• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.221-227
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• 1999

The fungistatic and fungicidal activities of amphotericin B, fluconazole, miconazole, econazole, and 5-fluorocytosine against Saccharomyces cerevisiae were estimated in the presence of 1/2 minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and 1/2 minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of polygodial, respectively. Among them, the antifungal activities of miconazoles by polygodial was still shown against several yeast-like fungi including Candida albicans, Candida utilis, Cryptococcus neoformans, except for Candida krusei. The combination of polygodial with imidazole drugs against Saccharomyces cerevisiae was further examined using the macrobroth dilution checkerboard method. The fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) and the fractional fungicidal concentration (FFC) index between polygodial and miconazole were 0.16 and 0.19, while the combination of polygodial with econazole exhibited the FIC index of 0.19 and the FFC of 0.25, respectively. These results suggest that polygodial and the imidazoles on the fungistatic and fungicidal action are highly synergistic.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.228-232
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• 1999

The combination effect of anethole with amphotericin B, fluconazole, miconazole, or 5-fluorocytosine was investigated against Saccharomyces cerevisiae. When combined with $\frac{1}{2}$ minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) or $\frac{1}{2}$ minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of anethole, the antifungal activities of fluconazole and 5-fluorocytosine were not changed, but the fungistatic and the fungicidal activities of miconazole were increased 64-fold, respectively. In the case of amphotericin B, the fungistatic activity was increased 2-fold, while the fungicidal activity was decreased 2-fold. The combination effect of anethole with miconazole or amphotericin B was also investigated at the various concentrations using the macrobroth dilution checkerboard method. The fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) and the fractional fungicidal concentration (FFC) index between B exhibited the FIC index of 8.25 and the FFC of 32.06, respectively. Thus, it is analyzed that the combination of anethole with miconazole or amphotericin B on the antifungal action shows synergism and antagonism, respectively.

• Mycobiology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.93-95
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• 2002

The antifungal activities of propolis on Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans were evaluated. In microbroth culture assay, the MIC(minimum inhibitory concentration) of propolis for C. neoformans and C. albicans were 2 and 16 mg/ml, respectively. In propolis-included solid medium assay, the MIC of propolis for C. neoformans and C. albicans were 4 and 16 mg/ml, respectively. Propolis showed fungicidal activity against C. neoformans, whereas propolis possesed fungistatic activity against C. albicans. The MFC(minimum fungicidal concentration) for C. neoformans was 8 mg/ml. Cell morphology of C. neoformans was affected by treatment of propolis. In scanning electron microscope, the appearance of cell rupture was observed.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.114-119
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• 2001

The effect of Rhinacanthus nasutus leaf extract on the growth of dermatophytes had been investigated. In vitro the extract exhibited high activity against various species of dermatophytes (Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes, T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale, T. rubrum, Microsporum canis and M. gypseum). The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the extract revealed that all the dermatophytes tested had MIC values of 13.6 mg/ml. The extract exhibited fungistatic activity at lower concentrations $({\leq}13.6\;mg/ml\;or\;below\;the\;MIC\;value)$ and fungicidal activity at higher concentrations $({\geq}13.6\;mg/ml$\;or\;above\;the\;MIC\;value)$. The results suggested that the extract acted on the cell wall of the dermatophytes which subsequently leading to the formation of cytopathological and membrane structural degeneration and finally leading to cell lysis and death.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.387-389
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• 2011

A previous study of ours indicated that Citrus auranifoli oil possesses antifungal activity against Malassezia furfur and Malassezia pachydermatis. In this study, we evaluated the anti-M. furfur and M. pachydermatis activities of limonene, which is a major component of C. aurantifolia oil, using the disk diffusion method. We also examined cytotoxicity against human normal epithelial (Beas-2B) cells using the cytopathic effect reduction (CPE) method. The results revealed that the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) value of limonene is lower than the value for itraconazole. The MFC value of limonene was seen to be 7.81 ${\mu}g$/mL against M. furfur and 3.90 ${\mu}g$/mL against M. pachydermatis. MFC values of itraconazole against M. furfur and M. pachydermatis were 62.50 ${\mu}g$/mL and 31.25 ${\mu}g$/mL, respectively. In addition, it was noted that limonene was not toxic to Beas-2B cells with normal morphology at a concentration of 100 ${\mu}g$/mL. However, itraconazole exhibited weak toxicity at the same concentration. Therefore, our results indicate that limonene could potentially be effective at controlling M. furfur and M. pachydermatis infections with no cytotoxicity.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.19-29
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• 2010

Phytoncide, essential oil of trees, has microbicidal, insecticidal, acaricidal, and deodorizing effect. The present study was performed to examine the effect of phytoncide on Candida albicans, which is a commensal colonizer of the mucous membranes but has become an opportunistic pathogen. C. albicans was incubated with or without phytoncide extracted from Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa Sieb. et Zucc.; Japanese cypress) and then changes were observed in its optical density, cell viability and morphology. As concentrations of phytoncide added to the culture medium increased, optical density and cell viability of C. albicans decreased. Minimum inhibitory concentration of phytoncide for C. albicans was observed to be 0.25%, and minimum fungicidal concentration was 0.5%. Numbers of morphologically atypical cells with electron-dense cytoplasm and granules and increased with increasing concentration of the phytoncide. At higher concentrations of phytoncide, compartments and organelles in the cytoplasm became indistinguishable. The overall results indicate that the phytoncide used for this study has a strong antimicrobial activity against C. albicans. Therefore, the phytoncide may be used as a candidate for prevention and therapeutic agent against oral candidiasis.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.354-358
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• 1999

In order to know the antifungal characteristics of saturated fatty acids having 6 to 12 carbons, their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) were estimated against Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Fatty acids from C6 to C11 exhibited increasing activity with chain length, but C12 fatty acid did not show activity at all. In relation to antifungal modes of actions, fatty acids investigated showed on inhibitory activity toward the plasma membrane H+-ATPase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Their inhibitions to the glucose-induced acidification and ATP hydrolysis caused by the proton pump were found to be in common wiht antifungal activities. At the test concentration of 1mM, hexanoic acid (C6) showed the lowest inhibition of about 30%, while undecanoic acid(C11) showed the strongest inhibition of over 90%. In addition, as seen with antifungal activity, the inhibitory activity of dodecanoic acid (C12) was suddenly reduced to less than 50%.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.878-884
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• 2020

Penicillium digitatum and P. italicum are the two important postharvest pathogens in citrus, causing about 90% of the total loss of citrus fruit during storage and transportation. Natural fungicides such as essential oils have been widely used instead of chemical fungicides for preventing and controlling postharvest diseases. In this research, p-anisaldehyde exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on P. digitatum and P. italicum, with the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration values of both being 2.00 μl/ml. Additionally, p-anisaldehyde visibly inhibited both the green mold and blue mold development of citrus fruits inoculated with P. digitatum and P. italicum. The mycelia morphologies of these pathogens were greatly altered, and the membrane permeability and cell wall integrity of mycelia were severely disrupted under p-anisaldehyde treatment. These results suggest that the antifungal activity of p-anisaldehyde against P. digitatum and P. italicum can be attributed to the disruption of the cell wall integrity.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.97-102
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• 2002

Pyricularia oryzae (P. oryzae), the cause of rice blast, is one of the most important fungal pathogens of rice. Seventy strains of marine fungi were isolated from marine algae, and it was measured antifungal activity against P. oryzae. Metabolites of marine fungus A-248 which isolated from marine algae showed strong antifungal activity against P. oryzae. The antifungal substance from the metabolites of marine fungus A-248 was extracted with ethylacetate, and then purified by preparative TLC and reverse-phase HPLC. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value was $0.18\mu g/mL$ for the antifungal activity of the substance purified from A-248 metabolites. The purified substance was similar to antifungal activity of rhizoxin, which is a commercial antifungal agent.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.170-174
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• 1997

In order to design a novel synthetic peptide with improved fungicidal activity but low hemolytic activity, a hybrid peptide, cecropin A(l-8)-magainin 2(1-12), and its analogue peptides were synthesized by the solid phase method. Antifungal and hemolytic activities of the synthetic peptides were assessed by the growth inhibition against Trichosporon beigelii and the cell membrane lysis against human red hlood cells, respectively. Analogue 2 in which Lys at position 12 in cecropin A(1-8)-magainin 2(1-12) was substituted with Ala showed most potent antifungal activity (MIC: 2.5.$\mu$g/ml) with minimal hemolytic activity (0.5% hemolysis at the (200.$\mu$g/ml peptide). This peptide (A2), therefore, could be useful as a model for further designing potent antifungal peptides without cytotoxicity.