• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.122-129
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• 2008

The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of pork patties supplemented with medicinal herb extract mix were investigated. The medicinal herb extract powder was mixed at a ratio of 48.5:48.5:3.0 for Morus alba L, Lonicera flos, and Coptis chinensis, respectively. The pork was prepared and supplemented with medicinal herb extract mix (0, 0.5, 1, or 2%) and the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were tested during storage at $4^{\circ}C$. The pH value decreased during cold storage at $4^{\circ}C$ for allsamples, however the pH of samples supplemented with herb extract mix rapidly decreased by days 5 and 10 ($p{\leq}0.05$). The total phenol content in the pork patties with herb extract mix was higher than in the control patties. The ABTS+ radical scavenging activities increased with increasing concentrations of herb extract mix from 0.5% to 2%. In addition, pork patties supplemented with herb extract mix showed an approximately 1 decimal reduction in total aerobic counts. Therefore, the addition of herb extract mix into pork patties increased the antioxidant activity and slightly improved the antimicrobial activity of pork patties during cold storage. However, the levels of added medicinal herb extract mix should be considered prior to its use in order to maintain proper sensory acceptance.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 1975

Since the importance of casing in fruit body formation of Agaricus bisporus has been emphasized, physico-chemical characteristics of casing materials were discussed by many workers and a mixture of peat and mineral soil as proper casing material has been adopted in many of mushroom growing countries. Because of limited resources of peat in Korea, it is necessary to find practical performance and substitutional materials for casing. The effect of casing on mycelial growth and mushroom yield of A. bisporus varied with materials, its combination and practices etc. The experiments to be discussed in this paper are concerned with pH and Ca of casing material which influence A bisporus, and changes of physico-chemical characteristics with mixing ratio of casing materials and its effect on A. bisporus. The optimum range of moisture content of each material, management of watering and application of physico-chemical characteristics casing materials was also investigated and re-use of weathered spent compost for casing material was described. 1. The effect of calcium on mycelial growth of A. bisporus at various pH in Halbschalentest showed different results with calcium sources. Best results were obtained around neutrality and fresh weight of fruit bodies grown in the range of pH 7 to 8 was highest among the tested levels. 2. Available moisture, pore space, organic matter, cation exchangeable capacity and exchangeable cation was increased by an increase of mixing ratio of peat in casing materials, while an adverse effect was obtained by addition of sand. 3. Mycelial growth on clay loam was more rapid at a lower bulk density of 0.75g/cc and at 20% moisture content on a dry weight basis at the same bulk density. 4. Mixing ratio of casing materials, 60 to 80 per cent by volume of peat mixed with 20 to 40 per cent of clay loam produced the highest yield of fresh fruit bodies and sand the lowest. However, per cent of open cap was highest in peat and lowest in sand. 5. Days required for fruit body initiation was shortened in mixtures of peat and clay loam by one to three days compared with other materials and the formation of flushes was clear. 6. The effect of some physico-chemical characteristics of casing materials on the fresh weight of fruit bodies were estimated by a multiple regression equation; Y=-923.86+$8.18X_1+8.04X_2+7.90X_3+0.12X_4+2.03X_5-0.82X_6-0.54X_7$ where $X_1,X_2,X_3,X_4,X_5,X_6,X_7$ are sand, silt, clay, available moistuer, porosity, organic matter and exchangeable cation respectively. The productivity of certain casing material could be predicted from this equation. 7. Fresh weight of fruit bodies was positively correlated with porosity exchangeable cation, organic matter, available moisture, silt and clay of materials; while sand was negatively correlated. On the contrary, sand was the unique factor reducing per cent of open cap. 8. Distribution of three phases of high productive casing material was concentrated in the range of 10 to 30 per cent solids, 15 to 30 per cent liquids, and 50 to 60 per cent in air volume. 9. Fresh weight of fruit bodies from peat was not affected with heavy watering but in clay loam and sandy loam severe crop losses occurred. Fresh weight of individual fruit was increased and open caps were decreased with heavy watering but light watering resulted in adverse effects: its effect was especially great in peat. 10. Optimum range of moisture content by weight on a dry basis was different with each casing material. To maintain optimum moisture content concerned with yield of fruit bodies and open cap, sandy loam and peat mixtures required daily watering of 0.6, 0.6 to 1. 2 and 1.2 to 2.4 liters per $3.3m^2$ of bed area, respectively. 11. Maximum yield of fruit body was recorded in the range of pF 2. 0 to 2. 5 of casing materials if organic matter content was below 4.2 per cent and in pF 1. 3 to 1.8 if above 7.1%. 12. pF curve of a certain casing material could be draws from moisture content at various pF values by multiple regression equations provided texture, organic matter and calcium of the casing material are given. Optimum moisture range of the casing materials also could be estimated by the equation. 13. It was possible to improve the phyico-chemical characteristics of clay loam and sandy loam by addition of weathered spent compost although the effect was less than in the case of peat. Fresh weight of fruit bodies wsa increased by addition of weathered spent compost but its effect was not as remarkable as peat. Accordingly, further studies will be required.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.75-83
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• 1977

Korean native goats were used for meat production test, and summarized resalts are as follows. 1. The amounts of feed consumed for Korean Native Goat were significantly higher at day than at night. 2. The feed intake was decreased and live weight gain was lower for the summer period. 3. The concentrate consumption was increased when poor quality of pasture and native grass. 4. Compared between single bran feeding group$(T_2)$ and mixed grain feeding group$(T_3)$, the roughage consumption were similar in both groups. 5. By the use of feeding standard for feeding of Korean Native Goat, the feed convertion of T.D.N, D.C.P, and M. E were decreased. 6. It is necessary to periodically protect from contamination parasitic such like stomach worm, liver flack, nodula worm disease and coccidiosis. 7. The carcass rates of goat at 11-12 months age were higher in $T_3$ feeding group as 44.56% compared with $T_2$ feeding group as 42.17% and tethering group as 35.1% and also the dressed carcass percentage were 33.89%, 30.25% and 29.92% respectively. 8. By increasing the amouat concentrate feeds, fat content in muscle was increased but moisture and ash contents were decreased. 9. The fat caused unacceptable flavour was about 4 percent of total dressed goat meat. 10. Among the spices, clove and pepper were better to improved meat flavour for sausage and can meat processing 11. It was known that the quality of goat meat was suitable for meat processing.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.21 no.3 s.87
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• pp.301-310
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• 2005

The effects of defatted soy flour on the physicochemical characteristics of dough and bread making properties were studied. Defatted soy flour is added to wheat flour for bread-making in order to maximize the use of isoflavones in the soybean. Different particle sizes of both defatted soy flour and wheat flour were prepared by grinding and sievingwith meshes. In the mixograph test, the addition of defatted soy flour to wheat flour increased the requirement for water and decreased the dough development time. Water absorption rates were also investigated to determine the optimum quantity of water for good dough. As the level of defatted soy flour mixed with wheat flour increased, the sedimentation and P.K. values decreased. In comparison with control, the bread made with defatted soy flour especially had a lower specific loaf volume. Specific loaf volume of wheat flour-defatted soy flour bread prepared (Ed- this is an incomplete sentence, it's only a subject clause, and I don't how what you intend to state). In terms of the staling rate and hardness of the wheat flour-defatted soy flour bread, the increased defatted soy flour had a faster staling rate during storage at 5? than at 25? for 5days. From the result of sensory evaluation, wheat flour-defatted soy flour breads containing up to $4\%$ defatted soy flour were rated as being of high quality.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.97-106
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• 1984

The Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, is drawing attention over the world as the largest source of unutilized proteins in the ocean. For the use of krill as a human food, processing conditions of krill sauce by autolysis and/or commercial proteolytic enzyme digestion were examined. The krill was chopped and mixed with equal weight of water, and hydrolyzed by autolysis and/or commercial proteolytic enzyme digestion. The optimal conditions for hydrolysis of krill were $52.5^{\circ}C$, pH 7.0-7.5, 3 hours by autolysis, $52.5^{\circ}C$, pH 6.3, 3hours by bromelain (0.5 %) digestion, and $52.5^{\circ}C$, pH 7.0-7.5, 3 hours by commercial complex enzyme (5 %) digestion, respectively The maximum hydrolyzing rate of protein were 83.2 % by autolysis, 89.7 % by bromelain digestion, 92.7 % by commercial complex enzyme digestion. After krill meat hydrolyzed by autolysis at optimum condition, inactivated at $100^{\circ}C$ for 20 minutes and filtered with Buchner funnel. Two kinds of products were prepared with krill hydrolysate and preservatives: one contained 10 % of sodium chloride and 0.06 % of benzoic acid and the other 10 % of sodium chloride and 3 % of ethyl alcohol. These products were filled in the sterilized glass bottle and sealed. The pH, volatile basic nitrogen, amino nitrogen, color value (L, a and b values) and viable counts of bacteria were determined during storage at $37^{\circ}C$. The results showed that the products could be preserved in good condition during one month at $37^{\circ}C$. As a method to reduce the sodium level in krill sauce, it is convinced that sodium chloride could be replaced half in partially by potassium chloride. In the products prepared from krill by autolysis, bromelain or commercial complex enzyme digestion, hypoxanthine and 5'-IMP were abundant among the nucleotides and their related compounds as 15.3-20.4 ${\mu}mole/g$, dry solid, 2.2-2.5 ${\mu}mole/g$, dry solid, respectively. The abundant free amino acids were lysine, leucine, proline, alanine and valine. The contents of these amino acids were 67.4 %, 69.4 %, 69.8 % of the total free amino acids of each products. And TMAO, betaine and total creatinine were low in contents. The flavor of krill sauce prepared from krill by autolysis or enzyme digestion was not inferior to that of traditional Kerean soy sauce by sensory evaluation.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.1-15
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• 2007

This study was conducted to analyze recognition, applicability, class satisfaction, and needs as well as students' attitudes for eating behavior by 1st and 3rd graders of a mixed middle school located in Gyeonggi area in relation to food and nutrition section of the Technology and Home Economics curriculum and thereby provide basic data for development of strategies of educational effect maximization of food and nutrition in the curriculum. 522 questionnaire were collected and statistically processed. Findings from this study are as follows. Both 1st and 3rd graders were found to exhibit relatively low preference for technology and home economics curriculum. While 1st graders were more interested in the subject than 3rd graders, the frequency of practical use of the food and nutrition section in every day life was higher in 3rd graders than that in 1st graders. For food and nutrition section of the subject, preference level of the 1st graders was higher than 3rd graders. The 1st graders were higher than 3rd graders in the needs for food and nutrition section as well as in usefulness in every day life of the unit. The applicability in every day life of the unit was found to be generally higher, with 1st graders having a higher level of applicability than 3rd graders (p<0.001). Class satisfaction of the unit was higher in 1st graders than 3rd graders, with the most satisfactory unit being 'basics and practice of cooking' both for 1st and 3rd graders. Needs for food and nutrition unit were higher in 1st graders than 3rd graders, with the unit highly needed being 'basics and practice of cooking' both for 1st and 3rd graders. Regarding interrelation of the degree of preference, need, applicability and class satisfaction, as the preference was high on food and nutrition, the degree of need, applicability, and class satisfaction was high. As respondents recognized food nutrition section necessary, they were more satisfied and showed high applicability for the section. Therefore, contents of food and nutrition section should be improved with re-organization of educational and subject contents so that they will be best fit for students by grade, to increase preference, applicability and necessity in every life. In addition, to maximize the applicability of the subject in everyday life, sufficient class-time should be assigned for the purpose of experiment- and practice-based education, and a wide range of teaching strategies are needed to increase students' interest in the subject.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2010

Recreation forests are in the spotlight as the place for personality development, mind and body comfort, companionship, and environment education in forests and valleys. Visitors to recreation forests have been on the increase along with booming in recreation forest building since 1988. Recreation forests are being categorized according to some features such as regional and environmental condition. Recreation forests, however, have not met the expectations of some visitors who want to take a rest with calmness due to the influence of the 5-day-work-week system, increasing interest in rest, leisure, and well-being, and users converge during weekends, summer, and the tourist season. In order to improve visitors' satisfaction efficiently, this study surveyed the level of satisfaction in each cluster based on the precedent study which had classified 85 national or public recreation forests in Korea into clusters. Questionnaires were distributed properly to each cluster and, of the 1,132 questionnaires collected, 1,015 were valid and used for analysis. Reliability of questionnaires and statistical validity of the model were verified. As a result, there are meaningful differences in the ranking of independent variables which affect the level of satisfaction according to clusters. Variables in rest and fatigue recovery have the strongest influence on the level of satisfaction in the clusters of potential factor, internal activation factor, and mixed potential capacity factor. In the use performance and visiting condition factor cluster, appropriateness of visit cost is most influential and, in the education cluster, connectivity with tourist attractions around it is most affective. These results can provide priority in services and maintenance of recreation forests for improving the level of satisfaction and differentiate the distribution of resources according to clusters.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.415-424
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• 2006

This study was carried out to analyze the characteristics of forest watershed factors by using the quantification theory(I) for evaluation and prediction of the failure hazard area. Present $sediment(m^3/yr/ha)$ of erosion control dams were investigated in 95 sites of erosion control dam constructed during 1986 to 1999 in Gyeongnam province. The results obtained from this study were summarized as follows; General condition of class I(Very hazard area) were as follow; Igneous rock in parent rock, coniferous in forest type, below 20year in stand age, below 30cm in soil depth, SCL in soil texture, $31{\sim}40%$ in gravel contents, $S{\sim}E$ in aspect, $2,501{\sim}3,600m$ in length of main stream, $26{\sim}30$ in number of total streams, $6,601{\sim}10,000m$ in length of total streams, over 3 in stream order, over 16 in number of first streams order and over $31^{\circ}$ of slope gradient. General condition of class IIl(hazard area) were as follow; Metamorphic rock in parent rock, hardwood in forest type, over $21{\sim}24year$ in stand age, $31{\sim}40cm$ in soil depth, SiCL or SCL in soil texture, $11{\sim}20%$ in gravel contents, $S{\sim}W$ in aspect, $1,501{\sim}2,600m$ in length of main stream, $6{\sim}10$ in number of total streams, $3,501{\sim}5,500m$ in length of total streams, 2 in stream order, $6{\sim}10$ in number of first streams order and over $31^{\circ}$ of slope gradient. General condition of class III(Un hazard area) were as follow; Sedimentary rock in parent rock, mixed in forest type, over 25year in stand age, $41{\sim}50cm$ in soil depth, SiCL in soil texture, below 10% in gravel contents, $N{\sim}W$ in aspect, below 500m in length of main stream, below 5 in number of total streams, below 1,000m in length of total treams, below 1 in stream order, below 2 in number of first streams order and below $25^{\circ}$ of slope gradient. The prediction method of suitable for failure hazard area divided into class I, II, and III for the convenience of use. The score of class I evaluated as a very hazard area was over 4.8052. A score of class II was 4.8051 to 2.5602, it was evaluated as a hazard area, and class III was below 2.5601, it was evaluated as a un hazard area.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.60-71
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• 2014

This study was conducted to identify the potential of rape stalk as a raw material for biorefinery process of rape flower. At first, rape stalk (RS) was immersed in distilled water (DW), acetic acid (AA), oxalic acid (OA), sulfuric acid (SA) and sodium hydroxide (SH) solutions, and the content of reducing sugars liberated from immersed RS was analyzed. Glucose, xylose, arabinose and sucrose were detected varying with the immersion type. In particular, 1% AA-immersion of RS for 72 hr was the most effective conditions to liberate glucose from RS. Secondly, the RS residues were used for elementary analysis and fabrication of fuel pellets. In addition to the solution type, concentration of immersion solutions (0%, 1%, 2%) and immersion time (24, 72, 120 hr) were used as experimental factors. The contents of nitrogen, sulfur and chlorine reduced effectively through the immersion of RS in DW, AA and OA solutions. For properties of RS-based pellets, bulk density and higher heating value of RS-based pellets greatly increased with the immersion of RS, and the qualities were much higher than those of the A-grade pellet of the EN standards. Ash content decreased remarkably through the immersion of RS, and was satisfied with the A-grade pellet standard. Durability was negatively affected by the immersion of RS, and did not reached to B-grade of the EN standard. In conclusion, acid immersion of RS can be a pretreatment method for the production of fuel pellet and bioethanol, but use of the immersed RS for the production of high-quality pellets might be restricted due to low durability of immersed-RS pellets. Therefore, further studies, such as investigation of detailed immersion conditions, fabrication of mixed pellets with wooden materials and addition of binders, are needed to resolve the problems.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.57-67
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• 2017

Based on the study on place name, meaning analysis of buddhist temple Palgyeng, and classifications of instructions and characteristics of writings on rocks, the main results of the study showed the following. Cheongamsa is located in the upstream of Muheulgugok Valley which was run by Hangang Jeong Gu(寒岡 鄭逑), a typical young man in the middle of the Joseon Dynasty, and overlaps with chief monk Byukam Lee Dukjin's(1896~?) object of Cheongamsa Palgyeng during Japanese colonial era. Including the mountain embracing Cheongamsa called Bullyeong-san, various characteristics of writings on rocks such as use of combination of place names including Sudosan, Seonlyeongsan, and Sinseondae, as well as Cheongamsa Temple, Bullyeongdongchun(佛靈洞天), Namuabitabul, Hogye(虎溪), Yeosan Waterfall(廬山瀑布), and Sejinam(洗 塵巖) show co-existence of Confucianism and Taoism mixed together in the temple. Especially for Cheongamsa Valley Hogye and Samsocheon(三笑泉) which is in the precincts of the temple, are realized as the symbol of the scenery of the three religion consilience of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism through announcement using Hogyesamso(虎溪三笑) which originated from Yeosan Donglimsa, Jiangxi, China. Also, there are Yeosan Waterfall with a noble sense of place by negotiating with god, writing on rocks imprinted, and Yeosangyo(廬山橋) in Cheongamsa. As such, cultures of the three religion remain in various layers with the spirit of Hogyosamso symbolizing the consilience and coexistence of the three religion in Cheongamsa without the exclusiveness of Buddhism. Besides, the third precept of Yukhwagyeongbub, known to be practiced in Buddhist temples, which says "Do not only express self-assertion and ignore others" according to the dogma of working together in harmony, is in accordance with the spirits of Hogyesamso. As shown, Gimcheon Cheongamsa which is adorned with cultural landscapes of Hogyesamso, Gugokdongcheon(九曲洞天), and Palgyeng(八景), is not only good enough for the way of Buddhism and Confucianism but also for a place for the three religion consilience embracing the three religion.