• 농업과학연구
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.383-386
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• 2010

This experiment was conducted to investigate the quality of wild flowers and mixed wild flower silages. Silage materials employed ochardgrass and mixed wild flower (orchardgrass, white clover, Achillea sibirica Ledeb., Coreopsistinctoria Nutt., Rudbeckiabicolor Nutt., Centaureacyanus L.). Six kilograms of silage materials cut from each treatment were divided into 3 containers, packed by vacuum, and fermented for 40 days. The orchardgrass silage showed significantly higher contents of crude protein than that of mixed wild flower silage. But the neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber contents of orchardgrass silage were significantly lower than those of mixed wild flower silage. pH and butyric acid of orchardgrass silage were significantly lower than those of mixed wild flower silage, and significantly higher in lactic acid contents. It appears that water soluble carbohydrates needs to be supplemented, being grounded on the results above, into wild flower materials both with high fiber materials and with low substances which need lactic acid fermentation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.533-540
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• 2006

In this study, the possibility of green tea waste (GTW) as a new ingredient of byproducts-mixed silage was investigated. Characteristics of GTW were low in dry matter (DM) content (20%), and high in crude protein (30 to 36%) and tannins (8.5%). The GTW was added to mixed silages composed of tofu cake, rice straw and rice bran that are locally available in Japan. In experiment 1, the effect of GTW addition to silage made from various patterns of byproducts mixture based on tofu cake was studied. In experiment 2, the effect of GTW addition and storage temperature on fermentation characteristics, nutrient contents and in vitro ruminal gas production of byproducts-mixed silages were examined. In experiment 1, GTW addition on tofu cake accelerated acetic, propionic and butyric acid accumulation in the silage. When rice straw was mixed with tofu cake, DM content was increased from 47 to 56%, lactic acid was the main acid and the pH was decreased below 4.2. In this case, GTW addition to those mixtures did not affect acid concentrations of the silage. In experiment 2, GTW addition to the byproducts mixture increased lactic acid concentration, decreased the pH and DM loss of the silages. In GTW treatments, tannin concentration was lower in the silage stored at $30^{\circ}C$ than $15^{\circ}C$. Addition of GTW into the silage also increased in vitro ruminal gas production. It was concluded that addition of GTW into byproducts-mixed silage enhanced lactic acid fermentation when there were insufficient materials for lactic acid production. Utilization of GTW as an ingredient in mixed silages would be effective in enhancing fermentation characteristics, lowering tannin content and in vitro ruminal gas production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.516-522
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• 2016

We investigated the effects of the predominant lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on the fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability of total mixed ration (TMR) silage containing soybean curd residue (SC-TMR silage). The SC-TMR materials were ensiled in laboratory silos for 14 or 56 days. LAB predominant in SC-TMR silage were identified (Exp. 1). Lactobacillus fermentum (L. fermentum) and Streptococcus bovis (S. bovis) were found in the untreated materials, Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides (L. pseudomesenteroides) in 14-day silage and Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) in all silages. Pediococcus acidilactici (P. acidilactici), Lactobacillus paracasei (L. paracasei), and Lactobacillus brevis (L. brevis) formed more than 90% of the isolates in 56- day silage. Italian ryegrass and whole crop maize were inoculated with P. acidilactici and L. brevis isolates and the fermentation and aerobic stability determined (Exp. 2). Inoculation with P. acidilactici and L. brevis alone or combined improved the fermentation products in ryegrass silage and markedly enhanced its aerobic stability. In maize silage, P. acidilactici and L. brevis inoculation caused no changes and suppressed deterioration when combined with increases in acetic acid content. The results indicate that P. acidilactici and L. brevis may produce a synergistic effect to inhibit SC-TMR silage deterioration. Further studies are needed to identify the inhibitory substances, which may be useful for developing potential antifungal agents.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권9호
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• pp.1379-1389
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• 2022

Objective: This study identified the major lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains from different fermented total mixed rations (FTMRs) via metataxonomic analysis and evaluated the ability of their standard strain as ensiling inoculants for corn stover silage. Methods: The bacterial composition of eight FTMRs were analyzed by 16S rDNA sequencing. Corn stover was ensiled without LAB inoculation (control) or with 1×10⁶ cfu/g LAB standard strain (Lactobacillus vaginalis, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus helveticus, or Lactobacillus paralimentarius) selected from the FTMRs or 10 g/t commercial silage inoculant (CSI) around 25℃ for 56 days. For each inoculation, a portion of the silage was sampled to analyze ensiling characteristics at time intervals of 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days, gas production (GP), microbial crude protein and volatile fatty acids as the measurements of rumen fermentation characteristics were evaluated in vitro with the silages of 56 days after 72 h incubation. Results: Lactobacillus covered >85% relative abundance of all FTMRs, in which L. pontis, L. vaginalis, L. reuteri, L. helveticus, and L. paralimentarius showed >4% in specific FTMRs. CSI, L. helveticus, and L. paralimentarius accelerated the decline of silage pH. Silage inoculated with L. paralimentarius and CSI produced more lactic acid the early 14 days. Silage inoculated with L. paralimentarius produced less acetic acid and butyric acid. For the in vitro rumen fermentation, silage inoculated with CSI produced more potential GP, isobutyric acid, and isovaleric acid; silage inoculated with L. helveticus produced more potential GP and isovaleric acid, silage inoculated with L. paralimentarius or L. reuteri produced more potential GP only. Conclusion: The standard strain L. paralimentarius (DSM 13238) is a promising ensiling inoculant for corn stover silage. The findings provide clues on strategies to select LAB to improve the quality of silage.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.389-398
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• 2009

본 연구는 동계사료작물 사일리지를 첨가한 TMR을 급여하였을 때, 흑염소의 사료 섭취량, 일당 증체량, 영양소 소화율 및 질소 축적율에 미치는 영향을 조사하여 흑염소에 대한 동계사료작물의 사료가치 평가의 자료로 이용하고자 실시하였다. 공시가축은 흑염소 12두(♂)를 4처리구(T1: 청보리 사일리지 첨가구, T2: 유채사일리지 첨가구, T3: 호밀 사일리지 첨가구 및 T4: 이탈리안 라이그라스 사일리지 첨가구)로 나누어 처리구당 3두씩 개체별 대사케이지 에 라틴방각법으로 실시하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1일 두당 건물, 유기물 및 조단백질 섭취량은 유채 사일리지 첨가구가 가장 높았고, 청보리 사일리지 첨가구가 가장 낮았다(p<0.05). 조단백질 및 ADF 가소화 섭취량 또한 유채 사일리지 첨가구가 가장 높았다(p<0.05). 1일 증체량은 유채 사일리지 첨가구, 호밀 사일리지 첨가구 및 이탈리안 라이그라스 사일리지 첨가구가 청보리 사일리지 첨가구 보다 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 건물, 조단백질 및 섬유소 소화율은 청보리 사일리지 첨가구가 가장 높았으며, 유채 사일리지 첨가구가 유의하게 낮았다(p<0.05). 질소섭취량과 질소축적율은 유채 사일리지 첨가구가 유의하게 높았으며, 청보리 사일리지 첨가구가 가장 낮았다(p<0.05). 이러한 결과를 종합적으로 고려할 때 동계사료작물 중 유채 사일리지 첨가시 사료 섭취량 및 질소 축적율 증가로 인해 흑염소의 생산성이 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.229-236
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• 2022

본 연구는 사일리지 발효제 첨가가 볏짚 사일리지에서 곰팡이 독소 및 in situ 섬유소 소화율에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 실시하였다. 사일리지 발효제로 L. plantarum 단일제 및 L. plantarum과 S. cerevisiae의 혼합제를 첨가하였을 때 사일리지의 발효 및 섬유소 분해에 영향을 주었을 뿐만 아니라 곰팡이독소 감소에도 영향을 주었다. 시험 시료에서 곰팡이독소 중 ochratoxin A 및 zearalenone만 발견되었다. Ochratoxin A 및 zearalenone는 대조구에서 각각 38.11±2.22 및 633.67±50.30 ug/kg 수준으로 발효제 첨가로 감소경향이 나타났고, 혼합제에서만 각각 27.78±2.28 및 392.72±25.04 ug/kg 수준으로 유의적 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). pH는 대조구에 비하여 단일제 및 혼합제에서 낮았고(p<0.05), lactic acid는 대조구(8.18±0.93 mM)에 비하여 단일제(11.73±0.31 mM)가 높았고, 혼합제(16.01±0.88 mM)에서 가장 높은 수준을 나타내었다(p<0.05). Acetic acid와 propionic acid는 발효제 첨가에 따라 유의적으로 낮아짐을 발견하였다(p<0.05). 그리고 total VFA도 발효제 첨가가 대조구에 비하여 낮았다(p<0.05). NDF 및 ADF의 반추위 in situ 분해율은 배양기간 동안 혼합제가 가장 높은 수준의 분해율을 유지하였고, 다음으로 단일제가 높았으며, 대조구가 가장 낮은 수준을 유지하였다. 그리고 이들 NDF 및 ADF 분해율은 각각 배양 12 및 24시간 이후 모든 시간대에서 실험구간 유의 차를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 이상의 연구 결과는 볏짚 사일리지 제조에서 사일리지 발효제사용은 발효 및 섬유소 분해에 영향을 주었을 뿐만 아니라 곰팡이독소 감소에도 영향을 주었다. 그리고 곰팡이독소 감소는 L. plantarum 단일제보다 L. plantarum과 S. cerevisiae 혼합제의 효능이 더 크게 나타났다. 따라서 사일리지 조제를 위한 발효제로 L. plantarum과 L. plantarum 첨가제의 사용은 사일리지의 품질과 안정성을 더 증진할 것으로 사료 된다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.107-114
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• 2002

본 실험에서는 볏짚에 사과박의 첨가비율을 달리하여 조제한 사일리지(볏짚:사과박 = 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60) 혹은 옥수수 사일리지에 건초 및 시판사료의 혼합 비율을 각각 40:40:20로 조제하여 한국 재래산양에게 급여하였고, 이들에 의한 사료섭취량, 소화율 및 질소 축적율 등을 조사하여 농산 가공 부산물의 사료화 가능성을 제시하고자 실시하였으며 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 시험사료의 화학적 조성분은 조단백질 함량이 6.3∼7.3%이었고 ADF, NDF 및 조회분 함량은 볏짚 혼합비율이 100%(A구)가 각각 39.4, 61.6 및 8.9%로 가장 높았으며 옥수수 사일리지 급여구(E구)가 30.3, 53.4 및 4.9%로 가장 낮은 경향을 보였으나, NSC 함량은 E구가 31.4%로 가장 높았다. 1일 두당 건물섭취량 및 대사체중 당 건물 섭취량은 사과박 혼합 비율이 가장 많은 D구가 각각 605.3과 69.5g으로 옥수수 사일리지 급여구인 E구의 394.0과 46.8g보다 유의하게 높았다.(p<0.05). 일당 증체량은 사과박 혼합비율이 40(C구)과 60%(D구)에서 각각 16.7과 22.9g으로 사과박 혼합비율이 0(A구)과 20%(B구)의 0.17과 4.3g보다 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 건물 및 유기물 소화율은 D와 E구가 A와 B구 보다 유의하게 높았으며 ADF와 NDF 소화율도 D구가 각각 50.2와 57.4%로 A, B 및 E구 보다 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 질소 축적량과 축적율은 사과박 혼합 비율이 가장 높은 D구가 각각 1.4g과 20.4%로 가장 높았으며 A구가 -0.3g과 -7.75%로 가장 낮았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.483-493
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• 1996

Advances in silage technology, including precision chop forage harvesters, improved silos, polyethylene sheeting, shear cutting silo unloaders, and the introduction of total mixed rations, have made silage the principal method of forage preservation. A better understanding of the biochemistry and microbiology of the four phases of the ensiling process has also led to the development of numerous silage additives. Although acids and acid salts still are used to ensile low-DM forages in wet climates, bacterial inoculants have become the most widely used silage additives in the past decade. Commercial inoculants can assure a rapid and efficient fermentation phase; however, in the future, these products also must contribute to other areas of silage management, including the inhibition of enterobacteria, clostridia, and yeasts and molds. Nonprotein nitrogen additives have the problems of handling, application, and reduced preservation efficiency, which have limited their wide spread use. Aerobic deterioration in the feedout phase continues to be a serious problem, especially in high-DM silages. The introduction of competitive strains of propionic acid-producing bacteria, which could assure aerobically stable silages, would improve most commercial additives. New technologies are needed that would allow the farmer to assess the chemical and microbial status of the silage crop on a given day and then use the appropriate additive(s).

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.248-256
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• 2016

The present study investigated the effect of enzyme inclusion on silage quality using meta-analysis tool. A total of 16 research papers reporting the effect of enzyme application on silage quality were employed in the meta-analysis of this study. Mixed model for integrating quantitative results from multiple studies was used first to calculate the predicted error of each study. Individual error from the estimated model was the applied into standard deviation of each study to calculate the mean difference. Finally, summary effect was determined using standard mean difference (SMD) and inversed variance weighting. Mixed model analysis and SMD analysis showed the same effect patterns in all analysis items. Enzyme inclusion in silage significantly (p < 0.05) altered all silage quality characteristics investigated compared to control when enzyme was not included. Our results showed that enzyme treatment increased dry matter content, preserved crude protein effectively, and elevated water soluble carbohydrate content. However, the pH value, acetic acid, propionic acid, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber contents in silage with enzyme inclusion were lower than those of the control.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.642-651
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• 2021

Objective: This study aimed to determine the effects of different roughages in total mixed ration (TMR) inoculated with or without coculture of Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) on in vitro rumen fermentation and microbial population. Methods: Three TMRs formulations composed of different forages were used and each TMR was grouped into two treatments: non-fermented TMR and fermented TMR (F-TMR) (inoculated with coculture of L. acidophilus and B. subtilis). After fermentation, the fermentation, chemical and microbial profile of the TMRs were determined. The treatments were used for in vitro rumen fermentation to determine total gas production, pH, ammonianitrogen (NH3-N), and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Microbial populations were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All data were analyzed as a 3×2 factorial arrangement design using the MIXED procedure of Statistical Analysis Systems. Results: Changes in the fermentation (pH, lactate, acetate, propionate, and NH3-N) and chemical composition (moisture, crude protein, crude fiber, and ash) were observed. For in vitro rumen fermentation, lower rumen pH, higher acetate, propionate, and total VFA content were observed in the F-TMR group after 24 h incubation (p<0.05). F-TMR group had higher acetate concentration compared with the non-fermented group. Total VFA was highest (p<0.05) in F-TMR containing combined forage of domestic and imported source (F-CF) and F-TMR containing Italian ryegrass silage and corn silage (F-IRS-CS) than that of TMR diet containing oat, timothy, and alfalfa hay. The microbial population was not affected by the different TMR diets. Conclusion: The use of Italian ryegrass silage and corn silage, as well as the inoculation of coculture of L. acidophilus and B. subtilis, in the TMR caused changes in the pH, lactate and acetate concentrations, and chemical composition of experimental diets. In addition, F-TMR composed with Italian ryegrass silage and corn silage altered ruminal pH and VFA concentrations during in vitro rumen fermentation experiment.