• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.565-571
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• 2013

This is the first report on using Catathelasma ventricosum for production of fruiting body and lignocellulosic enzymes. To improve the laccase activity and productivity of mushroom, the substrate was added with different supplements (eight aromatic compounds, $Mn^{2+}$, and $Cu^{2+}$). Based on the results, all these supplements can improve the laccase activity and productivity of C. ventricosum, and it seems that there is a critical value of laccase activity that affects the productivity of C. ventricosum. In addition, when Penicillium decumbens was inoculated into the substrate that had been cultivated with C. ventricosum for 20 days, the highest values of laccase activity, FPA activity, and productivity of C. ventricosum were obtained. Moreover, the laccase activity showed a positive correlation with the productivity of C. ventricosum. Finally, the effect of $Mn^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, and P. decumbens on laccase activity was investigated by response surface methodology (RSM).

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.177-189
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• 2013

Studies were carried out on the speciation of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Ni, Pb, Cd, and Cr) during rotary drum composting of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) for a period of 20 days. Five different proportions of cattle manure, water hyacinth and sawdust were prepared for composting. This study concluded that, rotary drum was very efficient for the degradation of organic matter as well as for the reduction of mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals during water hyacinth composting. The results from the sequential extraction procedure of heavy metals shows that rotary drum composting changed the distribution of five fractions of Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Ni, Pb, Cd, and Cr. The highest reduction in the bioavailability factors of Pb and Cd was observed during the process. The total concentration of Cu, Cr, and Cd was very low compared to the other metals (Zn, Mn, Fe, Ni, and Pb); however, the percentage of exchangeable and carbonate fractions of these metals was similar to other metals. These results confirmed that the bioavailability of metals does not depend on the total concentration of metals. From this study, it can be concluded that the addition of an appropriate proportion of cattle manure significantly reduced the mobile and easily available fractions (exchangeable and carbonate fractions) during water hyacinth composting in rotary drum.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.6-13
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• 1996

The possible use of milk-wastewater as a fermentation media for the production of citric acid by Aspergillus niger has been investigated. The addition of Mn$^{2+}$ , Fe$^{2+}$ and Cu$^{2+}$ to the medium promoted citric acid production while only Mg$^{2+}$ decreased citric acid production. The concentrations of citric acid produced were marked up to 7.2g/l and 16.5g/l in a batch bioreactor by Aspergillus niger ATCC 9142 with 50g/l and 100g/l of reducing sugar concentration in milk-wastewater, respectively. A mathematical model was developed and simulating the predictability of cell growth, citric acid production and substrate consumption rate, and gave good agreement results with experimental data.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.66-75
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• 2010

The effects of alloying elements on the mechanical properties of normalized and quenched 3.60wt%C-2.60wt%C ductile cast iron poured into shell stack mold were investigated. The strength and hardness of as-cast specimen were increased and the elongation of it was decreased with the additions of Mn, Cu and Sn. The strength and hardness were increased with the addition of 0.40wt%Mo and then rather decreased with the increased addition of 0.80wt%. The strength and hardness were increased with normalizing treatment and the strengths of normalized specimens were increased slightly with the addition of alloying elements except Mo. Meanwhile the yield strength of the normalized specimen was increased slightly with the addition of Mo, the tensile strength was not changed much. Meanwhile the hardness and strength of the quenched specimen were slightly increased with the addition of Mn, those were almost not changed with the amount added. The tensile strength of the quenched specimen with larger diameter, when the Cu had been added, and the tensile and yield strengths of them, when Mo had been added, were increased with the addition of alloying element. On the other hand, those were not changed with the amount added. For the case of specimen with smaller diameter, there were no effects of these two elements. When Sn had been added, the strength of hardened specimen with larger diameter was slightly increased with the amount added. However, that with smaller diameter was rather decreased with it. The effect of specimen diameter on the strength of quenched specimen with the addition of Cu, Mo and Sn was reduced.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.103-111
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• 2018

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine the antioxidant effects of the extract of Rubi Fructus on TM4 Sertoli cells. Methods : The extract was studied for diphenyl-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and cell viability assays on Sertoli cells. In addition, hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress on Sertoli cells were examined by MTT assay. The antioxidant enzyme of Cu/Zn SOD, Mn SOD, catalase protein expression on Sertoli cells were also measured. Results : The results showed that the extract scavenged DPPH radical dose-dependent manner. The extract showed no cytotoxicity at concentration of 1, 5, 10, 50, $100{\mu}g/ml$. The hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity of Sertoli cells was protected to 88.3% by the extract at concentration of $100{\mu}g/ml$. Cu/Zn SOD and Mn SOD protein expression were significantly increased on Sertoli cells, but catalase protein expression was not significantly changed. Conclusions : In conclusion, the extract of Rubi Fructus has antioxidant effects on Sertoli cells and protect male reproductive system against oxidative stress.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.168-173
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• 1991

The uptake of $Mn^{+2}$, a metal cofactor Mn-SOD, by rice seedings resulted in not only a substantial increase in SOD activity in leaf tissues of the plants, but also a significant enhancement of their cold tolerance : the relative extent of the cold tolerance appeared to accord with relative level of the SOD activity. In contrast, $Fe^{+3},\;Cu^{+2}$ and $Zn^{+2}$, which are the cofactors of Fe-SOD and Cu/Zn-SOD, were found to be ineffective for increasing the SOD activity as well as for improving the chilling-resistant capacity of the plants. The results suggest that Mn-SOD, which is most likely induced by its substrate(superoxide) and activated by the presence of $Mn^{+2}$a at high level, is the enzyme acting as an active component of the defense system against low temperature stress in rice plants. In addition, the application of abscisic acid which has been know to protect to some extent certain plants from chilling injury brought about an increase in SOD activity in rice tissues, providing another affirmative information for the crucial role of SOD under the circumstance of cold stress in plants.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.152-157
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• 2003

Serratia marcescens ATCC 25419 protease was purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate treatment, and DEAE-cellulose anion exchange chromatography. The specific activity of the enzyme was increased 448-fold during purification with an overall yield of 43.0%. Metal reactivation on the purified protease from S. marcescens was studied. S. marcescens protease was a metalloenzyme to be completely inhibited its activity by EDTA and the enzyme outstandingly inhibited by Hg, Fe, Cu, but the activity was increased approximately 20% by Co. The reactivation of the apoenzyme was effective with Mn, Co, Zn in pH range from 6 to 8. Among metalloenzymes prepared to the addition of Mn, Co, Zn to restore the degree of activity of native enzyme, Zn-enzyme was similar to the native enzyme in respects with enzyme activity, alkali-inactivation, thermo-stability.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.15-18
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• 1998

The entanol productivity of superoxide dismutase (SOD)-deficient mutants of Saccharo-Myces cerevisiae was examined under the oxidative stress by Paraquat. It was observed that MnSOD-deficient mutant of S. cerevisiae had higher ethanol productivity than wild type or CuZnSOD-deficient yeast both in aerobic and in anaerobic culture condition. Pyruvated dehydrogenase activity decreased by 35% and alcohol dehydrogenase activity increased by 32% were observed in MnSOD-deficient yeast grown aerobically. When generating oxygen radicals by Paraquat, the ehanol productivity was increased by 40% in CuZnSOD-deficient or wild strain, resulting from increased activity of alcohol dehydrogenase and decreased a activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase. However, the addition of ascorbic acid with Paraquat returned the enzyme activities at the level of control. These results imply that SOD-deficiency in yeast strains may cause the metabolic flux to shift into anaerobic ethanol fermentation in order to avoid their oxidative damages by Paraquat.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.489-494
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• 2009

In this study, In order to improve dielectric and piezoelectric properties of Lead-free piezoelectric ceramics, $0.95(K_{0.5}Na_{0.5})NbO_3-0.05Li(Sb_{0.8}Nb_{0.2})O_3+0.2\;wt%Ag_2O+0.4\;wt%MnO_2+Xwt%CuO$ were investigated as a function of the amount of CuO addition. With increasing the amount of CuO addition, density was increased up to 0.4 wt.% CuO and then decreased above. And also, electro mechanical coupling factor ($k_p$) was decreased. At the 0.4 wt% CuO added specimen sintered at $1020^{\circ}C$, $k_p$, Qm, density, dielectric constant (${\varepsilon}_r$) and $d_{33}$[pC/N] showed the optimal value of $4.37\;g/cm^3$, 0.354, 305, 645, and 144 pC/N respectively.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.479-492
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• 2003

Wheat, barley, rye, and maize were grown in field and pot experiments at various non-contaminated soils in order to establish uptake rates for added selenate, and to find baseline concentrations for various soil types. Edible parts (grains) and stalks of the crops were analyzed separately for Se, as well as for Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, P, S, and Zn. The addition of Na-selenate in admixture with the NPK 20:8:8 fertilizer had no influence on the composition of the other elements investigated. The proportions of added nitrate: selenate, and sulfate:selenate were kept constant. The Se- uptake rate differed among the cereals tested, it was highest for winter wheat. Utilization of added Se in the field ranged from $0,4-4,7\%$, and and in the pots from $3,3-5,4\%$, it was markedly lower in clay soil. Whereas P and Zn were preferably found in the grains, Ca-Fe-Mn-S got enriched in the stalks. For the fields, the location had some influence upon Fe, Mn, and Zn, whereas it was not important for P, S, Cu, and strikingly, Ca. Pot and field experiments on similar soils led to different results, except for P and S. Maize (whole grains) was significantly lower in Ca, Cu, and Mn, and might even cause trace element deficiencies, if exclusively fed. Few correlations between the trace elements investigated led to the conclusion that most element contents were governed by plant metabolism. Variations of mobile Fe in the soils were balanced by uptake into the stalks. The data are compared with data from other presumably non-contaminated sites.