• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.181-187
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to examine empirically the short- and long-run determinants of entrepreneurial activity in a sample of 15 the Middle East and North African economies between 2006 and 2018. More specifically, four groups of determinants are considered in the analysis, namely economic, demographic, business environment, and institutional. Given the autoregressive feature of the entrepreneurial activity process, a dynamic panel data model is estimated using the system GMM estimator. Findings reveal that unemployment, trade openness, population density, and economic freedom are the main drivers of new business creation in the short-run, while the cost and number of procedures to start a new business negatively affect entrepreneurship. In the long-run, the same findings hold true. Moreover, education and political stability and the absence of violence/terrorism positively affect entrepreneurial activity. Policy recommendations are accordingly designed.

• Maritime Security
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.93-117
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• 2020

Four cargo ships were ambushed by bombs in 2019 while navigating in the Strait of Hormuz. It was not clear who attacked those ships, however, many nations including the United States argued that it was Iran due to several reasons. The United States established the maritime collective defense system named International Maritime Security Construct (IMSC) in order to protect the maritime security in the Strait of Hormuz, without disclosure against whom it is aimed. Persian, who uses the Persian language unlike other countries in the Middle East, is the major ethnic group in Iran, and most of them believe Shi'ah Islam while most of the Arabs in the Gulf countries adhere to Sunni Islam. It seems that historic and religious motives caused the bipolar system in the Middle East, however, it is plausible to analyze the system of international affairs in the Middle East via defensive or structural realism. Iran has attempted to maintain its hegemony in the region by supporting Shi'ah muslims in the neighboring countries as well as in the world by using military and economic means. In this context, Iran's maritime strategy is to maintain its maritime hegemony on the Persian Gulf via countering threats and cooperating with friendly navies by using the Islamic Republic of Iran Navy(IRIN) and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Navy(IRGCN). IRIN acts like other navies in the world: protecting national interest at sea, expending its operational areas to the outer seas, and enhancing cooperation with other navies. Meanwhile, IRGCN plays a role as an asymmetric force at sea. It is composed of small and fast asymmetric assets, which can ambush ships fast and furious. Considering the poor study for Iran's maritime strategy in Korea, analyzing the strategy is meaningful for the Republic of Korea Navy, which has operated the Cheonghae Unit for more than ten years since it has extended its operational area over the Strait of Hormuz. In order not to be drawn into the conflict in the Strait, research on the maritime strategy of Iran and other countries in the Middle East should be started.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.309-317
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• 2024

The conflict between Iran and Israel has been a major source of instability and security threats in the Middle East. This study analyzes the historical background and modern aspects of the Israel-Iran conflict, examining its root causes, nuclear issues, proxy wars, cyber warfare, economic sanctions, and the role of the United States. The research employs qualitative methods, including literature review and case analysis, using various sources such as academic papers, government reports, and media articles. The findings suggest that the conflict is deeply rooted in historical, religious, and political factors, and has escalated since the 1979 Iranian Revolution. The study highlights the need for dialogue, negotiation, and international mediation to resolve the conflict and maintain regional stability. The Israel-Iran conflict also provides valuable lessons for addressing the North Korean nuclear issue, emphasizing the importance of dialogue, international cooperation, and confidence-building measures.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.121-126
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• 2024

Israel craves peace and freedom. Israel has won many wars and conflicts militarily. They have developed strategic thinking based on the data, unique culture, and peacetime preparation system accumulated so far, and the strategic culture based on it contributes to fostering elite strong forces by presenting directions to security strategies.The strategic culture formed by Israeli beliefs, behavioral patterns, and identity influenced strategic thinking and the usefulness of security strategies. The purpose of this study is to redefine the concept of strategic culture by referring to the methodological discussion of strategic culture theory and to examine how useful strategic culture has provided strategic thinking and security strategies. In addition, based on the impact of Israel's strategic culture on security strategy, I would like to present implications for Korea's security strategy.

• SUVANNABHUMI
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.91-128
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• 2023

In recent decades, Indonesia and the Middle Eastern countries have increased and expanded their political, security, economic, and socio-cultural ties. Qatar is one of the Middle Eastern countries which have fortified ties with Indonesia. This article aims to analyze the nature and scope of Indonesia-Qatar relations through the five-dimensional framework developed by George Eberling, which consists of political-diplomatic, economic-trade, military-security, cultural, and petroleum-energy relations (Eberling 2017). Despite being significantly distinct in history, demography, geographic size, and location, Jakarta and Doha have been provided opportunities to expand their cooperation on multifaceted dimensions by way of common economic, geopolitical, and cultural interests. Throughout the paper, the primary drivers of the cooperation are also discussed, alongside its future prospects.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.204-214
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• 2022

Speedy development has been witnessed in communication technologies and the adoption of the Internet across the world. Information dissemination is the primary goal of these technologies. One of the rapidly developing nations in the Middle East is Saudi Arabia, where the use of communication technologies, including mobile and Internet, has drastically risen in recent times. These advancements are relatively new to the region when contrasted to developed nations. Thus, offenses arising from the adoption of these technologies may be new to Saudi Arabians. This study examines cyber security awareness among Saudi Arabian citizens in distinct settings. A comparison is made between the cybersecurity policy guidelines adopted in Saudi Arabia and three other nations. This review will explore distinct essential elements and approaches to mitigating cybercrimes in the United States, Singapore, and India. Following an analysis of the current cybersecurity framework in Saudi Arabia, suggestions for improvement are determined from the overall findings. A key objective is enhancing the nationwide focus on efficient safety and security systems. While the participants display a clear knowledge of IT, the surveyed literature shows limited awareness of the risks related to cyber security practices and the role of government in promoting data safety across the Internet. As the findings indicate, proper frameworks regarding cyber security need to be considered to ensure that associated threats are mitigated as Saudi Arabia aspires to become an efficient smart nation.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.10
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• pp.409-441
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• 2005

During reformation of the world order in the 21st century, the terrorism has been showing up as a new value and rising up as core element of determining human being's quality of lives. The middle east's terrorism is leading the international terrorism and it is originated from the religious ideology which has formed for centuries and struggles for regional influence. This is the conflict aspect coming from the opposition of religious ideologies and cultural dislocations. It concludes as confrontation between the terrorism of Islam fundamentalism and western christianity that America is leading after the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001. There is little prospect for an improvement of their relationship. The Terrorism supported by government might be eradicated by America's drastic anti-terrorism policy. However, it will be serious and spread all over the world that the terrorist attacks against America and western countries is acted by militant warriors of Islamic fundamentalism, uniting Arab and Islamic peoples' emotions against America. Terrorism is urgent menace to Korea and it is needed to take measures to cope with it considering their religion and people throughly.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.52
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• pp.145-162
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• 2017

In 2005, the Republic of Korea suffered from the outbreak of MERS(Middle East respiratory syndrome), leaving 186 infectees and 38 casualties. Responding to this crisis, Korean government revealed many problems in emergency management policies and was widely criticized. A similar case in emergency management and infectious disease control is the 1999 outbreak of West Nile Virus(WNV) outbreak in the United States. During this period, the state of Oregon effectively responded to WNV through collaboration between state and local government, being considered as a model case of emergency management. This article aims to find insights in emergency management and infectious disease control by analyzing and comparing the responses of Korean MERS outbreak and Oregon's WNV outbreak focusing on interorganizational collaboration. Insights found in this study include the role of control tower, the importance of information sharing and disclosure, the role of existing systems and social networks, and sustainable intergovernmental collaboration.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.37
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• pp.83-108
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• 2013

Since the end of the Cold War and rapid globalization and technical developments, terrorist groups actively involved in criminal activities. Also criminal entrepreneurs became a major financial revenue for these terrorists groups. This newly patternized activities among terrorist groups is now called as Crime-Terror Nexus" indicating the changing nature of terrorism, which means two traditionally separate phenomena, crime and terrorism, became more similar. This new pattern of terrorism is considered to create synergy for the criminal organizations and terrorist groups, scholars believe that it would become a significant threat to the security of world community in the near future. Although the phenomenon of this crime-terror nexus is significant and imminent threats, there is lack of studies investigation this new evolution of terrorism with empirical data. Moreover there is literally no studies exploring factors relevant to the Crime-Terror Nexus. Therefore, this current study aims to conduct explorative investigation of factors affecting the "Crime-Terror Nexus" with a world terrorism data, MAROB(the Minorities at Risk Organizational Behavior), which is developed by START and Minority at Risk project and contains information terrorist groups in Middle-East and Africa region. Considering the significance of this new terrorism patterns and the challenging nature of conducting empirical studies on this topic, this study has great contribution on the development in the field of criminal justice as well as terrorism.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.71-84
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• 2021

Restoration of DMZ has come up with the discussion on the peaceful use of the DMZ and the conservation plan of the army. In this study, we aim to identify soil characteristics of 108 sites to figure out environmental conditions around the iron fence of DMZ where vegetation has been removed repeatedly. Based on the soil characteristics and climate variables, hierarchy clustering was performed to categorize sites. As a result, we categorized 108 sites into 4 types: middle elevation region, lowland, East coast lowland, other areas. Group of 'other area' is only high in nutrient and clay proportion. Others are in igneous rock and metamorphic rocks with a high proportion of sand and lower nutrients than the optimum range of growth in Korean forest soil. The middle elevation region has a high altitude, low temperature. The east coast lowland has a high temperature in January and low precipitation. The lowland has a low altitude and high temperature. This category provides the environmental condition around the DMZ fence and can be used to select plants for restoration. The restoration project around the DMZ iron fence should satisfy the security of military plans, which means that functional restoration is prior to ecological restoration such as vegetation management under a power line. Additionally, improvement of soil quality and surface stability through restoration projects is required to enhance the resilience of the ecosystem in DMZ.