• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.25 no.4 s.83
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• pp.297-304
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• 1997

Effects of cultural conditions on the production of xylanase by Tremella fuciformis, symbiotic fungi and mixed fungi were investigated. The optimum carbon source for high production of xylanase by T. fuciformis, symbiotic fungi and mixed fungi was xylose. The optimum nitrogen source for both T. fuciformis and symbiotic fungi was $KNO_3$, whereas mixed fungi was $(NH_4)_2SO_4$. The optimum culture period for high production of xylanase was 5 days for both T. fuciformis and mixed fungi, and 6 days for symbiotic fungi, respectively. The optimum temperature for T. fuciformis and symbiotic fungi was $40^{\circ}C$, and the corresponding value for mixed fungi was $45^{\circ}C$. Xylanase activity was high at pH 6 for T. fuciformis and symbiotic fungi, and pH 7 for mixed fungi. Except $Hg^{2+}$ and $Pb^{2+}$, metal ions in T. fuciformis inhibited the activity of xylanase, and, thermal stability of xylanase in T. fuciformis, symbiotic fungi and mixed fungi maintained 80% of activity until $50^{\circ}C$. The Michaelis constant (Km) of xylan was $6.25{\times}10^{-5}\;M$ in T. fuciformis, $5.6{\times}10^{-2}\;M$ in symbiotic fungi, $5.2{\times}10^{-2}\;M$ in mixed fungi.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.97-101
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• 2004

The main objectives of this study were to fruit body of Phellinus linteus using liquid spawn. Highest mycelial growth and in vitro fruiting was observed when $180m{\ell}$ of water was added to 200g of brown rice in $1000m{\ell}$ PP bottle. Optimum inoculum amount was 100ml per bottle. Better mycelial growth and fruiting were observed when the amount of brown rice was lowered. For timber log culture of P. linteus, low contamination was observed when logs were sterilized for as low as 60 mins. But, best mycelial growth was observed when the logs were sterilized for 120mins. Among different log types, highest mycelial growth and fruiting were observed in oak and mulberry. Only few fruiting could be observed in birch, chestnut, alder, while no fruiting was produced in Aspen. Best fruiting was produced from isolate PH-211, although other isolates also produced few fruiting.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.283-288
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• 2017

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a notorious and ubiquitous virus in the swine industry. The susceptibility of the host to PCV2 infection is considered to be one factor associated with the dynamics of PCV2. The objective of this study was to verify the criteria for host susceptibility to PCV2, using blood parameters of post-weaned pigs naturally infected with the virus. The PCV2 DNA viral load, antibody titer, and leukopenia characteristics were measured in the serum extracted from the pigs at the 10th week. We classified the pigs into high (>5.0), intermediate (3.0 to 5.0), and low (<3.0) groups on the basis of the PCV2 viral load (log copies/ml), or as positive (${\leq}0.50$) and negative (>0.50) groups on the basis of antibody titer (sample-to-negative corrected ratio). Moreover, using these two categorized parameters, we suggested the criteria for classification into the susceptible and resistant groups. Statistical analyses revealed that pigs in the susceptible group had a significantly higher viral load (p<0.001) and negative antibody titer (p<0.001), as well as significantly lower leukocyte counts (p=0.018) and lower amounts of several leukocyte components (p<0.05), than pigs in the resistant group. We concluded that the susceptible group could be considered to have PCV2-induced leukopenia. Therefore, we suggest that the combined classifications of viral loads and anti-PCV2 antibodies can be used to determine PCV2-induced leukopenia in the subclinical PCV2 infection of post-weaned pig populations.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.2 s.70
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• pp.155-165
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• 2007

Objective : The Angelica gigas Nakai ethanol extract (AGE) was investigated to compare nitric oxide (NO) production and $NF-{\kappa}B$ activity from RAW 264.7 cells, since NO and nuclear $factor-{\kappa}B$ $(NF-{\kappa}B)$ have been shown to be factors implicated in inflammatory disease. Method : AGE was prepared by extracting medicinal herb with 70% (v/v) ethanol solution. We investigated production of nitric oxide (NO) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression by ARE in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. We also investigated inhibition of LPS-induced activation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ on western blot. Result : LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells increased NO production and iNOS expression. Upon treatment with AGE, nitrite production was significantly inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner compared to the untreated control. AGE inhibited this LPS-induced iNOS mRNA and protein in a dose-dependent manner. AGE markedly inhibited the expression of iNOS mRNA and protein at a concentration of 100 ${\mu}g/ml$. LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells with AGE blocked inhibitory $factor-{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ degradation. Conclusion :This study shows that AGE seems to attenuate inflammation through inhibition of NO production and iNOS expression by blockade of $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.2 s.70
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• pp.213-223
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• 2007

Objective : Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a geriatric dementia that is widespread in old age. With an aging populace, AD is a looming problem in public health service. Alzheimer's disease is characterized by specific neuronal degeneration in certain areas of the brain. Mutations and abnormal expression of several genes are associated with ${\beta}-amyloid$ deposits and Alzheimer's disease; among them APP, PS1, and PS2, SOD, free radical, ROS. Methods:We studied herbal medicines that have a relationship to brain degeneration. From pre-modern times, although a variety of oriental prescriptions of Aster tataricus have been traditionally utilized for the treatment of AD, their pharmacological effects and action mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. Result : Based on morphological observations by phase-contrast microscope, TUNEL assay and MTT in the culture media, $H_20_2-induced$ cell death was significantly inhibited by Aticus. We examined by ROS formation, catalase activity and GSH activity. We studied the protective effect and inhibitory effects of neurotoxicity in $H_20_2-induced$ PC-12 cells by Aticus. Findings from our experiments show that Aticus inhibits apoptosis, which has neurotoxicities and cell damage in PC-12 cells. In addition, treatment with Aticus ($>25{\mu}g/ml$ for 6hrs) partially prevented $H_20_2-induced$ cytotoxicity in PC-12 cells, and induced a protective effect. Conclusion : As the result of this study, in the Aticus group, the apoptosis in the nervous system was inhibited, protected against the degeneration of PC-12 cells by $H_20_2$. Taken together, Aticus exhibited inhibition of $H_20_2-induced$ apoptotic cell death. Aticus was found to induce protective effect on GSH and catalase in PC-12 cells. Based on these findings, Aticus may be beneficial for the treatment of AD.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.12
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• pp.1415-1424
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• 2015

ICI 182, 780 (ICI) has been used as an estrogen receptor inhibitor in several mammalian species. This study was conducted to observe histological changes in the reproductive system of pubescent male mice following ICI treatment, as well as to investigate the recovery of the organs over time. To accomplish this, ICI at 5 mg/0.1 ml of castor oil was subcutaneously injected into 5-week-old male mice once per week for 4 weeks. The mice were then randomly divided into no-recovery, 150-day recovery, and 300-day recovery groups. The testis of the no-recovery group showed atrophy of the seminiferous tubules, with decreased Sertoli cell numbers and thickness of the germinal epithelium. In the epididymis, the cell height of epithelial tissues was altered, but these changes were not observed in the 300-day recovery group. In the efferent ductule, the luminal diameter was increased, but the cell height of the epithelial tissues was decreased. In the prostate and seminal vesicles, the cell height of the epithelial tissues was increased, and these changes were not observed in the 150-day recovery group. These results show that ICI causes histological changes in pubescent male reproductive organs but that these changes are resolved with time.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.726-735
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the biological activities of polysaccharide extracted from the fruit body and cultured mycelia of Phellinus linteus IY001. All fractions were extracted by hot water, in the next, Fr. I, Fr. II, Fr. III and Fr. IV were polysaccharide obtained by ethanol precipitation or ultrafiltration. The highest antitumor activity against sarcoma 180 in ICR mice was observed in Fr. III and Fr. IV at the level 85%, but the antitumor activity had no connection with their anticomplementary activity in vitro, it might probably be due to extraction of hot water. All fractions promoted the production of nitric oxide and $TNF-{\alpha}$ in macrophage, addition of Fr. I and Fr. II resulted in production of nitric oxide$3(5.9{\sim}37.6\;{\mu}M)$ and of the $TNF-{\alpha}$ production($8,696.2{\sim}9,420pg/ml)$. All fractions inhibited the lipid peroxidation induced by $AsA/Fe^{2+}$, $ADP/NADPH/Fe^{3+}\;and\;CCl_4/NADPH$ in rat liver microsomes, and Fr. III showed the electron donating ability stronger than tocopherol in assay system using DPPH. From these results, it is suggested that all fractions contain immunoregulatory components which may protect cellular materials from the oxidative damages by their radical scavenging activities.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.226-230
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• 2007

In order to achieve high-level expression of interferon-${\alpha}1$ (IFN-${\alpha}1$) during fed-batch fermentation of recombinant E. coli, effects of oxygen supply and induction temperature on the expression of recombinant proteins were evaluated. Supplementation of oxygen and its transfer into cells is one of the most important parameters involved in the design and operation of mixing-sparging equipment for bioreactors. Generally, higher oxygen supply stimulates cell growth of aerobic microorganism and consequently the amount of products is increased. In this study, the optimum aeration strategy for the higher production of IFN-${\alpha}1$ during fed-batch fermentation of recombinant E. coli was surveyed. The growth of the cells was also monitored with four different concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO; limiting, 20%, 35%, 50%) conditions. The DO was controlled by varying aeration rates of air and pure oxygen. Oxygen uptake rate (OUR) and specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) were evaluated and compared for the enhanced growth and induction of the cells and IFN-${\alpha}1$, respectively. We confirmed that increased DO by additional oxygen supply, up to 35%, can improve the production of IFN-${\alpha}1$ during the fermentation.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.227-235
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• 2001

In this work, Zn$_2$SiO$_4$:Mn phosphors were prepared by solid state reaction. The effect of sintering/reduction temperature, flow rate of H$_2$-5%/$N_2$-95% mix gas, and ball milling conditions have been investigated on the sake of PDP(Plasma Display Panel) application. The characteristics such as particle morphology and photoluminescence of prepared phosphors were compared to those of commercial Zn$_2$SiO$_4$:Mn Phosphors. It was found that the Phosphor synthesized at 130$0^{\circ}C$ with 0.08 Mn concentration had a maximum brightness, This brightness was increased more 20% by reduction treatment under 100me/min flow rate of 5%H$_2$-95%$N_2$ mixed gas. The size of particles decreased under 3$\mu\textrm{m}$ after ball milling. Especially, higher luminescence was obtained in our Zn$_2$SiO$_4$:Mn phosphors than commercial Zn$_2$SiO$_4$:Mn phosphors, so that they are able to be applied for PDP.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.32-39
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• 2000

To investigate the adsorption-desorption reaction of Cd by sewage sludge, the adsorption of Cd from $Cd(NO_3)_2$ solutions of concentrations ranging from 5 to $50{\mu}g\;Cd\;mL^{-1}$ by sewage sludge was examined for reaction periods up to 48 hours. The amount of Cd adsorbed as a function of time was measured. The adsorption between Cd in solution and the solid phase could be described by two stages. The initial adsorption of Cd was very rapid, that is, approximately 95% of the added Cd was removed from solution within the first 30 minutes. Further, the greater the concentration of Cd added, the greater was the amount of Cd adsorbed. After the rapid initial decrease of Cd, a slower decline in the Cd concentration resulted which followed first order reversible kinetics. The equilibrium concentrations for the reactions, as well as the time period for the equilibrium reactions were dependent on the initial Cd concentrations. If equilibrium is reached, the amount of Cd remaining in solution is greater when the amount adsorbed is higher, although the percentage of Cd in solution is constant relative to the initial concentration of Cd. Some of the adsorbed Cd was released back to solution since the concentration of Cd after 48 hours was higher than the equilibrium concentration of Cd. However, despite the increased amount of Cd measured, the overall net reaction was a significant adsorption of Cd from solution by sewage sludge.