• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.103-113
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• 2010

In this paper, a tradeoff between the total energy consumption-per-bit and the end-to-end rate under spatial reuse in wireless multi-hop network is developed and analyzed. The end-to-end rate of the network is the number of information bits transmitted (end-to-end) per channel use by any node in the network that is forwarding the data. In order to increase the bandwidth efficiency, spatial reuse is considered whereby simultaneous relay transmissions are allowed provided there is a minimum separation between such transmitters. The total energy consumption-per-bit includes the energy transmitted and the energy consumed by the receiver to process (demodulate and decoder) the received signal. The total energy consumption-per-bit is normalized by the distance between a source-destination pair in order to be consistent with a direct (single-hop) communication network. Lower bounds on this energy-bandwidth tradeoff are analyzed using convex optimization methods. For a given location of relays, it is shown that the total energy consumption-per-bit is minimized by optimally selecting the end-to-end rate. It is also demonstrated that spatial reuse can improve the bandwidth efficiency for a given total energy consumption-per-bit. However, at the rate that minimizes the total energy consumption-per-bit, spatial reuse does not provide lower energy consumption-per-bit compared to the case without spatial reuse. This is because spatial reuse requires more receiver energy consumption at a given end-to-end rate. Such degraded energy efficiency can be compensated by varying the minimum separation of hops between simultaneous transmitters. In the case of equi-spaced relays, analytical results for the energy-bandwidth tradeoff are provided and it is shown that the minimum energy consumption-per-bit decreases linearly with the end-to-end distance.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.409-419
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• 2016

As a major energy consumption province, the issue about the carbon emissions in Hebei Province, China has been concerned by the government. The carbon emissions can be effectively reduced due to a more rational energy consumption structure. Thus, in this paper the constraint of low carbon emissions is considered as a foundation and four energies--coal, petroleum, natural gas and electricity including wind power, nuclear power and hydro-power etc are selected as the main analysis objects of the adjustment of energy structure. This paper takes energy cost minimum and carbon trading cost minimum as the objective functions based on the economic growth, energy saving and emission reduction targets and constructs an optimization model of energy consumption structure. And empirical research about energy consumption structure optimization in 2015 and 2020 is carried out based on the energy consumption data in Hebei Province, China during the period 1995-2013, which indicates that the energy consumption in Hebei dominated by coal cannot be replaced in the next seven years, from 2014 to 2020, when the coal consumption proportion is still up to 85.93%. Finally, the corresponding policy suggestions are put forward, according to the results of the energy structure optimization in Hebei Province.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.96-102
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• 2012

The minimum airflow of VAV terminal boxes is a key factor for comfort, indoor air quality(IAQ) and energy cost. If the minimum airflow is not reasonable, it would waste energy and make IAQ problems. There are two types of VAV terminal box control logic. One is the single maximum, another is the dual maximum control logic. Dual maximum control logic is more efficiency way to reduce the energy consumption. It has a minimum airflow set point and a heating maximum set point. It allows the minimum airflow set point to be much lower than single maximum control logic. A building simulation was conducted to evaluate the energy consumption and the IAQ according to the control logic of the V AV terminal box. In the simulation, dual maximum control logic can save the energy up to 6.5% compared to the single maximum control logic.

• 정보처리학회논문지C
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• 제15C권4호
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• pp.273-280
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• 2008

무선 센서 네트워크(Wireless Sensor Network : WSN)에서 한정된 에너지를 가진 센서 노드의 동작 기간을 연장하기 위해서 LEACH와 PEGASIS, PEDAP 등의 대표적인 라우팅 방식이 제안되었다. 이들은 데이터가 완전 퓨전(perfect fusion)되는 환경에서 주기적으로 데이터를 수집하여 한 노드로 전송하는 convergecast 라우팅 방식을 사용한다. 그러나 convergecast와 에너지 분배를 동시에 다루는 과정에서 토폴로지에 관한 특성과 한계에 대한 연구는 거의 이루어지지 않았다. 이 논문은 한 번의 convergecast에 소비되는 총에너지의 관점에서 토폴로지를 다음과 같이 연구하였다. 우리는 주요 라우팅 토폴로지로 최소 스패닝 체인(Minimum Spanning Chain : MSC)과 최소 스패닝 트리(Minimum Spanning Tree : MST), PEGASIS 체인, 제안하는 LECSEN체인을 소개하거나 정의하였다. 우리는 MSC를 선형 프로그래밍(LP) 방식으로 풀었으며, MSC나 MST에 준하는 토폴로지를 만들기 위해서 LECSEN 체인을 제안하였다. Monte Carlo 방식의 시뮬레이션을 통해 토폴로지의 전체 길이와 각 링크 길이의 분포를 분석한 결과, 대부분의 WSN 환경에서 LECSEN은 MST에 필적할 만큼 에너지를 적게 소모하고, 각 센서 노드의 에너지 소비가 매우 균등하였다. 그러므로 우리는 LECSEN 체인이 WSN 라우팅에서 매우 유용하다는 사실을 확인하였다.

• 전자공학회논문지CI
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.37-42
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• 2007

본 논문에서는 무선채널의 신호감쇄특성으로 인하여 멀티홉을 통한 센서네트워크의 에너지소비를 최소화하려는 기존의 연구를 재해석하고 무선채널의 특성과 하드웨어의 전력소비를 동시에 고려하여 센서네트워크의 에너지소비를 모델링하였다. 또한 센서네트워크 하드웨어 플랫폼에 주로 사용되고 있는 RF모듈인 Chipcon사의 CC2420을 대상으로 최대 전송전력과 최소의 홉을 통한 데이터 전송이 네트워크의 에너지효율에 미치는 영향을 다양한 상황의 시뮬레이션을 통해 검증한다. 최대 전송전력으로 최소의 홉을 통하여 전송했을 경우, 낮은 전송전력으로 여러 홉을 거쳐 데이터를 전송하는 것보다 네트워크의 에너지소비가 적게 발생하는 것으로 관찰된다. 높은 전송전력에 따라 증가하는 재전송을 고려한 결과 또한 최대 전송전력으로 전송했을 경우 최대 33.1%의 에너지효율을 얻을 수 있다.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.37-42
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• 2015

Purpose: Apartment is a typical residential type in Korea. In the past, apartment types were very monotonous. But today, the types of complex are changed because personal needs have been diversified and personalized. In order to meet those needs, construction companies are constructing various types of apartments. The more apartment types are diverse, the more the energy problems are taken place. So, the purpose of this study is to solve the problem of energy gap in the same complex through improving the thermal transmittance of wall. Method: Heating energy consumption of Building Energy Efficiency Rating System and heating energy usage of apartment show a similar trend on the graph. In order to identify the best position of heating energy consumption difference reduction, we change the building's U-value of front, back, side walls. Result: In the A complex, maximum and minimum heating energy consumption building's shapes are flat. the best efficiency is side U-value change and the worst is front change. In the E complex, maximum heating energy consumption building's shape is tower and minimum building shape is flat. Consequently, the front and back wall performance change was little effect to reduce energy gap, while the change of side wall's U-value show the great reduction between building's energy consumptions.

• International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
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• 제6권
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• pp.1-13
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• 1998

The basic heat transfer process that occurs in a building can best be illustrated by an electrical circuit network. Present paper reports the dynamic simulation of annual energy consumption in an office building by the thermal resistance capacitance network method. Unsteady thermal behaviors and annual energy consumption in an office building were examined in detail by solving the simultaneous circuit equations of thermal network. The results are used to evaluate the accuracy of the modified BIN method for the energy consumption analysis of a large building. Present thermal resistance-capacitance method predicts annual energy consumption of an office building with the same accuracy as that of response factor method. However, the modified BIN method gives 15% lower annual heating load and 25% lower cooling load than those from the present method. Equipment annual energy consumptions for fan, boiler and chiller in the HVAC system are also calculated for various control systems as CAV, VAV, FCU+VAV and FCU+CAV. FCU+CAV system appears to consume minimum annual energy among them.

• 스마트미디어저널
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2016

In mobile ad hoc networks(MANETs), all the nodes in a network have limited resources. Therefore, communication topology which has long lifetime is suitable for nodes in MANETs. And MANETs are exposed to various threats because of a new node which can join the network at any time. There are various researches on security problems in MANETs and many researches have tried to make efficient schemes for reducing network power consumption. Power consumption is necessary to secure networks, however too much power consumption can be critical to network lifetime. This paper focuses on energy efficient monitoring node distribution for enhancing network lifetime in MANETs. Since MANETs cannot use centralized infrastructure such as security systems of wired networks, we propose an efficient IDS node distribution scheme using minimum spanning tree (MST) method to cover all the nodes in a network and enhance the network lifetime. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has better performance in comparison with the existing algorithms.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제7권12호
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• pp.3071-3095
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• 2013

Configuring optimization of wireless sensor networks, which can improve the network performance such as utilization efficiency and network lifetime with minimal energy, has received considerable attention in recent years. In this paper, a cross layer optimal approach is proposed for multi-source linear network and grid network under Rayleigh block-fading channels, which not only achieves an optimal utility but also guarantees the end-to-end reliability. Specifically, in this paper, we first strictly present the optimization method for optimal nodal number $N^*$, nodal placement $d^*$ and nodal transmission structure $p^*$ under constraints of minimum total energy consumption and minimum unit data transmitting energy consumption. Then, based on the facts that nodal energy consumption is higher for those nodes near the sink and those nodes far from the sink may have remaining energy, a cross layer optimal design is proposed to achieve balanced network energy consumption. The design adopts lower reliability requirement and shorter transmission distance for nodes near the sink, and adopts higher reliability requirement and farther transmission distance for nodes far from the sink, the solvability conditions is given as well. In the end, both the theoretical analysis and experimental results for performance evaluation show that the optimal design indeed can improve the network lifetime by 20-50%, network utility by 20% and guarantee desire level of reliability.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.119-125
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• 2012

The objective of this study is to evaluate the electric lighting energy consumption carried out by Daysim program. A comparison between the measurement and simulated exterior global horizontal illuminance shows differences about 10% and it is very similar to the measurement. The interior illuminance simulated by Daysim are 18.9% lower than the measurement and simulated lighting energy consumption is 10% lower than the measurement. Corrected annual lighting energy simulation results show that the best case is the combination of occupancy switch-off and dimming system with automatic controlled blinds (E-3). In case of no blinds, it occasionally derives the minimum lighting energy consumption but it causes the glare, so we need to be careful for choosing the control strategy. For the overcast sky, the lighting energy consumption is not changed significantly by control strategy while the lighting energy in the clear sky is changed noticeably. So we must know the right strategy for each case to control the electric lights and blinds.