• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.63-70
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• 1984

It was the purpose of this study to determine the galvanic current between a gold alloy inlay and four types of amalgam using the circuit through pulp chambers when the freshly extracted teeth with those restorations were brought into contact in a physiologic saline solution, and to investigate the effectiveness of cavity varnish or ammonated silver-nitrate on the surface of amalgam restoration in reducing galvanic current. The current was measured with current-to-voltage converter and recored on a physiograph 6630-257. The following results were obtained. 1. Generally, galvanic current decreased as the time elapsed. 2. Galvainc current decreased significantly in the first day and after then minimal change was observed until 30th day. 3. Initial galvanic current was 29.6 ${\mu}A$ in the cut amalgam and 24.5 ${\mu}A$ in Dispersalloy amalgam and after then the current was significantly decreased. 4. Initial galvanic current was 12.6 ${\mu}A$ in spherical amalgam (low copper amalgam) and 13.8 ${\mu}A$ in Tytin amalgam and the amount of change was lower in sperical amalgam and Tytin amalgam than that in lathe cut amalgam and Dispersalloy amalgam. 5. Painting ammoniated silver-nitrate or Copalite on the surface of amalgam resotration decreased initial galvanic current and ammoniated silver-nitrate is more effective in decreasing galvanic current than Copalite. 6. Galvanic current by contact between amalgam restoration and gold restoration increased abruptly and dropped rapidly becoming almost.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권6호
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• pp.2084-2093
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• 2022

Probabilistic safety assessment is widely used to quantify the risks of nuclear power plants and their uncertainties. When the lognormal distribution describes the uncertainties of basic events, the uncertainty of the top event in a fault tree is approximated with the sum of lognormal random variables after minimal cutsets are obtained, and rare-event approximation is applied. As handling complicated analytic expressions for the sum of lognormal random variables is challenging, several approximation methods, especially Monte Carlo simulation, are widely used in practice for uncertainty analysis. In this study, a theoretical approach for analyzing the sum of lognormal random variables using an efficient numerical integration method is proposed for uncertainty analysis in probability safety assessments. The change of variables from correlated random variables with a complicated region of integration to independent random variables with a unit hypercube region of integration is applied to obtain an efficient numerical integration. The theoretical advantages of the proposed method over other approximation methods are shown through a benchmark problem. The proposed method provides an accurate and efficient approach to calculate the uncertainty of the top event in probabilistic safety assessment when the uncertainties of basic events are described with lognormal random variables.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.224-236
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• 2020

In this study, the 4th (1997) and 6th (2013) direct measurements of Size Korea compared the changing shape of women between the ages of 12 and 18. Comparing the items of height and length, the height and shoulder height were significantly reduced, the waist height was not significantly different, and the height of the upper hip was significantly increased, resulting in a smaller upper torso ratio and a higher lower torso rate. The width and thickness associated with human obesity, the circumference items and obesity levels often increased significantly with the change of the times, indicating that the overall body size was increased and that the chest area was changed to a cylindrical shape with changes in the breast equilibrium. Comparing agespecific measurements with graphs analyzing the trend of change in growth, the results showed that the change in 1997 was minimal since age 14; however, a continuous increase was achieved in 2013 that corresponded to the age at which growth is complete. The results of these studies are expected to be used as basic data to predict pattern design, body implementation, and trends in shape changes for young women.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.21-29
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• 2011

Introduction: To compare the change in frontal ramal inclination (FRI) in laterognathism after orthognathic surgery. Materials and Methods: Twenty four patients (10 men, 14 women; mean age, $22.8{\pm}5.2$ years) with minimal facial canting (${\leq}$ 2 mm) and apparent menton deviation ($5.9{\pm}2.4\;mm$) who had been operated on to correct facial asymmetry and skeletal CIII malocclusion, were selected. On a preoperative posteroanterior (PA) cephalogram, the FRI of the deviated side and non deviated side, L1 deviation amounts and menton deviation amounts were measured. The FRI differences between both sides were compared, and the correlations between the measured deviated elements and the FRI differences were analyzed. On a postoperative PA cephalogram, the shifting amount of L1, shifting amount of L7 and FRI of both sides were measured, and the correlations between the shifting elements and the change in FRI were analyzed. Results: On the preoperative PA cephalogram, the FRI of the non deviated side was significantly greater than those of the deviated side. The differences in FRI, with a menton deviation amount showed a significant correlation. On the postoperative PA cephalogram, the FRI differences between the deviated and non deviated side were decreased significantly and mandibular transverse movement toward central position was noted. The mean shifting amounts of L7 were associated with the amount of change in the deviated side of FRI. Conclusion: Transverse shifting of the mandible through orthognathic surgery decreases the FRI difference, which showed laterognathism, and improves the facial contour.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.114-123
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• 2010

The Environmental Conservation Value Assessment Map (ECVAM) is a five grade assessment map created with nationally integrated environmental information and environmental values. The map is made through the evaluation of 67 items, including greenbelt area and bio-diversity. The ECVAM assesses the stability of the community using forest maps. However, the existing assessment method is problematic because the assessment grades are evaluated using higher than practical values; in part because it uses even-valued overlay and minimal indicator methods. This study was performed in order to suggest an integrated assessment method that could complement the stability evaluation based on existing methods. Accordingly, this study added forest type information, including whether the forest was natural or artificial, to the overlay method using forest diameter maps and forest density maps. As a result, the proposed ECVAM indicated a drastic grade change. After applying the method in South Korea, Grade I areas decreased 12.1%, from 52.6% to 40.6%, Grade II areas increased 11.9%, from 17.4% to 29.2%, and Grade III areas increased 0.2%, from 17.1% to 17.4%, respectively. From the results of the field survey, we found differences between natural forest and planted forest with regard to the number of mortality, species of shrubs, and vine cover. This means that natural forests are more stable than planted forests. This study suggests an improved assessment methodology to complement the existing EVCAM method. The results are expected to be used in environmental evaluations and forest conservation value assessments in ecology and environmental fields.

• 정보처리학회논문지D
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• 제14D권2호
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• pp.145-156
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• 2007

최근 웹 문서의 변조의 탐지, 버전 관리 등을 위한 XML/HTML 문서들에 대한 효과적인 실시간 변화탐지 알고리즘의 필요성이 증대하고 있다. 특히 대용량의 XML/HTML 문서들에 대한 실시간 변화탐지 응용들은 최소비용의 편집스크립트를 계산하는 알고리즘 보다는 실시간 처리가 가능한 빠른 휴리스틱 알고리즘들을 필요로 한다. 기존의 휴리스틱 알고리즘들은 실행속도는 빠르나 생성되는 편집스크립트의 질이 만족스럽지 못하다. 본 논문에서는 기존의 알고리즘 XyDiff와 X-tree Diff를 소개하고 이들 알고리즘들의 문제점들을 분석하고 문제점들을 개선한 알고리즘 X-tree Diff+를 제안한다. X-tree Diff+는 실행시간 측면에서 기존 알고리즘들과 유사하나 대응효율성에 기반한 대응과정의 개선을 통해 두 문서 간의 노트들의 대응률을 향상시킨 알고리즘이다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.38-53
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• 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Abdominal obesity is associated with metabolic disorders, and, in recent years, its prevalence in Korea has continuously increased. The change of lifestyle, particularly diet, is critical for the reduction of abdominal obesity. This study evaluated the effectiveness of an intervention focused on dietary self-efficacy and behaviors on the improvement of abdominal obesity. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Abdominally obese adults with additional cardiovascular risk factors were recruited through 16 medical facilities in South Korea from the year 2013 to 2014. The participants were randomly divided into 2 groups: an intensive intervention group (IG) that received a multi-component intervention to reduce abdominal obesity, by mainly focusing on dietary attitude and dietary behavior change, and a minimal information intervention group (MG) that received a brief explanation of health status and a simple recommendation for a lifestyle change. The interventions were provided for 6 mon, and health examinations were conducted at baseline, 3-, 6-, and 12-mon follow-ups. A path analysis was conducted to identify the process governing the changes in abdominal obesity. RESULTS: The IG showed an improvement in self-efficacy for eating control and diet quality at 6-mon follow-up. Abdominal obesity improved in both groups. Waist circumference was observed to be decreased through the path of "improved self-efficacy for eating control in food availability-eating restriction-improved dietary quality" in IG. Most changes in follow-ups were not significantly different between two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The intensive program targeting the modification of dietary behavior influenced management of abdominal obesity, and the effect occurred through a step-by-step process of change in attitude and behavior. Generally, improvements were also seen in the MG, which supports the necessity of regular health check-ups and brief consultation. The results can be used for further development and implementation of more successful interventions.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.27-32
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• 2013

Background: Minimal infusion of cardioplegic solution (CPS) during aortic surgery using total circulatory arrest (TCA) may reduce several potential side effects: clamping on a diseased aorta, insult of coronary ostia, and edema. Materials and Methods: From 2006 to 2009, 72 patients underwent aortic surgery without infusion of cardioplegic solution at the initiation of circulatory arrest. The diagnoses were acute aortic dissection (44), aneurysm (22), and intramural hematoma (6). Results: The duration of TCA, the lowest nasopharyngeal temperature, bypass time, and aortic clamp time was 45 minutes, $16.4^{\circ}C$, 162 minutes, and 100 minutes, respectively. The amount of CPS was 1,050 mL, and 15 patients underwent surgery without CPS. The average inotrope score was 113 points (range, 6.25 to 5,048.5 points) corresponding to the dopamine infusion of 5 mcg/kg/min for 1 day. Seven patients showed a level of creatine kinase-MB above 50 ng/mL, postoperatively, compared with the average of 12.75 ng/mL. The ischemic change was found on electrocardiogram in 5 patients, postoperatively. There was no cardiac morbidity requiring mechanical assist. The average of intensive care unit stay and postoperative hospital stay was 40 hours (range, 15 to 482 hours) and 11 days, respectively. Conclusion: Minimal infusion of only retrograde CPS during rewarming without initial infusion at TCA in aortic surgery is feasible and can be used with acceptable results.

• 대한수학회보
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.223-234
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• 2003

This note contains the following results for a ring A : (1) A is simple Artinian if and only if A is a prime right YJ-injective, right and left V-ring with a maximal right annihilator ; (2) if A is a left quasi-duo ring with Jacobson radical J such that $_{A}$A/J is p-injective, then the ring A/J is strongly regular ; (3) A is von Neumann regular with non-zero socle if and only if A is a left p.p.ring containing a finitely generated p-injective maximal left ideal satisfying the following condition : if e is an idempotent in A, then eA is a minimal right ideal if and only if Ae is a minimal left ideal ; (4) If A is left non-singular, left YJ-injective such that each maximal left ideal of A is either injective or a two-sided ideal of A, then A is either left self-injective regular or strongly regular : (5) A is left continuous regular if and only if A is right p-injective such that for every cyclic left A-module M, $_{A}$M/Z(M) is projective. ((5) remains valid if 《continuous》 is replaced by 《self-injective》 and 《cyclic》 is replaced by 《finitely generated》. Finally, we have the following two equivalent properties for A to be von Neumann regula. : (a) A is left non-singular such that every finitely generated left ideal is the left annihilator of an element of A and every principal right ideal of A is the right annihilator of an element of A ; (b) Change 《left non-singular》 into 《right non-singular》in (a).(a).

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.6-10
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• 2003

각종 전처리 및 진공포장이 최소가공한 단호박 제품의 품질 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 ascorbic acid, citric acid, NaCl, MgC1$_2$및 이들의 혼합조성물(1:1:1:1)을 슬라이스와 채썰기로 최소가공한 단호박에 처리하여 진공 포장한 후 저온저장 하였다. 최소가공 처리에 따른 저장 중 중량감소율은 모든 처리구에서 증가하는 경향을 나타내었으며 슬라이스 처리시 보다 채썰기한 경우 더욱 크게 나타났다. 한편 ascorbic acid 처리구는 전 시료 중에서 가장 큰 중량감소율을 나타내었으며 저장 10일경에 가장 현저한 중량감소율을 보였다. 갈변저해 효과는 슬라이스의 경우 ascorbic acid와 NaCl 및 MgC1$_2$로 처리한 구가, 채썰기의 경우 혼합조성물과 ascorbic acid가 가장 효과적이었다. 저장 중 과육의 경도는 증감을 반복하고 있으나 결론적으로 저장 후기에는 저장 초기에 비해 경도가 감소하였으며 절단 형태에 따라 다른 양상을 나타내어, 슬라이스의 경우 전처리를 행한 경우 오히려 경도가 증가하는 것을 볼 수 있으나 채썰기한 경우 전처리를 행할 경우 경도가 감소가 현저하였다. 최소가공 단호박의 호흡 양상을 살펴보면 이산화탄소의 발생량은 citric acid를 처리한 경우 가장 많았으며 이는 산소 소모량도 가장 높게 나타났다. 또한 ascorbic acid의 경우 저장 초기에는 호흡률이 높았으나 저장 후기로 갈수록 오히려 완화되는 경향을 나타내었다.