• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.262-268
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• 2010

Virtual communities (VCs) have developed rapidly, with more and more people participating in them to exchange information and opinions. A virtual community is a group of people who may or may not meet one another face to face, and who exchange words and ideas through the mediation of computer bulletin boards and networks. A business-to-consumer virtual community (B2CVC) is a commercial group that creates a trustworthy environment intended to motivate consumers to be more willing to buy from an online store. B2CVCs create a social atmosphere through information contribution such as recommendations, reviews, and ratings of buyers and sellers. Although the importance of B2CVCs has been recognized, few studies have been conducted to examine members' word-of-mouth behavior within these communities. This study proposes a model of involvement, statistics, trust, "stickiness," and word-of-mouth in a B2CVC and explores the relationships among these elements based on empirical data. The objectives are threefold: (i) to empirically test a B2CVC model that integrates measures of beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors; (ii) to better understand the nature of these relationships, specifically through word-of-mouth as a measure of revenue generation; and (iii) to better understand the role of stickiness of B2CVC in CRM marketing. The model incorporates three key elements concerning community members: (i) their beliefs, measured in terms of their involvement assessment; (ii) their attitudes, measured in terms of their satisfaction and trust; and, (iii) their behavior, measured in terms of site stickiness and their word-of-mouth. Involvement is considered the motivation for consumers to participate in a virtual community. For B2CVC members, information searching and posting have been proposed as the main purpose for their involvement. Satisfaction has been reviewed as an important indicator of a member's overall community evaluation, and conceptualized by different levels of member interactions with their VC. The formation and expansion of a VC depends on the willingness of members to share information and services. Researchers have found that trust is a core component facilitating the anonymous interaction in VCs and e-commerce, and therefore trust-building in VCs has been a common research topic. It is clear that the success of a B2CVC depends on the stickiness of its members to enhance purchasing potential. Opinions communicated and information exchanged between members may represent a type of written word-of-mouth. Therefore, word-of-mouth is one of the primary factors driving the diffusion of B2CVCs across the Internet. Figure 1 presents the research model and hypotheses. The model was tested through the implementation of an online survey of CTrip Travel VC members. A total of 243 collected questionnaires was reduced to 204 usable questionnaires through an empirical process of data cleaning. The study's hypotheses examined the extent to which involvement, satisfaction, and trust influence B2CVC stickiness and members' word-of-mouth. Structural Equation Modeling tested the hypotheses in the analysis, and the structural model fit indices were within accepted thresholds: ${\chi}^2^$/df was 2.76, NFI was .904, IFI was .931, CFI was .930, and RMSEA was .017. Results indicated that involvement has a significant influence on satisfaction (p<0.001, ${\beta}$=0.809). The proportion of variance in satisfaction explained by members' involvement was over half (adjusted $R^2$=0.654), reflecting a strong association. The effect of involvement on trust was also statistically significant (p<0.001, ${\beta}$=0.751), with 57 percent of the variance in trust explained by involvement (adjusted $R^2$=0.563). When the construct "stickiness" was treated as a dependent variable, the proportion of variance explained by the variables of trust and satisfaction was relatively low (adjusted $R^2$=0.331). Satisfaction did have a significant influence on stickiness, with ${\beta}$=0.514. However, unexpectedly, the influence of trust was not even significant (p=0.231, t=1.197), rejecting that proposed hypothesis. The importance of stickiness in the model was more significant because of its effect on e-WOM with ${\beta}$=0.920 (p<0.001). Here, the measures of Stickiness explain over eighty of the variance in e-WOM (Adjusted $R^2$=0.846). Overall, the results of the study supported the hypothesized relationships between members' involvement in a B2CVC and their satisfaction with and trust of it. However, trust, as a traditional measure in behavioral models, has no significant influence on stickiness in the B2CVC environment. This study contributes to the growing body of literature on B2CVCs, specifically addressing gaps in the academic research by integrating measures of beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors in one model. The results provide additional insights to behavioral factors in a B2CVC environment, helping to sort out relationships between traditional measures and relatively new measures. For practitioners, the identification of factors, such as member involvement, that strongly influence B2CVC member satisfaction can help focus technological resources in key areas. Global e-marketers can develop marketing strategies directly targeting B2CVC members. In the global tourism business, they can target Chinese members of a B2CVC by providing special discounts for active community members or developing early adopter programs to encourage stickiness in the community. Future studies are called for, and more sophisticated modeling, to expand the measurement of B2CVC member behavior and to conduct experiments across industries, communities, and cultures.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.1367-1384
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to develop a Science Academic Emotion Scale for Elementary Students. To make a scale, authors extract a core of 14 emotions related to science learning situations from Kim & Kim (2013) and literature review. Items on the scale consisted of 14 emotions and science learning situations. The first preliminary scale had 174 items on it. The number of 174 items was reduced and elaborated on by three science educators. Authors verified the scale using exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, inter-item consistency and concurrent validity. The second preliminary scale consisted of 141 items. The preliminary scale was reduced to seven factors and 56 items by applying exploratory factor analysis twice. The seven factors include: enjoyment contentment interest, boredom, shame, discontent, anger, anxiety, and laziness. The 56 items were elaborated on by five science educators. The scale with 56 items was fixed with seven factors and 35 items to get the final scale by applying confirmatory factor analysis twice. Except for Chi-square and GFI (Goodness of Fit Index), other various goodness of fit characteristics of the seven factors and 35 items model showed good estimated figures. The Cronbach of the scale was 0.85. The Cronbach of seven factors are 0.95 in enjoyment contentment interest, 0.81 in boredom, 0.87 in shame, 0.82 in discontent, 0.87 in anger, 0.77 in anxiety, 0.81 in laziness. The correlation coefficient was 0.59 in enjoyment contentment interest, 0.54 in anxiety, 0.42 in shame, and 0.28 in boredom, which were estimated using the Science Academic Emotion Scale and National Assessment System of Science-Related Affective Domain (Kim et al., 1998). Based on the results, authors judged that the Science Academic Emotion Scale for Elementary Students achieved an acceptable validity and reliability.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.109-128
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to verify the validity of KEDI Leadership Inventory (Simplified) for elementary and secondary school student. The existing Leadership Inventory is outdated by excessive or insufficient items. To verify reliability and validity of this KEDI Leadership Inventory (Simplified), we analyze internal consistency of scale for reliability and construct validity, convergent and discriminative validity. criterion-related validity. The internal consistency of the scale is relatively high from .610 to .838 for elementary school student, and from .734 to .936 for secondary school student To verify construct validity, we analyze a confirmatory factor analysis using AMOS whether revealed that the structural equation model including 5 construct validity in KEDI Leadership Inventory(Simplified) showed fit index at a satisfactory level as follows. The major fit indexes are showed as follows; CFI (.954), TLI (.943), RMSEA (.068) in the scale for elementary school student, CFI (.935), TLI (.915), RMSEA (.070) in the scale for secondary school student. Futhermore, to secure criterion-related validity, this KEDI Leadership Inventory(Simplified) showed significant correlations with student's leader position in their classroom for r=.358 (p<.01), and gifted education students are significantly higher .50 than no gifted student. This KEDI Leadership Inventory (Sim'plified) is made up of parsimonious 20 items, so that teachers can be convenient to identify intra-inter personal leadership characteristics of a student and recommend the student for gifted education institution.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.91-95
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• 2004

This study aims to analyze realities of oral health and related factors, and establish Structural Equation Modeling. The subjects of study were 9,340 elderly over age 65 who took the health examination(the first) for the local insured which National Health Insurance Corporation carried out in the survey area mentioned below from January 2002 to December 2002. The areas surveyed were 4 big cities including Seongbuk-ku, Seoul, 5 medium cities including Wonjusi, Gangwon-do, and 5 Counties including Yeong deok County, Kyeongbuk. Considering location and the scale of population, firstly, big unit areas(metropolitan city, province) were selected according to convenience, secondly, low unit areas(city, county, district) were selected randomly. The subjects were the elderly who took all tests including an oral examination and filled in the questionnaire. Major results from analysis are as follows: 1. Review of Composition Conception Validity As a result of analyzing composition conception validity of SEM including posture test, urine test, blood test, habits of eating, drinking and smoking, oral symptoms, and oral health status, using fit index such as GFI, CFI, TLI, and RMSEA, all were within fit range and composition conception validity was recognized. 2. As a result of analyzing SEM to find the relationship between each factor and oral health status, it was confirmed that all factors except urine test affected oral health status and the synthetic SEM to explain it could be established. In result, we could verify that the elderly of rural areas who had lesser experience of visiting a clinic and oral prophylaxis had a higher rate of caries, missing teeth, and denture need, and drinking and smoking negatively affected the rate of caries, periodontal, and missing teeth. Also, periodontal diseases were observed from 43.2% of the total elderly and much from the lower age. Most of oral disease can be prevented by right oral health behavior. Therefore through oral health professionals from each district public health center of the nation, oral health education for the elderly about right eating habits and oral health care should be carried out systematically and policy change to increase access to dental service is required lest that visiting a dental clinic should be impossible or oral health behaviors such as oral prophylaxis and denture wearing should be neglected by economic, geographical barriers. Also, to establish SEM to explain the relationship between oral health status and systemic health, more accurate test methods and effective index development should be preceded. Because items developed by National Health Insurance Corporation applied to this study without alteration, structuring a model had the uppermost limit. Continual study seems to be needed.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.54 no.12
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• pp.1243-1254
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• 2021

For water resources operation or agricultural water management, it is important to accurately predict evapotranspiration for a long-term future over a seasonal or monthly basis. In this study, reference evapotranspiration forecast (up to 12 months in advance) was performed using statistically predicted monthly temperatures and temperature-based Hamon method for the Han River basin. First, the daily maximum and minimum temperature data for 15 meterological stations in the basin were derived by spatial-temporal downscaling the monthly temperature forecasts. The results of goodness-of-fit test for the downscaled temperature data at each site showed that the percent bias (PBIAS) ranged from 1.3 to 6.9%, the ratio of the root mean square error to the standard deviation of the observations (RSR) ranged from 0.22 to 0.27, the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) ranged from 0.93 to 0.95, and the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) ranged from 0.97 to 0.98 for the monthly average daily maximum temperature. And for the monthly average daily minimum temperature, PBIAS was 7.8 to 44.7%, RSR was 0.21 to 0.25, NSE was 0.94 to 0.96, and r was 0.98 to 0.99. The difference by site was not large, and the downscaled results were similar to the observations. In the results of comparing the forecasted reference evapotranspiration calculated using the downscaled data with the observed values for the entire region, PBIAS was 2.2 to 5.4%, RSR was 0.21 to 0.28, NSE was 0.92 to 0.96, and r was 0.96 to 0.98, indicating a very high fit. Due to the characteristics of the statistical models and uncertainty in the downscaling process, the predicted reference evapotranspiration may slightly deviate from the observed value in some periods when temperatures completely different from the past are observed. However, considering that it is a forecast result for the future period, it will be sufficiently useful as information for the evaluation or operation of water resources in the future.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.18-26
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• 2021

Purpose: Generally, patients are noticed to store denture in water when removed from the mouth. However, few studies have reported the advantage of volumetric change in underwater storage over dry storage. To be a reference in defining the proper denture storage method, this study aims to evaluate the volumetric change and dimensional deformation in case of underwater and dry storage. Materials and methods: Definitive casts were scanned by a model scanner, and denture bases were designed with computer-aided design (CAD) software. Twelve denture bases (upper 6, lower 6) were printed with 3D printer. Printed denture bases were invested and flasked with heat-curing method. 6 upper and 6 lower dentures were divided into group A and B, and each group contains 3 upper and 3 lower dentures. Group A was stored dry at room temperature, group B was stored underwater. Group B was scanned at every 24 hours for 28 days and scanned data was saved as stereolithography (SLA) file. These SLA files were analyzed to measure the difference in volumetric change of a month and Kruskal-Wallis test were used for statistical analysis. Best-fit algorithm was used to overlap and 3-dimensional color-coded map was used to observe the changing pattern of impression surface. Results: No significant difference was found in volumetric changes regardless of the storage methods. In dry-stored denture base, significant changes were found in the palate of upper jaw and posterior lingual border of lower jaw in direction away from the underlying tissue, maxillary tuberosity of upper jaw and retromolar pad area of lower jaw in direction towards the underlying tissue. Conclusion: Storing the denture underwater shows less volumetric change of impression surface than storing in the dry air.

• Korean Journal of School Psychology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.399-431
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to summarize the empirical literature on implementation of positive behavior support (PBS) within a multi-tiered system of supports in American and Korean schools and to compare its key features and outcomes in an attempt to suggest future directions for development of a Korean school-wide PBS model and implementation manuals as well as directions for future research. Twenty-four American articles and 11 Korean articles (total 35 articles) that reported the outcomes of implementation of PBS at a tier 1 and/or tier 2, or tier 3 level and that met established inclusion criteria were analyzed using systematic procedures. Comparisons were made in the areas of key features and outcomes of PBS in addition to general methodology (e.g., participants, design, implementation duration, dependent measures) at each tier of PBS. The results indicated that positive outcomes for student behavior and other areas were reported across tiers in all American and Korean studies. At the tier 1 level, teaching expectations and rules were the primary focus of PBS in American and Korean schools. However, Korean schools focused on modifying the school and classroom environments and teaching social skills whereas American schools focused on teacher training on standardized interventions or curricular by experts and teacher support during implementation of PBS. At the tier 2 level, more American studies reported implementation of tier 2 interventions within school-wide PBS, and Check/In Check/Out (CICO) was found to be the most commonly used tier 2 intervention. The results also indicated that in comparison to Korean schools, American schools were more likely to use systematic screening tools or procedures to identify students who need tier 2 interventions and more likely to promote parental involvement with implementing interventions. At the tier 3 level, more Korean studies reported the outcomes of individualized interventions, but more American studies reported that designing individualized intervention plans based on comprehensive functional behavior assessment results and establishment of systematic screening systems were focused when implementing individualized interventions. Furthermore, few Korean studies reported the assessment of procedural integrity, social validity, and contextual fit in implementing PBS across tiers, indicating the need for development of valid instruments that could be used in assessing these areas. Based on these results, limitations of the study and suggestions for future research are discussed.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.280-286
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• 2010

Purpose: This study evaluated the detorque values of screws in a multiple implant-supported superstructure using stone casts made with 2 different impression techniques. Material and methods: A fully edentulous mandibular master model and a metal framework directly connected to four implants (Br${\aa}$nemark $System^{(R)}$; Nobel Biocare AB) with a passive fit to each other were fabricated. Six experimental stone casts (Group 1) were made with 6 non-splinted impressions on a master cast and another 6 experimental casts (Group 2) were made with 6 acrylic resin splinted impressions. The detorque values of screws ($TorqTite^{(R)}$ GoldAdapt Abutment Screw; Nobel Biocare AB) were measured twice after the metal framework was fastened onto each experimental stone cast with 20 Ncm torque. Detorque values were analyzed using the mixed model with the fixed effect of screw and reading and the random effect of model for the repeated measured data at a .05 level of ignificance. Results: The mean detorque values were 7.9 Ncm (Group 1) and 8.1 Ncm (Group 2), and the mean of minimum detorque values were 6.1 Ncm (Group 1) and 6.5 Ncm (Group 2). No statistically significant differences between 2 groups were found and no statistically significant differences among 4 screws were found for detorque values. No statistically significant differences between 2 groups were also found for minimum detorque values. Conclusion: In a multiple external hexagon implant-supported prosthesis, no significant differences between 2 groups were found for detorque values and for minimum detorque values. There seems to be no significant differences in screw joint stability between 2 stone cast groups made with 2 different impression techniques.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.437-448
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• 2016

Some previous researches suggested a transit trip destination inference method by constructing trip chains with incomplete(missing destination) smart card dataset obtained on the entry fare control systems. To explore the feasibility of the transit trip destination inference method, the transit trip chains are constructed from the pre-paid smart card tagging data collected in Busan on October 2014 weekdays by tracing the card IDs, tagging times(boarding, alighting, transfer), and the trip linking distances between two consecutive transit trips in a daily sequences. Assuming that most trips in the transit trip chains are linked successively, the individual transit trip destination zones are inferred as the consecutive linking trip's origin zones. Applying the model to the complete trips with observed OD reveals that about 82% of the inferred trip destinations are the same as those of the observed trip destinations and the inference error defined as the difference in distance between the inferred and observed alighting stops is minimized when the trip linking distance is less than or equal to 0.5km. When applying the model to the incomplete trips with missing destinations, the overall destination missing rate decreases from 71.40% to 21.74% and approximately 77% of the destination missing trips are the single transit trips for which the destinations can not be inferable. In addition, the model remarkably reduces the destination missing rate of the multiple incomplete transit trips from 69.56% to 6.27%. Spearman's rank correlation and Chi-squared goodness-of-fit tests showed that the ranks for transit trips of each zone are not significantly affected by the inferred trips, but the transit trip distributions only using small complete trips are significantly different from those using complete and inferred trips. Therefore, it is concluded that the model should be applicable to derive a realistic transit trip patterns in cities with the incomplete smart card data.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.85-111
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• 2012

Introduction : The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between perceptual characteristics of consumers and intent of relational continuance for PB(Private Brand) products in discount stores. This study was conducted as an empirical study based on survey. For the empirical study, factors of PB products as characteristics perceived by consumers such as perceived quality, store image, brand image and perceived value were deduced from preceding studies. The effect of such factors on intent of relational continuance mediated by brand trust and brand equity of PB products was structurally examined. Research Model : Based on theory analysis and hypotheses, constructed a Structural Equation Model(SEM). The research model is shown in Figure 1. Research Method : This paper is based on s qualitative study of selected literature and empirical data. The survey for empirical study was carried out on consumers in Gyeonggi and Busan between January 2012 and May 2012. 300 surveys were distributed and 253 (84.3%) of them were returned. After excluding omissions and insincere responses, 245 surveys (81.6%) were used for final analysis as effective samples. Result : First of all, the Reliability was carried out for instrument used. The lower limit of 0.7 for Cronbach's Alpha as suggested by Hair et al. (1998). And Construct validity was established by carrying out exploratory factor analysis by Varimax rotation for all. Four factor result for the consumer's perceptual characteristics of PB Products, two mediating factors and one dependent factor. All constructs included in research framework have acceptable validity and reliability. Table 1 shows the factor loading, eigen value, explained variance and Cronbach's alpha for each factor. In order to assure validity of constructs, I implemented Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), using AMOS 20.0. In confirmatory factor analysis, researcher can take control over the specification of indicators for each factor by hypothesizing that a specific factor is loaded with the relevant indicators. Moreover, CFA is particularly useful in the validation of scale for the measurement of specific construct. CFA result summarized Table 2 shows that the fit measures of all constructs fulfill the recommended level and loadings are significant. To test causal relationship between constructs in the research model, used AMOS 20.0 that provides a graphic module as method for analysing Structural Equation Modeling. The result of hypothesis test is shown in Table 3. As a result of empirical study, perceived quality, brand image and perceived value as selected attributes for PB products showed significantly positive (+) effect on brand trust and brand equity. Furthermore, brand trust and brand equity showed significantly positive (+) effect on intent of relational continuance. However, store image of discount stores selling the PB products was analyzed to have positive (+) effect on brand trust and no significant effect on brand equity. Discussion : Based on the results of this study, the relationship between overall quality, store image, brand image and value perceived by consumers about PB products and intent of relational continuance was structurally verified as being mediated by brand trust and brand equity. Looking at the results, a strategic approach that maximizes brand trust and equity value for PB products by large discount stores is required on top of basic efforts to improve quality, brand image and value of PB products in order to maximize consumer's intent of relational continuance and to continuously attract repeated purchase of products.