• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.393-400
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• 2013

Concrete undergoing early frost damage in cold weather will experience significant loss of not only strength, but also of permeability and durability. Accordingly, concrete codes like ACI-306R prescribe a minimum compressive strength and duration of curing to prevent frost damage at an early age and secure the quality of concrete. Such minimum compressive strength and duration of curing are mostly defined based on the strength development of concrete. However, concrete subjected to frost damage at early age may not show a consistent relationship between its strength and durability. Especially, since durability of concrete is of utmost importance in nuclear power plant structures, this relationship should be imperatively clarified. Therefore, this study verifies the feasibility of the minimum compressive strength specified in the codes like ACI-306R by evaluating the strength development and the durability preventing the frost damage of early age concrete for nuclear power plant. The results indicate that the value of 5 MPa specified by the concrete standards like ACI-306R as the minimum compressive strength to prevent the early frost damage is reasonable in terms of the strength development, but seems to be inappropriate in the viewpoint of the resistance to chloride ion penetration and freeze-thaw. Consequently, it is recommended to propose a minimum compressive strength preventing early frost damage in terms of not only the strength development, but also in terms of the durability to secure the quality of concrete for nuclear power plants in cold climates.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.211-232
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• 2013

In this study a multi-objective optimization problem is solved. The objectives used here include simultaneous minimum construction cost in term of sections weight, minimum structural damage using a damage index, and minimum non-structural damage in term of inter-story drift under the applied ground motions. A high-speed and low-error neural network is trained and employed in the process of optimization to estimate the results of non-linear time history analysis. This approach can be utilized for all steel or concrete frame structures. In this study, the optimal design of a planar eccentric braced steel frame is performed with great detail, using the presented multi-objective algorithm with a discrete population and then a moment resisting frame is solved as a supplementary example.

• Structural Monitoring and Maintenance
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.319-344
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• 2020

Inverse analysis of non-linear reinforced concrete bridge pier using recursive Gaussian filtering for in-situ condition assessment is the main theme of this work. For this purpose, minimum variance unbiased estimation using unscented sigma points is adopted here. The uniqueness of this inverse analysis lies in its approach for strain based updating of engineering demand parameters, where appropriate bound and constrained conditions are introduced to ensure numerical stability and convergence. In this analysis, seismic input is also identified, which is an added advantage for the structures having no dedicated sensors for earthquake measurement. First, the proposed strategy is tested with a simulated example whose hysteretic properties are obtained from the slow-cyclic test of a frame to investigate its efficiency and accuracy. Finally, the experimental test data of a full-scale bridge pier is used to study its in-situ condition in terms of Park & Ang damage index. Overall the study shows the ability of the augmented minimum variance unbiased estimation based recursive time-marching algorithm for non-linear system identification with the aim to estimate the engineering damage parameters that are the fundamental information necessary for any future decision making for retrofitting/rehabilitation.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.27-37
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to propose a method to predict the minimum curing time of early age concrete required to prevent frost damage. Tests were performed to examine major factors, which affect the compressive strength of concrete frozen at early ages and investigate the source of frost damage at early age concrete. The results from the tests showed that the loss rate of compressive strength decreases as the beginning time of frost damage was delayed and water-cement ratio was lower. In addition, the test results also showed that concrete made with type III cement was less susceptible to frost damage than concrete made with ordinary Portland cement and frost damage occurred through the formation of ice lenses. When early age concrete is being damaged by frozen, a phase transition into ice of free water presented at the capillary pores of the concrete gives a reason for the decrease of compressive strength. Accordingly, the frost resistance of fresh concrete can be determined based on the saturation degree of the capillary pores. The method to predict the minimum curing time was suggested using the concept of critical saturation degree of the capillary pores.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2019

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to proofread 'one ryang' in the Decoction of ${\ll}$Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases${\gg}$. Methods : I found out the ratio of maximum dose and minimum dose in this book. On the basis of the ratio, I corrected 'one ryang' in diverse decoctions. Results : In any decoction, maximum dose of medicinal medica in one decoction could not exceed four times minimum dose. Specifically, in the case that maximum dose in one decoction is sixteen ryang, it could not exceed eight times minimum dose in the same decoction. Any medicinal medica used in two decoctions or more, its maximum dose could not exceed four times minimum dose in other decoctions. On the basis of these results, it should be changed into three ryangs that are one ryang dose of 'Haematitum' of Seonbokdaeja Tang, 'Ginger' of Bujageongang Tang, Baektong Tang, Baektonggajeodamjep Tang and Senggangsasim Tang. Furthermore it should be changed into two ryangs that are one ryang dose of 'Coptidis Rhizoma' of Sohamhyung Tang, 'Ginger' of Dowha Tang, 'Ginseng Radix' of Whubaksenggangbanhagamchoinsam Tang, 'Polyporus, Poria Sclerotium, Alismatis Rhizoma, Talcum and Asini Corii Colla' of Jeoryeong Tang, 'Cimicifugae Rhizoma, Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba and Anemarrhenae Rhizoma' of Mahuangshengma Tang and 'Cassiae Cortex Interior' of Gyejigamchoryonggolmoryeo Tang. Conclusions : These results suggest that one ryang of thirteen medicinal medica such as Haematitum or Ginger of eleven decoctions such as Seonbokdaeja Tang or Bujageongang Tang should be changed into two or three ryangs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.125-133
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• 2012

This study aims at structural analysis with fatigue on the shock absorber mount of automobile. Two kinds of mount as original model 1 and reinforced model 2 are applied. Among the cases of nonuniform fatigue loads at both models, 'SAE bracket history' with the severest change of load becomes most unstable but 'Sample history' becomes most stable. In case of 'SAE bracket history' or 'SAE transmission', the maximum fatigue life at model 2 is 5 to 6 times as much as model 1 and the minimum damage at model 2 is decreased 5 to 6 times as much as model 1. In case of 'Sample history' as slow fatigue loading history, the minimum damage at model 2 becomes same as model 1 but the maximum fatigue life at model 2 is decreased more than 17 times as much as model 1. In case of 'Sample History' with the average stress of -$10^4MPa$ to $10^4MPa$ and the amplitude stress of 0MPa to $10^4MPa$, the possibility of maximum damage becomes 3%. This stress state can be shown with 5 times more than the damage possibility of 'SAE bracket history' or 'SAE transmission'. Safe and durable design of shock absorber can be effectively improved by using this study result on mount frame.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.69 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2019

In the construction of flat plate slabs, which are widely used for tall buildings but have relatively low flexural stiffness, serviceability problems such as excessive deflections and cracks are of great concern. To prevent excessive deflections at service load levels, current design codes require the minimum slab thickness, but the requirement could be unconservative because it is independent on loading and elastic modulus of concrete, both of which have significant effects on slab deflections. In the present study, to investigate the effects of the construction load of shored slabs, reduced flexural stiffness and moment distribution of early-age slabs, and creep and shrinkage of concrete on immediate and time-dependent deflections, numerical analysis was performed using the previously developed numerical models. A parametric study was performed for various design and construction conditions of practical ranges, and a new minimum permissible thickness of flat plate slabs was proposed satisfying the serviceability requirement for deflection. The proposed minimum slab thickness was compared with current design code provisions and numerical analysis results, and it agreed well with the numerical analysis results.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.3 no.5
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• pp.482-496
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• 1993

Radiation damage and contamination of silicons etched in the $CF_4+H_2$ and $CHF_3$ magnetron discharges have been characterized using Schottky diode characteristics, TEM, AES, and SIMS as a function of applied magnetic field strength. It turned out that, as the magnetic field strength increased, the radiation damage measured by cross sectional TEM and by leakage current of Schottky diodes decreased colse to that of wet dtched samples especially for $CF_4$ plasma etched samples, For $CF_4+H_2$and $CHF_3$ etched samples, hydrogen from the plasmas introduced extended defects to the silicon and this caused increased leakage current to the samples etched at low magnetic field strength conditions by hydrogen passivation. The thickness of polymer with the increasing magnetic field strength and showed the minimum polymer residue thickness near the 100Gauss where the silicon etch rate was maximum. Also, other contaminants such as target material were found to be minimum on the etched silicon surface near the highest etch rate condition.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.523-534
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to experimentally investigate the effect of heat curing methods on the temperature history and strength development of slab concrete exposed to $-10^{\circ}C$. The goal was to determine proper heat curing methods for the protection of nuclear power plant structures against early-age frost damage under adverse (cold) conditions. Two types of methods were studied: heat insulation alone and in combination with a heating cable. For heat curing with heat insulation alone, either sawdust or a double layer bubble sheet (2-BS) was applied. For curing with a combination of heat insulation and a heating cable, an embedded heating cable was used with either a sawdust cover, a 2-BS cover, or a quadruple layer bubble sheet (4-BS) cover. Seven different slab specimens with dimensions of $1200{\times}600{\times}200$ mm and a design strength of 27 MPa were fabricated and cured at $-10^{\circ}C$ for 7 d. The application of sawdust and 2-BS allowed the concrete temperature to fall below $0^{\circ}C$ within 40 h after exposure to $-10^{\circ}C$, and then, the temperature dropped to $-10^{\circ}C$ and remained there for 7 d owing to insufficient thermal resistance. However, the combination of a heating cable plus sawdust or 2-BS maintained the concrete temperature around $5^{\circ}C$ for 7 d. Moreover, the combination of the heating cable and 4-BS maintained the concrete temperature around $10^{\circ}C$ for 7 d. This was due to the continuous heat supply from the heating cable and the prevention of heat loss by the 4-BS. For maturity development, which is an index of early-age frost damage, the application of heat insulation materials alone did not allow the concrete to meet the minimum maturity required to protect against early-age frost damage after 7 d, owing to poor thermal resistance. However, the combination of the heating cable and the heat insulating materials allowed the concrete to attain the minimum maturity level after just 3 d. In the case of strength development, the heat insulation materials alone were insufficient to achieve the minimum 7-d strength required to prevent early-age frost damage. However, the combination of a heating cable and heat insulating materials met both the minimum 7-d strength and the 28-d design strength owing to the heat supply and thermal resistance. Therefore, it is believed that by combining a heating cable and 4-BS, concrete exposed to $-10^{\circ}C$ can be effectively protected from early-age frost damage and can attain the required 28-d compressive strength.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2008.11b
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• pp.2511-2514
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• 2008

As the minimum feature size decreases, techniques to avoid contamination and processes to maintain clean wafer surfaces have become very important. The deposition and detachment of nanoparticles from surfaces are major problem to integrated circuit fabrication. Therefore, cleaning technology which reduces nanoparticles is essential to increase yield. Previous megasonic cleaning technology has reached the limits to reduce nanoparticles. Megasonic cleaning is one of the efficiency method to reduce contamination nanoparticle. Two major mechanisms are active in a megasonic cleaning, namely, acoustic streaming and cavitation. Acoustic streaming does not lead to sufficiently strong force to cause damage to the substrates or patterns. Sonoluminescence is a phenomenon of light emission associated with the cavitation of a bubble under ultrasound. We studied a correlation between sonoluminescence and sound pressure distribution for the minimum of pattern damage in megasonic cleaning.