• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.737-755
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• 2016

The load transfer depth of a ground anchor is the minimum length required to transfer the initial prestressing to the grout column through the bonded part. A thorough understanding of the mechanism of load transfer as well as accurate prediction of the load transfer depth are essential for designing an anchorage that has an adequate factor of safety and satisfies implicit economic criteria. In the current research, experimental and numerical studies were conducted to investigate the load transfer mechanism of ground anchors based on a series of laboratory and field load tests. Optical FBG sensors embedded in the central king cable of a seven-wire strand were successfully employed to monitor the changes in tensile force and its distribution along the tendons. Moreover, results from laboratory and in-situ pullout tests were compared with those from equivalent case studies simulated using the finite difference method in the FLAC 3D program. All the results obtained from the two proposed methods were remarkably consistent with respect to the load increments. They were similar not only in trend but also in magnitude and showed more consistency at higher pullout loading stages, especially the final loading stage. Furthermore, the estimated load transfer depth demonstrated a pronounced dependency on the surrounding ground condition, being shorter in hard ground conditions and longer in weaker ones. Finally, considering the safety factor and cost-effective design, the required bonded length of a ground anchor was formulated in terms of the load transfer depth.

• Architectural research
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2023

Structural ageing influences the structural performance in a negative way by reducing the seismic resilience of the structure which makes it a major concern around the world. Retrofitting is considered to be a pragmatic and feasible solution to address this issue. Numerous retrofitting techniques are devised by researchers over the years. The viability of using steel bracings as retrofitting component is evaluated on a G+30 storied building model designed according to ACI318-14 and ASCE 7-16. Four different types of steel bracing arrangements (V, Inverted V/ Chevron, Cross/ X, Diagonal) are assessed in the model developed in commercial nu-merical analysis software while considering both material and geometric nonlinearities. Reducing displacement and cost in the structures indicates that the design is safe and economical. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to find the best bracing system that causes minimum displacement, which indicates maximum lateral stiffness. To evaluate the seismic vulnerability of each system, incremental dynamic analysis was conducted to develop fragility curves, followed by the formation of collapse margin ratio (CMR) as stipulated in FEMA P695 and finally, a cost estimation was made for each system. The outcomes revealed that the effects of ge-ometric nonlinearity tend to evoke hazardous consequences if not considered in the structural design. Probabilistic seismic and economic probes indicated the superior performance of V braced frame system and its competency to be a germane technique for retrofitting.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.1890-1897
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• 2022

In this paper, we design a navigation filter for an underwater glider. Underwater gliders are low-cost, reusable, and can be used for a long time. Two types of filters are designed considering characteristics such as small size, low cost, and low power. The navigation filter estimates the reference velocity of the underwater glider's body frame based on the minimum sensor output. The sensor configuration of the first filter consists of an accelerometer, a magnetometer, and a depth sensor. the second filter include extra a gyroscope in the same configuration. The estimated velocity is fused with the attitude, converted into the velocity of the navigation frame and finally the position is estimated. To analyze the performance of the proposed filter, analysis was performed using Monte Carlo numerical analysis method, and the results were analyzed with standard deviation (1σ). Standard deviations of each filter's position error are 334.34m, 125.91m.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.107-125
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• 2013

This study deals with a strategic decision making in two level supply chain network design. This study presents more realistic mathematical model than the previous studies by considering simultaneous location of plants and distribution centers, determination of capacity level for both plants and distribution centers, and upper limit condition for numbers of locating plants and distribution centers. This paper tries to help the strategic decision making for two level supply chain network design. For this purpose, three different sized numerical examples are generated and optimal solutions are obtained by applying Excel Solver program. And sensitivity analysis is performed for the biggest sized example problem, which has 10 potential plants, 20 potential distribution centers, and 200 customer zones. After the plants being located are fixed, optimal minimum costs are obtained and compared for each of 7 different numbers of distribution centers to be located. As the number of distribution centers increases, changes in inbound transportation cost and outbound transportation cost can be derived. In case of considering cost as well as customer satisfaction level for two level supply chain network design, the analysis of this changes may help more sophisticated decision making.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.57-64
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• 2010

Metal Injection Molding (MIM) is attractive because it produces consistent, complex-geometry components for high-volume, high-strength, and high-performance applications. Also MIM using in optical communication field, display field, and semi-conductor field is a cost-effective alternative to metal machining or investment casting parts. It offers tremendous single-step parts consolidation potential and design flexibility. The objective of this paper is to study the suitability of design, flow analysis, debinding and sinterin processes, and capability analysis. The suitable injection conditions were 0.5~1.5 second filling time, 11.0~12.5 MPa injection pressure derived from flow analysis. The gravity of the product is measured after debinding an sintering. The maximum and minimum gravity levels are 7.5939 and 7.5097. the average and standard deviation are 7.5579 and 0.0122; when converted into density, the figure stands at 98.154%. According to an analysis of overall capacity, PPM total, which refers to defect per million opportunities(DPMO), stands at 166,066.3 Z.Bench-the sum of defect rates exceeding the actual lowest and highest limits-is 0.97, which translates into the good quality rate of around 88.4% and the sigma level of 2.47.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.74-83
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• 2011

In this paper, we propose an architecture design of military operation system utilizing cellular networks. The main contribution of this paper is to provide a cost-effective military operation solution for ground forces, which is based on IT(information technology). By employing the cellular phones of officers' and non-commissioned officers' as the tools of operational communication, the proposed system can be constructed in the minimum duration and be built on the four components: command and control system, gateway, security system, and terminal(cell phone). This system is most effective for the warfare of limited area, but the effectiveness does not decrease under the total war covering the whole land of Korea. For the environmental change of near future, expanded architecture is also provided to utilize the functionalities of smart phones.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.16-24
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• 2005

The goal of the present paper is to show the optimum design and operation conditions on 6 kW solar water heating system by using computer simulation with verified modelling. As the object functions, we took not only the amount of acquired and auxiliary heat but LCC, which has a relative importance and decisive role in economy. As expected, the maximum heat is acquired at the slope of collector with the equal degree to the latitude, facing the south. The capacity increase of the circulation pump and the storage tank lead to the increase of acquired heat and the decrease of auxiliary heat, but do not necessarily give economical advantages owing to additional electrical power consumption. In the present system, the minimum LCC can be obtained at the storage tank volume of 450 L and the mass flow rate of 0.344 kg/s.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.89-110
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• 2012

This study was intended to efficiently perform the probabilistic optimal safety assessment of steel cable-stayed bridges (SCS bridges) using stochastic finite element analysis (SFEA) and expected life-cycle cost (LCC) concept. To that end, advanced probabilistic finite element algorithm (APFEA) which enables to execute the static and dynamic SFEA considering aleatory uncertainties contained in random variable was developed. APFEA is the useful analytical means enabling to conduct the reliability assessment (RA) in a systematic way by considering the result of SFEA based on linearity and nonlinearity of before or after introducing initial tensile force. The appropriateness of APFEA was verified in such a way of comparing the result of SFEA and that of Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS). The probabilistic method was set taking into account of analytical parameters. The dynamic response characteristic by probabilistic method was evaluated using ASFEA, and RA was carried out using analysis results, thereby quantitatively calculating the probabilistic safety. The optimal design was determined based on the expected LCC according to the results of SFEA and RA of alternative designs. Moreover, given the potential epistemic uncertainty contained in safety index, failure probability and minimum LCC, the sensitivity analysis was conducted and as a result, a critical distribution phase was illustrated using a cumulative-percentile.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.59-68
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• 1997

This study is intended to review the Nucleus System of standard hospitals in U.K. The research is focused on the theoretical background, contents of Nucleus System, and the operational problems through the survey of sample hospitals. The contents of research include the development history of standardization, outlines, aimes, advantages, the data of Nucleus system, and the study-visits of sample hospitals. The conclusion could be summarized as follows ; 1) The form of standard hospitals is compact and low-rise the major movements are horizontal. The standard plans of the functional dpartments are unified as cruciform with $15m{\times}15m$ module. 2) The Nulceus System has been developed. The hospitals have 3 stories maximum and courtyards for natural light & ventilation. 3) The advantages of Nucleus System includes reduction of design & construction period, the buildability due to the repetitive construction, and the running cost. And the disadvantages are mentioned as the lack of storage, staff accomodation, pantry, and sanitary facilities. 4) Sample hospitals provide human scale, possibilities of growth & change, and curing environment from art decoration & artificial lake. 5) In case of Korean situation, even the minimum standardization such as hospital design guidelines should be developed in near future.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.1-13
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• 2006

This study attempted to identify the characteristics of chair design from furniture company, $K{\ddot{a}}llemo$, the furniture manufacturer in Sweden manufacturing mostly the limited edition of art furniture on the basis of the unique management philosophy. There are 12 artists manufactured chairs for $K{\ddot{a}}llemo$. Of them, this study selected 4 artists-Sigurdur Gustafsson, John Kandell, Komplot Design, Mats Theselius-who designed at least more than three chairs. Total 25 chairs were analyzed; 6 from Sigurdur Gustafsson, 8 from John Kandell, 3 from Komplot Design and 8 from Mats Theselius. The chair structure was divided into three parts, seat, back and structure and analyzed by material, color, type of legs and finishing. The following results were derived from the study. First, $K{\ddot{a}}llemo$ secured the regular customers who want to possess the chairs as the artistic works by continuing the small quantity mass-production system insisting that the maximum quantity of production is 360 pieces and the minimum quantity is 33 pieces. Second, the sufficient time and cost were invested in the initial phase of design. This approach seems to be deviated from the traditional business system that has to create the revenue at a glance, but ultimately induces the commercial success by exponentially increasing the revenue through the creation of various product lines. Third, $K{\ddot{a}}llemo$ provides the space that the artists who work for $K{\ddot{a}}llemo$ can sufficiently enjoy the mental composure and luxury required for the designers by strictly selecting the artists and providing the best environment for enabling the creative activities that look like the pure art area. This study enables the further analysis and research on other collections of $K{\ddot{a}}llemo$ that mass-produces the chairs on the basis of the unique philosophy in the world as well as in Sweden using more various kinds of analysis frameworks.