을수록 충격파 직전의 최대 마하수 $M_{max}$는 작게 되고 초음속 영역의 크기도 적게 된다. 주류 마하수 $M_{\infty}$, 정체점 상대습도 ${\phi}_0$ 및 정체온도 $T_0$가 동일한 경우 받음각 ${\alpha}$가 클수록 비평형 응축영역 길이 ${\Delta}_z$은 짧게 된다. 한편, 주류 마하수 $M_{\infty}$와 받음각 ${\alpha}$가 동일한 경우 정체점 상대습도 ${\phi}_0$가 높을수록 조파저항의 감소 때문에 항력계수 $C_D$는 적어진다. $M_D$는 ${\alpha}$가 동일한 경우 ${\phi}_0$가 클수록 크게 되며, ${\phi}_0$가 동일한 경우는 ${\alpha}$가 클수록 $M_D$는 적게 된다.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2004년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.1546-1551
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• 2004

This paper presents a mathematical model to predict the frost properties and heal and mass transfer within the frost layer formed on a cold plate. The laminar flow equations for the air-side are analyzed. and the empirical correlations of local frost properties are employed in order to predict the frost layer growth. The correlations of local frost density and effective thermal conductivity of frost layer, obtained from various experimental conditions, are derived as functions of various frosting parameters (Reynolds number, frost surface temperature, absolute humidity and temperature of moist air, cooling plate temperature, and frost density). The numerical results are compared with experimental data and the results of various models to validate the present model, and agree well with experimental data within a maximum error of 10%. The heat and mass transfer coefficients obtained from the numerical analyses are presented, as the results, it is found that the model for frost growth using the correlation of heat transfer coefficient without solving air flow have a limitation in its application.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제12권9호
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• pp.825-834
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• 2000

A heat exchanger analysis is performed to investigate the heating characteristics of cryogenic nitrogen by ambient air for the purpose of cryogenic automotive propulsion. The heat exchanger is a concentric triple-passage for supercritical nitrogen, and the radial fins are attached on the outermost tube for the crossflow of ambient air. The temperature distribution is calculated for the nitrogen along the passage, including the real gas properties of nitrogen, the fluid convections and the conductions through the tube walls and the fins. Since the wall temperature of the outer (ambient side) tube is very low in most cases, a heavy frost can be formed on the surface, affecting the heat exchange performance. By the method of the similarity between the heat and the mass transfer of moist air, the frost growth and the time-dependent effectiveness of the heat exchanger are calculated for various operating conditions. It is concluded that the frost formation can augment the heating of nitrogen during the initial period because of the latent heat, then gradually degrades the heat exchange because of the increased thermal resistance. Practical design issues are discussed for the flow rate of nitrogen, the velocity and humidity of ambient air, and the sizes of the fin.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.499-510
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• 1999

A computer program was developed for simulating performance(capacity, power consumption and etc.) of air-conditioners using compressor, fin-tube heat exchanger and capillary tube. The program consists of five modules, condenser, evaporator, compressor, capillary tube simulation modules and properties modules of refrigerant and moist air, The present program is focused on R22 only, however can be easily extended for other refrigerants such as R407C and R410A just by adding property modules. The compressor simulation module utilizes performance maps supplied by manufacturers-map-based model. The condenser and evaporator simulation modules are modeled using tube-by-tube method. Simulation results(capacity and power consumption) were compared with calorimeter test results of actual air-conditioners of window and split types, where more than 82% of the data lied within ${\pm}5$% of the predicted results.