• 복식문화연구
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.670-686
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• 2010

This study aims at clarifying the action types of skin management which is base on age, marriage or not, family composition, school career, and income which are demographic variables centering around the lifestyle of middleaged and old age women. As for study method, this researcher executed literature study and questionnaire on adult women over 45 years old who dwell in Seoul and Kyounggi area. Survey period was Mar. 1, 2009 to Jun. 30. And, after distributing 1,000 copies of questionnaire, this researcher used effective 869 copies of questionnaire for analysis out of collected questionnaire, 895 copies. As for analysis method, this researcher executed DUNCAN test with factor analysis, reliability analysis, manin component analysis, K-average, multitude analysis, dispersion analysis and post verification by using SPSS 12.0 program. As for demographic feature for middle aged and old age women, 50~59 years old women were most by age as 302 persons(33.7%). It is emerging that spouse existence is very high as 674 persons(75.3%) in the answer for marriage or not, couple family to live with unmarried children is very high as 483 persons(54.0%) in the answer for family composition, leaving high school in mid-course or gradation of high school are very high as 356 persons(39.8%) in the answer for school career, income from 3 million Won under 4 million won is very high as 260 persons(29.1%) in the answer for monthly income of family members, and women to use under 50 thousand won is very high as 510 persons(57.0%) in the monthly average expense to be used for skin management. In this study, this researcher extracted total 5 factors (economic saving, displaying consumption, confidence inclination, centering around family, and leisure application) by executing factor analysis with 12 question items of lifestyle so as to grasp factor structure of lifestyle of middleaged and old age people, and whole explanatory variable quantity was 70.9%. This researcher named as economic saving type, diplaying consumption style, and type centering around leisure and family, after making multitude analysis about 5 factors analyzed by measuring lifestyle feature. As the result of structure analysis of question items of skin management(pursuit of skin management, life of skin management, and inclination of skin management), this researcher extracted total 3 factors, and whole explanatory variable quantity was 71.30%. Thus, it emerged that there is significant difference among groups.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권8호
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• pp.3983-3988
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• 2016

Background: Cervical cancer though preventable is still the leading cause of cancer death among women secondary to breast cancer. Persistent infection with HPV has been causally linked to the disease. A school based HPV vaccination program was introduced in late 2010 in Malaysia and nurse support is essential for its success. Objectives: To determine nurses knowledge and attitudes about HPV infection and its vaccines, and factors associated with their knowledge. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among nurses working at primary health clinics in Kelantan from mid-June till the end of July 2014. Its involved 330 nurses selected through multistage random sampling. A validated self-administered questionnaire consisting of 11 items for the knowledge domain and eight items for the attitude domain was used. Results: The response rate of the study was 93.7%. The mean knowledge and mean attitude (SD) scores were 5.37 (1.76) and 29.8 (3.51) respectively. Only 24% knew that HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection and 67% correctly answered that Gardasil vaccine can protect against four types of HPV. Nearly 60% of participants wrongly answered that HPV vaccines cannot be offered to sexually active women. Likewise, 70.9% participants were not aware that HPV vaccine may be appropriate for females aged 9 through 26 years. Though 90% of participants believed that the vaccine is safe, nearly half of them were unsure about efficacy. From multiple linear regression analysis, among the factors tested only participant's level of education showed a statistically significant association with the HPV knowledge score (p <0.001). Conclusions: This study indicates nurses have favorable attitudes towards HPV vaccination; however they have significant knowledge deficit and major misunderstanding in critical knowledge items. Among the factors tested, nursing qualification is the only factor that is significantly associated with the nurses knowledge score.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권7호
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• pp.3105-3112
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• 2014

Purpose: To examine breast cancer (BC) incidence trends in relation to mammographic screening and risk factor prevalence in South Australia (SA). Materials and Methods: Trends in annual BC incidence rates were calculated using direct standardisation and compared with projected incidence derived from Poisson regression analysis of pre-screening rates. Annual percentage change and change time points were estimated using Joinpoint software. Biennial mammography screening participation rates were calculated using data from BreastScreen SA. Trends in overweight/obesity, alcohol use and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use were examined using 1991-2009 Health Omnibus Survey data. Trends in total fertility were examined using data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Results: BC incidence increased around the time BreastScreen commenced and then stabilised in the mid-1990s. However rates have remained higher than projected, even though the proportion and age distribution of first time screening attendees stabilised around 1998. A decrease in BC incidence was observed among women aged 50-59yrs from the late-1990's but not among older women. Obesity and alcohol use have increased steadily in all age groups, while HRT use declined sharply from the late-1990s. Conclusions: BC incidence has remained higher than projected since mammography screening began. The sustained elevation is likely to be due to lead time effects, though over-diagnosis cannot be excluded. Declining HRT use has also impacted incidence trends. Implications: Studies using individual level data, which can account for changes in risk factor prevalence and lead time effects, are required to evaluate 'over-diagnosis' due to screening.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.228-240
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the dietary and other factors affecting bone mineral density (BMD) in older Korean women. A total of 340 women aged 65 to 74 were recruited from the Kugoksoondam area (Kurye, Goksung, Soonchang and Damyang counties), known as the longevity-belt region in Jeonla province, Korea. They were categorized into two groups according to bone status by T-score : a nonosteoporotic group and an osteoporotic group. Demographic characteristics were collected, as well as information on physical measurements, blood tests for biochemical indicators, health status health-related life style, dietary behavior, favorite food groups, nutrient intake and mini nutrition assessment (MNA). The results are as follows: The mean age of 185 nonosteoporotic women was 69.6 years and that of 155 osteoporotic women was 70.9 years (p<0.001). The mean T-score of the nonosteoporotic group was $-1.5mg/cm^3$ and that of theosteoporotic group was $-3.2mg/cm^3$ (p<0.001). Height and body weight in the nonosteoporotic group were significantly higher than in the osteoporotic group (p<0.001, respectively). There was no significant difference in BMI, although the BMI in the nonosteoporotic group was slightly higher. Waist and hip circumferences in the nonosteoporotic group were significantly higher than in the osteoporotic group (p<0.01, respectively), and the mid upper arm and calf circumferences were also significantly higher than in the osteoporotic group (p<0.001, p<0.01, respectively). The 5 m walking ability was significantly superior compared to the osteoporotic group. Serum levels did not show any significant differences between the groups and were within normal range. The serum total protein, albumin and Insulin-like growth factor (IGFs) levels of the nonosteoporotic group were significantly higher than those of the osteoporotic group (p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.001, respectively). IGF was 104.7 ng/mL for the nonosteoporotic group and 88.1 ng/mL for the osteoporotic group. Physical activity and appetite in the nonosteoporotic group were significantly higher (p<0.01, p<0.05, respectively). The favorite food groups of the nonosteoporotic group comprised more meats and fish than those of the osteoporotic group (p<0.05, respectively). Nutrient intake was not significantly different, with the exception of niacin intake (p<0.05), but the nutrient intake of the nonosteoporotic group was slightly higher than that of the osteoporotic group. The niacin intake of the nonosteoporotic group and the osteoporotic group were 11.4 mgNE and 10.0 mgNE, corresponding to 103.6% and 90.9% of the Korean EAR, respectively. The MNA score of the nonosteoporotic group was significantly more favorable than for the osteoporotic group. In conclusion, it is necessary to maintain adequate body weight and muscle mass. Habitual physical activity may have a beneficial effect on BMD for older women. Dietary factors, such as meat and fish, higher intake of niacin rich foods and nutrient status for older women also appear to have favorable effects on bone mineral density.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.187-197
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was carried out to determine nutritional status of elderly patients in a long-term care hospital according to meal type and eating ability. Methods: Subjects were 47 female patients aged over 65 ($79.3{\pm}7.1$ years) who resided in a long-term care hospital in Seoul. Thirty seven patients who ate diet orally were grouped according to meal type (27 general diet and 10 soft diet) and eating ability (26 eating by oneself and 11 eaten with help) and 10 were on tube feeding. Nutritional status was determined by food consumption and mid-arm circumference. Results: The mean adequacy ratios (MARs) of 12 nutrients (protein, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, vitamin $B_6$, niacin, folic acid, vitamin C) were 0.687 for general diet, 0.565 for soft diet, 0.680 for eating by oneself and 0.677 for eaten with help, which were significantly lower than 0.982 for tube feeding (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). The patients on tube feeding had significantly lower % arm circumference compared to those who ate general diet (84.0% vs. 95.4%, respectively, p < 0.05). Nutrients intakes, nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) and index of nutritional quality (INQ) were not different between meal types as well as eating ability. The most insufficiently consumed nutrients by the patients on diet were folic acid, vitamin $B_2$, and calcium (NAR 0.334~0.453, 0.515~ 0.539, and 0.516~0.533, respectively). Conclusions: The results suggested that regardless of meal type or eating ability, the subjects who were on diets in this study might have inadequate intake of folic acid as well as vitamin $B_2$, and calcium, which need to be reflected on menu planning. The measurement of mid-arm circumference presented more risk of malnutrition of patients on tube feeding than those on diets, despite apparently better nutrient consumption.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제25권
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• pp.775-798
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• 2011

From Post-Modern Edo-language of Japan, it is possible to find expression formats related to current Tokyo language. However, in some cases, Tokyo language and Edo-language has the same format but different usage. One example is the ending portion of a sentence. This research investigates conclusive expressions of Edo-language in literary works excluding the usage of "ダ". Various formats of conclusive expressions appear in a conversation, and the usage is closely related to the speaker's sex, age, and social status. Also from the study, it was possible to see that the social relationship between a speaker and a listener and a conversation circumstance has an effect on the usage of conclusive expressions. In addition, usage does not conform to the current standard Japanese. 1. Currently "である(dearu)" format is seldom used in speaking, it is used with "だ" only in writing. The study found no case of "である(dearu)" in conclusive expressions but some use of "であろうて(dearoute) であらうな(dearouna)" "であったのう(deattanou) であったよ(deattayo)" only in old aged male. 2. "であります(dearimasu)" format is a typical Edo-language used by society-women (Japanese hostess who has a good education and an elegant speaking skills). This format was used once in "浮世風呂"(ukiyoburo) and 14 times in "梅?"(umegoyomi), but speakers were always a female. The reason for 14 occurrences in "梅?" is closely related to the fact that the main characters are society-women and genre is "人情本(ninjoubourn)" which is popular type of cultural literature (based on humanity and romance) in late Edo period. 3. "でござる" format is originally used as a respect-language but later changed to a polite language. The format is always used by male. It is a male language used by old aged people with a genteel manner such as a medical doctor, a retired man, or a funny-song writer. 4. "ございます(gozaimasu) ごぜへます(gozeemasu)" The study found the speaker's social status has a connection with the use of "ごぜへます(gozeemasu)" format. Which is "ございます(gozaimasu)" format but instead of [ai], long vowel [eː] is used. "ごぜへます(gozeemasu)" is more used by a female than a male and only used by young and mid-to-low class people. The format has a tough nuance and less elegant feel, therefore high class and/or educated ladies have a clear tendency to avoiding it

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.536-545
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate osteopenia and osteoporosis prevalence of radius and tibia using Quantitative Ultrasound (QUS) and to identify affecting factors of osteoporosis. A total of 4,340 women aged 40 - 69 years, living in Ansung (rural) and Ansan (mid-sized) area, and free of illnesses affecting bone metabolism participated in the community-based cohort study. Among them 4,059 subjects measured radius bone density and 4,089 measured tibia. The T-score threshold, defined as < -1.0 and $\le$-2.5, was used to identify subjects with osteopenia and osteoporosis by WHO criteria. The crude prevalence of osteoporosis in radius and tibia was $8.4\%$ and $23.3\%$ respectively; after adjustment for age, it changed $6.3\%$ and $18.8\%$. In simple logistic regression analysis, the prevalence of osteoporosis increased by aging, non-marital status, low education, low income. Otherwise, high intakes of Ca/P, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6, and vitamin E were decreased osteoporosis prevalence. Compared to the normal BMI (body mass index) group 08.5 $\le$ BMI < 23), the odds ratio (ORs) of the low BMI group (BMI < 18.5), and high BMI groups (BMl25-30, BMI $\ge$ 30) were significantly increased. The OR of osteoporosis decreased across increasing quartiles of intakes of Ca, P and Ca/P. Therefore, maintaining normal BMI and increasing Ca intake and Ca/P ratio may have a beneficial effect on bone health of Korean women.

• 산업노동연구
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.129-164
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• 2017

이 글은 근로시간이 주당 15시간 미만에 불과한 초단시간 노동시장의 성장에 주목하여, 어떤 집단에서 초단시간 근로가 증가하고 있고 이들의 노동 상황은 어떠한지 분석한 탐색적인 연구이다. 초단시간 근로는 저학력 고령층 여성, 특히 사별 또는 이혼한 여성을 중심으로 증가하고 있었다. 따라서 초단시간 근로의 증가는 여성의 일-가정 양립이나 경력단절에 초점을 둔 정부의 시간제 근로 장려 정책의 결과가 아니었다. 오히려 배우자가 있는 여성도 육아나 가사의 이유보다 원하는 일자리가 없거나 생활비가 필요해서 초단시간 근로를 하는 경우가 더 많았다. 초단시간 근로란 일-가정 양립을 원하는 여성이 노동시간의 이점을 보고 선택하는 고용형태가 아닌 것이다. 초단시간 노동시장은 사회서비스업을 중심으로 증가하고 있으며, 저임금에 사회보험과 부가급여도 기대할 수 없는 열악한 특성을 띠고 있었다. 노동 수요와 공급, 정부와 제도 측면에서 볼 때, 초단시간 근로의 증가 현상은 급증하는 사회서비스의 수요를 민간에 넘긴 정부, 30인 미만 영세 사회서비스업 중심의 초단시간 고용, 주당 15시간 미만 근로에 대한 법적 보호를 배제한 미비한 법제도, 그리고 생계가 급급한 노동공급자라는 복합적인 요인이 작용한 결과였다. 사별 또는 이혼 상태인 저학력 고령층 여성은 경제적 동기는 강한 반면 시장에는 가장 취약한 집단이라 할 수 있다. 이들의 저임금 노동으로 초단시간 노동시장이 존재 할 수 있었지만, 고용의 질이 낮은 만큼 이들은 근로빈곤의 함정에 빠져있을 가능성이 높다. 노인빈곤율이 높은 현실과 호출근로같이 열악한 근로조건의 초단시간 노동시장을 감안할 때, 정부의 규제와 초단시간 근로자를 온전하게 보호하는 법 제도 등의 대책이 매우 시급하다.

• 한국안광학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.117-122
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• 2011

목적: 본 연구에서는 누진렌즈 처음 착용자의 적응도에 영향을 미치는 요인을 비교 분석하였다. 방법: 특별한 안질환이 없으며, 근거리 시력저하가 있는 41~78세의 노안환자로 2001년부터 2011년까지 광주광역시 A안경원에서 누진렌즈 안경을 처방받은 463명을 대상으로 하였다. 성별, 연령별, 원거리 굴절상태, 가입도, 누진렌즈 디자인, 과거 안경착용상태 및 유무, 난시종류, 굴절부등 등에 따른 적응도를 각각 분석하였다. 적응도 상을 착용 후 누진안경 재구매군으로, 적응도 중을 가끔 착용하는 군으로, 적응도 하를 착용 실패군으로 분류하였다. 결과: 남성이 여성보다 전반적인 적응도가 유의하게 높게 나타났으며(p=0.02), 노안가입도(p=0.05), 누진렌즈 디자인(p=0.02) 등이 통계적으로 유의하였다. 적응 요소 중 연령별, 원거리 굴절상태, 과거 안경착용상태 및 유무, 난시상태, 굴절부등 등은 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 결론: 본 연구 결과에 의하면 누진렌즈를 처방할 때 성별, 노안가입도, 누진렌즈 디자인 등은 적응을 위해 고려해야 할 상황으로 사료된다.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.955-965
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• 2008

This study used the method that measure the participants' responds on the experiment, and the measurement means is a survey. The primary factor plan is $5{\times}2{\times}3{\times}2$. The independent variable are neckline(5), trousers or skirt style(2), somatotype(3), culture(2), and the dependant variables are physical visual effect and the favor of clothe design. In cases of Korean, thin somatotype had better were V-neckline suit for looking shoulders wide because they have too narrow shoulders, and were pants suit than skirt suit for looking pelvis major. thin somatotype person who wants to look tall should wear china collar or tailored collar suit with pants. If she wears round neckline suit with skirt, the lower part of body and the height look tall. Pants suit with V neckline and skirt suit with china collar make standard somatotype looked having wide shoulders. Standard somatotype person with wide shoulder should avoid this style. The size of waist and pelvis was looked thick in round neckline and was looked thin in V neckline. So it will be better to find the right suit for one's weakness. Obesity had better wear V neckline to look neck slim and not wear stand and tailored collar. When obesity person wears pants suit, she is looked having slim waist than skirt suit. In case of American, thin somatotype in pants suit looks much taller than in skirt suit when she wears round neckline and stand collar suit. Standard somatotype has no difference because it is the basic shapes. Generally, it goes with all kinds of suit design. The belly and pelvis of American's obesity look fatter and bigger than Korean's obesity. The same with Korean, round neckline suit makes obesity looked belly and pelvis fat and big.