• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.510-514
• /
• 2017

Plantago asiatica L., observed frequently in East Asia, is a known herb used in traditional medical remedies several studies report that P. asiatica L has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. To determine the production of cytokines (IL-2, $IFN-{\gamma}$, and $TNF-{\alpha}$) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and non-LPS-stimulated macrophages, an ELISA assay was conducted using cytokine kits. Mice splenocytes were cultured for 48 h with various concentrations of P. asiatica L. (5, 10, 50, 100, 250, 500, and $1,000{\mu}g/mL$) or with mitogens (ConA or LPS). P. asiatica L. increased the proliferation of mice splenocytes, especially under the condition of its concentration ranging from 250 to $1,000{\mu}g/mL$. In addition, Plantago asiatica L. notably induced cytokine production of (IL-2, $IFN-{\gamma}$, and $TNF-{\alpha}$) at its concentration of $250{\sim}500{\mu}g/mL$. These results suggest that supplementation with P. asiatica L. water extracts may play a potential role in enhancing immune function by mediating splenocyte proliferation and cytokine production through its anti-inflammatory activit.

• Natural Product Sciences
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.19-28
• /
• 1997

Constitutive cyclooxygenase (COX-I) is present in cells under physiological conditions, whereas inducible cyclooxygenase (COX-II) is induced by some cytokines, mitogens, and endotoxin presumably in pathological conditions such as inflammation. We have evaluated the inhibitory effects of solvent fractionated extracts of natural products on the activities of COX-I and COX-II. Oxygen uptake COX assay was performed, as a primary screening from the tissue extracts of bovine seminal vesicles (BSV), by monitoring the initial rate of oxygen uptake using an oxygen electrode. Additionally, we evaluated plant extracts for the inhibitory effects of COX-I (in HEL cells) and COX-II (in lipopolysaccharide activated J774A.1 macrophages) using thin layer chromatography of prostanoids produced from $^{14}C-labelled$ arachidonic acid (AA). The use of such models of COX-I and COX-II assay will lead to the identification of specific inhibitors of cyclooxygenases with presumably less side effects than present therapies. Inhibitory effects of 50 kinds of plant extracts on the COX-I and COX-II activities were determined and the active fractions were found in the ethyl acetate fractions of Dryopteris crassirhizoma (roots), Amomum cardamomum (roots), Triticum aestivum (seeds), Perilla sikokiana (leaves), Anemarrhena asphodeloides (roots). Especially, the ethyl acetate fraction of Dryopteris crassirhizoma (roots), which exhibited the strong inhibition against BSV COX $(IC_{50},\;65.4\;{\mu}g/ml)$, COX-I $(IC_{50},\;8.5\;{\mu}g/ml)$, and COX-II $(IC_{50},\;17.2\;{\mu}g/ml)$, is under investigation to isolate active principles using activity-guided fractionation method.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.805-818
• /
• 1997

Immune responses of periodontal tissue may be regulated by products of sensory afferent nerve endings such as neuropeptides. Substance P(SP), a tachykinin neuropeptide, has been previously reported to stimulate the activities of T lymphocyte. Therefore, I examined the role of SP in IL-2 production and cell proliferation by using a homogeneous line of T lymphocytes(Jurkat and HuT78). Cell proliferation rate was determined by [$^3H$]-thymidine incorporation test, and IL-2 was quantitated by the growth rate of CD4+ IL-2-dependent T lymphocyte line CTLL-2. SP stimulated cell proliferation of T lymphocytes at the concentration of $10^{-12}$ and $10^{-8}$M in a biphasic bell-shape dose-dependent manner. However, SP alone did not induce IL-2 release at the concentration range of $10^{-6}$ to $10^{-14}$M. The upregulation of IL-2 release was observed when $10^{-12}$M SP was applied together with mitogens such as Con A or PHA+PMA on T cell lines, especially on Jurkat. Con A or PHA+PMA demonstrated to increase the rate of cell proliferation of Jurkat, which had shown to produce much amount of IL-2 indicating that mitogen-induced cell proliferation might be partially influenced by released IL-2. It was concluded that regulatory effects of SP on the immune/inflammatory response could be mediated through the costimulatory upregulation of IL-2 production and increase of cell proliferation of T lymphocyte.

• Biomedical Science Letters
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.325-332
• /
• 2007

Cell-mediated immune response (CMI) is a major immune protective mechanism against tuberculosis (TB) infection. Among several components involved in CMI, recent studies suggest that CD8+ T cells are important in controlling TB infection. In our previous report, we defined four Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) derived epiotpe peptides specific for HLA-A*0201-restricted CD8+ T cells. These four peptides are $PstAl_{75-83}$, $ThyA_{30-38}$, $RpoB_{127-135}$ and $85B_{15-23}$. In this study, these epitope peptides specific CD8+ T cell responses in tuberculous pleurisy were investigated using ex vivo $IFN-\gamma$ elispot assay and intracellular $IFN-\gamma$ staining method. As a result, we observed these epitope peptide specific CD8+ T cell responses are induced in all three patients with tuberculous pleurisy suggesting that CD8+ T cells are involved in protective immune mechanism against MTB infection in tuberculous pleurisy. However, the CMI to mitogens and MTB antigens from pleural fluids of patients with tuberculous pleurisy does not seem to correlate with that from peripheral blood, although the sample size is too small to make any conclusion. In sum, the MHC I restricted CD8+ T cell responses seem to be induced efficiently in the pleural fluids, at the site of TB infection, in which the CMI is actively induced. In addition, these experiments suggest that MHC I restricted CD8+ T cell mediated immune responses are also involved in protective mechanism against MTB infection in extra-pulmonary TB.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 1975

Despite a number of recent studies on appendix its function appears to remain unknown. The present studies were undertaken in order to extend and confirm the previous studies concerning the role of appendix in immune response. An early hemagglutinin response of mercaptoethanol sensitive antibody(IgM antibody) in rabbit injected intravenously(i.v.) with 200mcg of bovine gamma globulin(BGG) was abolished by lethal whole body irradiation(900 r), but preserved in animals whose appendix and bone marrow were shielded during irradiation. Late formation of mercaptoethanol resistant antibody(IgG antibody) and the development of memory in bone marrow shielded animals were not affected by irradiation of the appendix. Formation of either IgM or IgG antibody to sheep red blood cells(SRBC) injected i.v. as determined by direct plaque forming cell(DPFC) technique in spleen were effectively abolished by appendectomy, thymectomy, or both followed by irradiation. When bone marrow was shielded in combination with autologous appendix reconstitution, DPFC response was about 5 times greater than the sum of two. Lysed appendix cells failed to restore the response. Lethally irradiated rabbits restored with combination of autologous appendix and thymus cells showed DPFC responses which were essentially normal. Three pools of appendix were obtained by manual separation technique and were stimulated with soluble concanavalin A(Con A), phytohemagglutinin-P(PHA) and pokeweed mitogen(PWM). Rabbit appendix cells responded to Con A, PHA and PWM. Cells of thymus dependent area(TDA) of the appendix were relatively enriched in their response to T cell mitogens compared to dome and follicle cells. The PHA/Con A responsive ratio of appenix TDA subpopulation was high, indicating that Con A responsive cells have a wider distribution among appendix. This finding showed that interfollicular area of the appendix is thymus-dependent. The present studies confirmed other evidence that the rabbit appendix cells itself are unable to form antibody and T lymphocytes in appendix TDA may be heterogenous, and that the appendix cells are synergistic with either bone marrow or thymus cells in the early hemagglutinin on splenic antibody response to BGG or SRBC.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
• /
• 1995.04a
• /
• pp.82-82
• /
• 1995

4-lBB molecule is expressed on the surface of activated CD4$\^$+/ and CD8$\^$+/ T cells. We generated a panel of anti-4-1 B5 murine mAbs using a fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of human 4-1 BB fused to Glutathione S-transferase. The binding activity against cell surface 4-1 BB molecule was assessed by flow cytometry analysis. These studies showed that several anti-4-1 BB mAbs bound to 10-30% of CD4$\^$+/ and CD8$\^$+/T cells in PHA or Con A stimulated PBLs, although these mAbs interacted with only, l-2% of CD4$\^$+/ and CD8$\^$+/ T cells in normal PBLs, indicating the specificity of mAbs to the 4-l BB molecule on activated CD4$\^$+/ and CD8$\^$+/ T cells. Next, we examined the effect of an anti-4-l BB mAb (4B4-1-1) on allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLRs). The data indicated that the antibody significantly inhibited the proliferative response at higher concentrations. When tested with several T cell mitogens, the antibody had no stimulatory or inhibitory effects on the mitogen-mediated T cell proliferation. These data suggest that 4-1 BB molecule may play a role in the regulation of antigen-mediated immune response.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.59-65
• /
• 1983

To investigate the effects of placental serum to in vitro culture of the normal human lymphocytes the peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated by ficoll-hypaque separation method in 20 healthy human adults. The blast transformation respone of lymphocytes to mitogens were observed by stimulation with PHA($25{\mu}g/ml$) and Con A($25{\mu}g/ml$) using RPMI 1640 media containing 20% placental serum(PS), tetal calf serum(FCS), or humans AB serum(AB). And one-way mixed lymphocyte culture test was performed between these unrelated person compounded into stimulators and responders to investigate the effect of placental serum. The following results were obtained. 1. In 20 experimental cases, these were no significant diffenence between FCS, AB, and PS in untreated control cultures. 2. In PHA-treated cultures, whereas the blast transformation rate of the FCS groups and AB groups were $40.8{\pm}4.3%$ and $44.6{\pm}4.3%$ respectively, that of PS groups were $21.7{\pm}3.4%$, Similar results were obtained in Con A-meated cultures. Therefore, placental serum inhibited the mitogenic response of lymphocytes significantly. 3. In MLC tests, stimulation index of the FCS groups and AB groups were $18.5{\pm}3.5$ and $20.1{\pm}3.3$ respectively. But placental serum inhibited MLC response of lymphocytes significantly($7.4{\pm}1.9$).

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.42 no.6
• /
• pp.558-566
• /
• 1998

Two isoforms of cyclooxygenase (COX) have been identified - COX-1, which is constitlitively expressed in most tissues, and the inducible form, COX-2, of which expression is induced by inflammatory signals and mitogens. It has been considered that the beneficial effects of NSAIDs are due to the inhibition of COX-2 activity and the side effects are from the inhibition of COX-1 activity. Therefore, it is essential to develop selective COX-2 inhibitor for developing new GI-tolerable NSAIDS. To discover new leads for developing selective COX-2 inhibitors, three-hundred extracts of natural products were primarily screened with the system of prostaglandin accumulation in LPS-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages. To identify whether these inhibitory activities of crude extracts on the accumulation of Prostaglandins were derived from direct action against COX-2, the effects of selected extracts on exogenous arachidonic acid-derived production of prostaglandins by LPS-stimulated macrophages were determined. Among them, 5 methanol extracts of natural products, such as Zingiberis Rhizoma, Alpinae Officinarum Rhizoma, Caryophilli Flos, Scutellariae Radix, Dalbergia ordorifera. inhibited more than 70% of the prostaglandin production in LPS-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages at a con-centration of 1${\mu}$g/ml.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.33 no.4
• /
• pp.278-282
• /
• 2009

The in-vitro immunomodulatory function of the activity of murine natural-killer (NK) cells induced by redginseng acidic polysaccharide (RGAP) was examined. RGAP induced the significant enhancement of NK cell activity against the Yac-1 tumor cells. The treatment of splenocytes cultured with RGAP for 16 h resulted in a significant increase in NK activity at the E:T ratio of 100:1, and in a 239 and 250% increase at 10 and $100{\mu}g$/ml, respectively. We also demonstrate that RGAP treatment increased the production of interferon (IFN)-$\gamma$ (17-125%) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ (15-100%), suggesting that the increase in NK cell cytotoxicity could be due to the enhancement of the NK cell production of both cytokines. In addition, RGAP had a stimulating effect on lymphocyte proliferation in the presence of mitogens. Overall, these results suggest that RGAP has an immunopotentiating effect on NK cells, which can support the development of clinical studies on RGAP.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.143-152
• /
• 2001

Korean-style fermented soybean paste (KFSP), Doenjang, is a traditional food that is consumed as a protein source in Korea. Recently, efforts to identify biolgocial response modifiers (BRMs) have been focused on food products. Accordingly, this study which isolated abiologically active substance form KFSP, named KFSP-BRM, ws defined to be aheat-stable carbohydrate with a molecular weight of 2,000 kDa. The biological activity of KFSP-BRM was not inactivated by treatment with an anti-LPS antibody. The oral as well as intraperitoneal treatment of mice with KFSP-BRM significantly enhanced the number of B cells expressing surface significantly enhanced the number of B cells expressing surface immunoglobulins (IgM and IgG). Subsequently, an increased level of immunoglobulins in the sera was also observed. In vitro. KFSP-BRM was found to upregulate the production of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-6 by mactro phages and B cells but not the production of IL-2 by T cells. In conclusion, these data demonstrate the presence of a BRM in KFSP, which may provide an additional benefit to those consuming it is a food. KFSP-BRM is a novel B cellmitogen distinct from fresh soybean lectin or B cell mitogens, such as LPS and Streptococcus protein A. The major biological effects of KFSP-BRM would appear to be anincreased production of IL-1 and IL-6 by macrophages and B cells, thereby enhancing the function of mature B cells.