• Journal of architectural history
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• v.9 no.2 s.23
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• pp.65-84
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• 2000

The region of Southeast Asia had already experienced rapid urbanization and cultural change before the East Asia region did. None the less, nowadays shophouses and rowhouses still form the major portion of streets in Chinese town in Southeast Asia countries. The purpose of this study is to examine the adaptation process of shophouse and rowhouse in the Southeast Asia region and the architectural characteristics between the middle of 18th and the early of 20th, which Chinese people of the region inherit and develop, for more thorough understanding of cultural adaptability and regionalism of Chinese architecture in Southeast Asia. The common fact found in the Southeast Asia region is that Chinese people in countries of this region gradually started to live densely as a group in a certain zone in city area since they got to play important roles in commerce, trade and service works related with cities, due to European countries' advance into Southeast Asia and their construction of colonial cities in the region. Chinese people in the region utilized residential rowhouse and special shophouse, which is a kind of shop adapted from rowhouses' sitting room or storage, for their commercial and industrial activities in urban areas, which had problems of limited space. They also realized high densities through vertical expansion of space in order to adjust to changing urban structure under execution of urban planning in cities of colonial area and rapid urbanization. Even though residence of Chinese in Southeast Asia was influenced by new political, social, economic and cultural rules of European colonies in Southeast Asia, it has continuously succeeded to the cultural tradition of China, their home country, in terms of planning principle which puts air well in the middle and hierarchial spacial construction method. Appearance of the open connected verandah, designed by Stamford Raffles, the founder of Singapore, can be regarded as one of the architectural characters. Hence, Chinese residence in cities of Southeast Asia can be understood as a new regional architectural culture in the context of European countries' urban planning and urbanization of colonial areas, Immigrants from southern China and their role, their adjustment to urban areas by utilizing mixed type houses of residence and business, cultural tradition of Chinese home country.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.148-158
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• 2000

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the back shape of school children using the phase-shifting scanning grating projection moire interferometer, which was developed by the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology and is useful in evaluating three dimensional back shape. Methods : In this study the subjects consisted of 1,358 pupils [711 boys(52.36%), 647 girls(47.64%)] attending elementary and middle schools in Seoul. Their ages ranged from nine to fifteen and the average age was 12.2. With the phase-shifting scanning grating projection moire interferometer, the posterior view of the body were taken to see if there are correlations of moire fringe number, width difference between left and right, and correlation between differences in moire fringe number and width on both sides in the scapular, lumbar and gluteal regions. Results : The results were as follows : I. More frequent findings of fringe were observed on the right in all regions : in the scapular region, 309 boys(43.4%) and 156 girls(24.2%) had more fringe numbers on the right side; in the lumbar region, 68 boys(9.5%) and 11 girls(1.7%); and in the gluteal region, 160 boys(22.4%) and 63 girls(9.8%). Such tendency was striking especially in the scapular and lumbar regions, and in boys rather than in girls. In the scapula, 661 subjects(48.7%) with one moire fringe on either side need further attention and 110 subjects(8.I %) with two or more are required to do follow-up radiography for scoliosis. 2. In an analysis of width difference in the trunk, the left side is wider in all regions except for the gluteal region in boys : in the scapular region 21 boys(3.0%) and 103 girls(15.9%); in the lumbar region, 87 boys(12.2%) and 250 girls(38.6%); and in the gluteal region 197 girls(30.4%) had a wider left side and 45 boys(6.3%) showed a wider right side. 3. In correlation analysis of the number of moire fringe and width difference in each region, the side where more moire fringes were observed was significantly wider in the lumbar and gluteal regions, but not in the scapular region.(p<0.01) Conclusions : From these results, it is concluded that the back shape of elementary and middle school students in Seoul shows that the right side had more moire fringes; the left side was wider; and especially in the lumbar and gluteal regions the side where more moire fringes were observed was wider.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.152-159
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• 1996

Experiment was performed in a newly developed wind tunnel with light system to determine the aerodynamic resistance and eddy diffusivity above the plug stand under artificial light. Maximum air temperature appeared near the top of the plug stand under artificial light. Since Richardson number was ranged from -0.07 to +0.01, the atmosphere above the plug stand in wind tunnel was in an unstable or near- neutral stability state. The average aerodynamic resistance at rear region of plug stand was 25 % higher than that at middle region. Eddy diffusivity($K_{M}$) linearly increased with the increasing air current speed. $K_{M}$ at air current speed of 0.9 m.$s^{-1}$ was about two times as many as that at air current speed of 0.3 m.$s^{-1}$. And average $K_{M}$ at the rear region was 15% lower than that at the middle region. These results indicated that the diffusion of heat and mass along the direction of air current inside the plug stand was different. It might cause the lack of uniformity in the growth and quality of plug seedlings. The wind tunnel developed in this study would be useful to investigate the effects of air current speed on microclimates and the growth of plug seedlings under artificial light in a semi- closed ecosystem.

• JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL WORLD
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• no.1 s.85
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• pp.51-55
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• 1984

• SUVANNABHUMI
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.27-56
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• 2015

How should we conceptualize regions? What is the context in which new approaches to regional study take place? What is the role of historical change in the reconceptualization of regions or areas? This article addresses this issue by using two case studies to shed light on the history of regional study by comparing some of the ways in which the Middle East and Southeast Asia have been conceptualized. Accordingly, the discussion traces the ways in which these areas were understood in the 19th century by highlighting the ideas of a number of influential Victorian thinkers. The Victorians are useful because not only did British thinkers play critical roles in the shaping of modern patterns of knowledge, but their empire was global in scope, encompassing parts of both Southeast Asia and the Middle East. However, the Victorians regarded these places quite differently: Southeast Asia was frequently described as "Further India" and the Middle East was the home of the Ottoman Empire. Both of these places were at least partly understood in relation to the needs of British policy-makers, who tended to focus most of their efforts according to the needs of India-which was their most important colonial possession. The article exhibits the connections between the "Eastern Question" and end of the Ottoman Empire (and the political developments which followed) led to the creation of the concept of "Middle East". With respect to Southeast Asia, attention will be devoted to the works of Alfred Russell Wallace, Hugh Clifford, and others to see how "further India" was understood in the 19th century. In addition, it is clear that the successful deployment of the term "Southeast Asia" reflected the political needs of policy makers in wake of decolonization and the Cold War. Finally, by showing the constructive nature of regions, the article suggests one possible new path for students of Southeast Asia. If the characterization of the region is marked by arbitrary factors, it may actually point to a useful avenue of enquiry, a hermeneutic of expedience. Emphasis on the adaptive and integrative features of lived realities in Southeast Asia may well be a step beyond both the agendas of "colonial knowledge" and anti-colonial nationalism.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.161-172
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• 1992

The agronomic performance of four introduced corn(Zea mays L.) hybrids and a domestic hybrid Suwon 19(control) was compared for silage production in the Middle Northwestern Coast(MNWC). Middle Southwestern Coast(MSWC) and Middle Northern Inland(MN1) regions of Korea, 1988 to 19 90. In the MNWC region, DK713 and P3144W were recorded as more resistant corn hybrids to rice black streaked dwarf virus(RBSDV) than other hybrids. P3144W, P3352 and DK689 hybrids produced higher dry matter(DM) and total digestible nutrient(TDN) than the control hybrid Suwon 19 and DK 713. In the MSWC region, P3144W and DK689 tended to yield more DM and TDN than other hybrids and a severe infection of RBSDV was observed during 3 years of experiment. In the MNI region, P3144W and P3352 corn hybrids showed higher ear and dry matter percentage and gave the highest DM and TDN yield compared with other hybrids. The RBSDV infection of the hybrids in the MNI region was moderate level compared with the two regions, but rate of stay green was the lowest. In the three regions, the control hybrid Suwon 19 gave the highest RBSDV infection, followed by P 3352, DK689, and P3144W, while DK713 was the lowest. P3144W and P3352 hybrids gave higher DM and ear percentages than all other hybrids at harvest. During 3 years of experiment, it was found that there were regional and year differences in RBSDV infection, forage DM yield, DM percentage and ear ratio to total DM yield of the corn hybrids.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.125-133
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• 2022

This study attempted to find out whether learning time has a mediating effect according to the gender, region, and grade of middle school students in the relationship between academic engagement and self-esteem. To this end, a survey of 1,045 middle school students in Gyeongsangnam-do was conducted on academic engagement, learning time, and self-esteem. Difference verification was conducted to determine the difference in academic engagement, learning time, and self-esteem according to the general characteristics of the study subjects, correlation analysis was conducted to determine the correlation between major variables, and regression analysis was conducted to verify the mediating effect of learning time. As a result of the analysis, first, there was no difference in the academic engagement of middle school students by group. In the learning time, middle school students in the city area were significantly higher than those in the township area, male students had higher self-esteem than female students, and students in the city area had significantly higher self-esteem as the grade went up. Second, as a result of correlation analysis, learning time, academic engagement, and self-esteem showed a positive correlation. Third, in the entire group not divided by group, both the direct path through which academic engagement reaches self-esteem and the partial mediating model from learning time to self-esteem showed significant effects. In the analysis by gender, only female students excluding male students showed a partial mediating effect, and the analysis results by region showed a partial mediating effect only on students in the city. The analysis results by grade showed a partial mediating effect only for second-year middle school students. In order to improve the self-esteem of middle school students, education and counseling should be conducted in consideration of not only individual differences by gender and grade, but also the region in which they live.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.36 no.10
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• pp.1-22
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to analyze the state of the living arrangement plan, the housing plan, and economic plan for elderly's life and contributing factors to their life plan. The sample in this study consisted of 713 middle-aged and aged couple living in Korea. Statistics employed for the analysis were frequencies, means, x2 test, logit analysis and multiple regression. The results could be summarized as follows. The middle-aged and aged couple were planning to live independently in their elderly life. The husband's age, religion, living area, total income, total asset, home owenership had significant effects on the living arrangement of the middle-aged and aged. They had a plan to live in single detached house in their elderly life. And husband's age, educational attaintment, job, and living region were affecting the housing type in their elder life. The middle-aged and aged people had a economic plan that they estimated 970,000 won as living cost in their elderly life. And the factors affecting living costs were husband's educational attaintment, job, and total asset.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.87-94
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• 2007

This study used POM (Princeton ocean model) improved for applying to coastal area in order to predict the distribution of thermal waste water. This model was applied to the coastal circulation and the effect of thermal waste water of Cheonsu-Bay. So this study compared the discharge of thermal waste water with each layer and section. The tidal current was about 1.5 m/sec at surface level and 0.9 m/sec on bottom level at flood tide; tidal current was about 1.3 m/sec on surface level and 0.8 m/sec on bottom level at ebb tide. The method discharging the thermal waste water in the nearshore region (case 1) accelerates the diffusion of the thermal waste water in the north-south direction(longshore direction). However, the method discharge the thermal waster water in the offshore region (case 2) reduced the diffusion of the thermal waste water over the coastal region. According th the diffusion region of the thermal waste water with case 1 and case 2 at three different layers (surface, middle, bottom), the diffusion region by case 1 discharge method generally influenced wider region (twice) than the one by case 2 discharge method with lower temperature between $1^{\circ}C\;and\;2^{\circ}C$, whereas the case 2 discharge method influenced the deeper region (middle and botton layers) with higher change of the water temperature ($1{\sim}3^{\circ}C$).

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.58 no.8
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• pp.476-485
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to analyze the color distribution of the maxillary primary central and lateral incisors using a dental spectrophotometer. Color measurements of maxillary primary central and lateral incisors of 32 pediatric patients aged 2 to 6 years were performed using SpectroShade Handy Dental Type 713000 (Serial No. HDL2678, MHT, Verona, Italy) by one researcher in the same clinic. CIE L*, a*, b* values of total surfaces and cervical, middle, incisal region were recorded. L* values were higher and a* values were lower in the primary central incisors than those in primary lateral incisors, but b* values didn't show statistical difference. L* values of the middle region were the highest, and a* and b* values decreased from the cervical region to the incisal region. There were significant color differences between each region, and ΔE*_ab between each region were greater than ΔE*_ab between the primary central and lateral incisors. For esthetic restorations of primary incisors, it is necessary to consider the color differences between each region rather than those between the primary central and lateral incisors.