• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.159-166
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• 1995

This experiment was aimed to investigate the growth and yield responses of hydroponically grown cucumber as affected by cultural containers and substrates using perlite and mixtures with perlite. Containers used in this experiment were bed and box made of styrofoam, PE film and Wagner pot and substrates used were perlite, peatmoss, rice hull and carbonized rice hull. The results obtained were as follows : Based on the growth and yield responses determined from the leaf area and total fruit weight, bed and box made of styrofoam was considered the best containers among tested for cucumber hydroponics. Recommendable substrates for hydroponically grown cucumber using perlite were evaluated in the order of perlite, perlite with rice hull and perlite with carbonized rice hull in styrofoam bed and box. Increase in marketable yield and decrease in abnormal fruits was observed in the mixed substrates with rice hull or carbonized rice hull when compared to perlite single media.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.70-79
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• 2022

Biodiesel production has attracted attention as a sustainable source of fuel and is a competitive alternate to diesel engines. The glycerol that is produced as a by-product is generally discarded as waste and can be converted to green chemicals such as acetins to increase bio-diesel profitability. Acetins find application in fuel, food, pharmaceutical and leather industries. Batch experiments and analysis have been previously conducted for synthesis of acetins using glycerol esterification reaction aided by sulfated metal oxide catalysts (SO₄^2-/CeO₂-ZrO₂). The aim of this study was to optimize process parameters: effects of mole ratio of reactants (glycerol and acetic acid), catalyst concentration and reaction temperature to maximize glycerol conversion/acetin selectivity. The optimum conditions for this reaction were determined using response surface methodology (RSM) designed as per a five-level-three-factor central composite design (CCD). Statistica software 10 was used to analyze the experimental data obtained. The optimized conditions obtained were molar ratio - 1:12, catalyst concentration - 6 wt.% and temperature -90 ℃. A packed bed reactor was fabricated and column studies were performed using the optimized conditions. The breakthrough curve was analyzed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.710-716
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• 2013

New and renewable energy sources have drawn attention because of climate change. Many studies have been carried out in waste-to-energy field. Fast pyrolysis of waste lignocelluosic biomass is one of the waste-to-energy technologies. Bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) reactor is widely used for fast pyrolysis of the biomass. In BFB pyrolyzer, bubble behavior influences on the chemical reaction. Accordingly, in the present study, hydrodynamic characteristics and fast pyrolysis reaction of waste lignocellulosic biomass occurring in a BFB pyrolyzer are scrutinized. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of the fast pyrolysis reactor is carried out by using Eulerian-Granular approach. And two-stage semi-global kinetics is applied for modeling the fast pyrolysis reaction of waste lignocellulosic biomass. To summarize, generation and ascendant motion of bubbles in the bed affect particle behavior. Thus biomass particles are well mixed with hot sand and consequent rapid heat transfer occurs from sand to biomass particles. As a result, primary reaction is observed throughout the bed. And reaction rate of tar formation is the highest. Consequently, tar accounts for 66wt.% of the product gas. However, secondary reaction occurs mostly in the freeboard. Therefore, it is considered that bubble behavior and particle motions hardly influences on the secondary reaction.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.77-85
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• 2002

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performances of the ASBR under critical conditions of solid-liquid separation, caused by extremely high solids concentration, for wider application of the ASBR to various wastes. The ASBRs and completely-mixed daily-fed control runs were operated using a municipal mixed sludge at 35$^{\circ}C$ and 55$^{\circ}C$. Conversion of completely-mixed daily-fed reactor to sequencing batch mode and changes in HRT of all ASBRs were easily achieved without adverse effect, regardless of digestion temperature. Solids accumulation was remarkable in the ASBRs, and directly affected by settleable solids concentration of the feed sludge. Noticeable difference in solids-liquid separation was that flotation thickening occurred in the mesophilic ASBRs, while gravity thickening was a predominant solid-liquid separation process in the thermophilic ASBRS. Solids profiles at the end of thickening step dramatically changed at solid-liquid interface, and slight difference in solids concentrations was observed within thickened sludge bed. Organics removals based on subnatant or supernatant after thickening always exceeded 80% in all reactors. Thickened sludge volume and gas production of the ASBRs affected mutually. Gas production increased as thickened sludge accumulated, and continuous gas evolution during thickening could cause thickened sludge to expand or resuspend. Thickened sludge volume exceeding a predetermined withdrawal level resulted in loss of organic solids as well as biomass during withdrawal step, leading to decrease in gas production ind SRT. Such an adverse mutual effect was significant in gravity thickening, while it was not sensitive in flotation thickening. Changes in organic loading had no significant effect on organic removals and gas production after build-up of solids in the ASBRs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.52-64
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• 2010

This study was carried out to analyze the occurrence characteristics and the influence of forest environment factors on the debris flow of 3 national parks in korea. The results obtained from this study were summarized as follows; The total number of debris flow occurrence was 125 areas. The average length of the debris flow scar was 144m, average width was 20m. And the average area and sediment were $2,854m^2$ and $3,959m^3$ respectively. The factors influencing the debris flow were highly occurred in Metamorphic rock, mixed forest type. And also, slope gradient was $30{\sim}35^{\circ}$, aspect was NE, altitude was over 1,000m, vertical and cross slope was concave (凹), soil depth was below 15cm, stream order was 0 order. The variables of cross slope (complex), deciduous tree, soil depth (over 46cm), cross slope (concave), mixed forest type and altitude (801~1200m) in correlation analysis were significant at 1 % level. The landslide of high mountain area highly tend to change the debris flow in stream bed of torrent. The debris flow in national parks mainly occurred in high mountain area with long ridge and steep slope.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2011

Adsorbent combination studies have been carried out to remove nitrogen dioxide ($NO_2$) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs: BTEX) out of a subway environment characterized by high flow and low concentration. Optimal conditions for the high removal efficiency of the concerned target compounds were obtained through testing a series of control factors such as adsorbent sorts, thicknesses, and superficial velocity. It was found that the efficiencies increased as the specific surface area of activated carbon and its thickness increased, and external void fraction decreased. Furthermore, mixed activated carbon with granular and constructed contents was extensively tested to reduce pressure drop through the carbon bed. It was found that the performance of higher contents of granular activated carbon was better than that of higher contents of the constructed carbon. When the mixed carbon was applied to the subway ventilation system in order to eliminate $NO_2$ and VOC simultaneously, the removal efficiencies were found to be 75% and 85%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.56-61
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• 2005

Methanol was synthesized by homogeneous and catalytic reactions of partial oxidation of methane. The effect of pressure, temperature and oxygen concentration on methanol synthesis was investigated. The catalyst used was Bi-Cs-Mg-Cu-Mo mixed oxide. The partial oxidation reaction was carried out in a fixed bed reactor at 20${\sim}$46 bar and $450{\sim}480^{\circ}C$ and oxygen concentration of 5.3${\sim}$7.7mol%. The results were compared with results of homogeneous reaction performed at the same conditions. Methane conversions of the homogeneous and catalytic reactions increased with temperature. Methanol selectivity of the homogeneous reaction decreased with increasing temperature. However, the methanol selectivity of catalytic reaction increased with temperature. For both homogeneous and catalytic reactions, the methane conversions were around 5%. This may be due to the low oxygen concentration. Methanol selectivity of the catalytic reaction was higher than that of homogeneous one.

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.63-74
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• 1998

In the study, the feasibility of deposit soil in river and stream bed as a subsitute for conventional plant soil was investigated through the analysis of soil characteristics and germination/growth rate for 75 days. Proper mixtures among sediments from various places were compared to optimize the germination and growth rate of plant in the ratio of 2 : 1 and 3 : 1 (sand : deposit). From the results, it could be concluded that the sediment mixed 3 : 1 showed most favorable germination and growth conditions for pansy and the sediment containing enough amount of silt and clay components showed most favorable conditions for marigold. Consequently, the feasibility of sediments as a substitutional plant soil was evaluated to be high, once the sediments were properly mixed for each specific plant.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.35-39
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• 1994

Separation of pure fructo-oligosaccharides from the mixed solution of glucose, sucrose and fructo-oligosaccharides was studied using a cationic ion-exchange resin column. Optimum separation conditions, i.e., temperature, feeding rate and the ratio of column vs. diameter were evaluated, which were found to be $85^{\circ}C$, $0.25h^{-1}$ and 30, respectively. At the optimized separation conditions, high-purity fructo-oligosaccharides up to 96% were obtained and the total recovery yield was about 66% after four cycles. After the chromatographic separation, purification to remove the salts and color in pure fructo-oligosaccharides solution was successfully conducted using the mixed-bed of cationic and anionic ionexchange resin columns.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.220-220
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• 2023

단순한 하상 변동 모형은 단일한 입경으로 구성된 하상재료를 다루는 데에 비해, 실제 하천에서는 다양한 입경의 유사가 섞여있다. 이러한 혼합 입경의 유사 이송을 모의하고자 하면 퇴적층의 생성과 소멸을 어떻게 모의하는지에 대한 기법이 중요해진다. 과거 연구에서는 유수의 영향을 받는 하상 두께가 입도 분포에 따라 다르다고 생각하였다. 반면, 다른 연구들에서는 두께가 합리적인 범위 내에 있다면 모의 결과에 영향을 미치지 않는다고 보고 상수로 설정하였다. 퇴적층의 개수를 어떻게 고려하느냐에 따라서도 모의기법이 나누어진다. 단일한 입경을 모의하는 경우 단일 퇴적층을 고려하지만, 혼합 입경을 고려하는 모형은 크게 2개의 퇴적층(active layer와 non-active layer)으로 나누는 종류와 3개 이상의 퇴적층을 고려하는 모형으로도 나눌 수 있다. 이 연구에서는 혼합 입경의 유사 이송을 모의할 수 있는 전 지형 발달 모형을 활용하여 퇴적층 처리 기법의 차이가 얼마나 모의 결과에 영향을 주는지를 파악하였다. 모의 결과는 기법이 바뀜에 따라 매우 민감하게 변하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 이 연구에서는 3개 이상의 퇴적층을 고려함에 있어서 기존 퇴적층에 새로운 물질이 퇴적되었을 때 경계면에서 입자가 섞이는 mixed layer를 고려하는 개념을 제시한다.