• 대한바이러스학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.275-285
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• 1998

Based on the geographic range and distribution of its rodent reservoir host, the European common vole (Microtus arvalis), Tula virus is likely to be widespread throughout Eurasia. Tula virus-infected voles have been captured in Central Russia, Austria, Czech and Slovak Republics, and the former Yugoslavia. Although serologic evidence for Hantaan (HTN) or Seoul (SEO) virus infection can be found in the vast majority of the more than 300 cases of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) occurring annually in Korea, approximately 4% of Korean patients with HFRS show a more than 4-fold higher antibody titer to Puumala (PUU) virus than to HTN or SEO virus by double-sandwich IgM ELISA, suggesting the existence of pathogenic Puumala-related hantaviruses in Korea. To further define the geographic distribution and genetic diversity of Tula virus in Eurasia and to investigate the existence of previously unrecognized Microtus-borne hantavirus in Korea, arvicolid rodents were captured in Lodz, Poland in 1995 and in Yunchon-kun, Kyungki-do during April to May, 1998. In addition, sera from 18 Korean HFRS patients who showed higher (or the same) antibody titer to Tula virus than HTN and SEO viruses were examined for hantavirus RNA by RT-PCR. Hantaviral sequences were not detected in any of the 18 patients or in 35 reed voles (Microtus fortis) in Korea. Alignment and comparison of a 208-nucleotide region of the S segment, amplified from lung tissues of two hantavirus-seropositive Marvalis captured in Poland, revealed $80.8{\sim}83.2%$ sequence similarity, respectively, with Tula virus strains from Central Russia and the Czech and Slovak Republics. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the newfound Tula virus strains from Poland were closely related to other Tula hantaviruses from Eurasia.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.241-249
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• 2004

As a part of epidemiologic investigation of tsutsugamushi disease, the wild rodents which were captured in Gyeongnam area were diagnosed with indirect immunofluorescent antibody assay (IFA) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to find if they have an antibody against Orientia tsutsugamushi. The conclusion was drawn as followings. (1) The captured 58 wild rodents showed that the subspecies distribution of Apodemus agrarius was 86.2%, Microtus fortis was 8.6% and Crocidura lasiura was 5.2%. (2) The antibody positive rate of O. tsutsugamushi Gilliam, Karp, Karto and Boryong by IFA method was 32.0% in Apodemus agrarius among 50 wild rodents and 40.0% in Microtus fortis among 5 wild rodents, respectively. It was negative in the case of all the 3 Crocidura lasiura. (3) The antibody titers on Apodemus agrarius, Microtus fortis and Crocidura lasiura against Gilliam, Karp, Karto and Boryong were measured between 1:20 and 1:640. The antibody titer against each antigen was in the order Boryong>Gilliam>Karp. (4) O. tsutsugamushi was detected from the blood, spleen and kidney from the artificially infected mice by IFA and PCR. IFA showed the positive response between 3 and 18 days after inoculation. On the other hand, positive response was found from all the samples by PCR. (5) From PCR of the genomic DNA extracted from the blood, spleen and kidney samples of the captured wild rodents, Boryong-specific amplification product with size of 210 bp, which is particular in Boryong, was detected from spleen and kidney samples, but not detected in the blood. (6) Boryong-specific amplification product was detected from spleen and kidney samples which were obtained at 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 days after the infection with Boryong. But, it wasn't detected from the uninfected samples. (7) From PCR of spleen and kidney samples of the captured wild rodents, it was found that positive rate of O. tsutsugamushi in Apodemus agrarius and Microtus fortis were 25.0% (4/16) and 20.0% (1/5), respectively. From the above results, it can be concluded that Apodemus agrarius resided in Gyeongnam area carried O. tsutsugamushi and PCR method might be a simple, precise, rapid and useful diagnostic tool than IFA for the diagnosis of O. tsutsugamushi.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.101-112
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• 1976

등줄쥐(Striped field mouse, Apodemus agrarius coreae Thoma)의 염색체수는 2n=48이다. 핵형은 상염색체가 형태적으로 명백히 3군으로 나누어 지는데, 1쌍의 가장 큰 제 1번차단부가 염색체군, 4쌍의 작은 중부 내지 차중부 염색체군과 18쌍의 아크로 센트릭 염색체군이다. 제 1번 염색체군을 제외한 다른 염색체군들에서의 상동염색체 구별은 크기가 점차적인 차이를 보이기 때문에 쉽지 않다. X염색체는 제 3번 염색체와 크기의 것이며 Y염색체는 작은 아크로센트릭 염색체와 차이를 나타내어서 새로운 형임이 밝혀졌다. 본 종의 집단내 또는 집단간 염색체 多形現象은 없었다. 갈밭쥐(Manchurian red vole, Microtus fortis pelliceus Thomas)의 염색체수는 2n=52이다. 핵형은 상염색체가 역시 3군으로 나누어 지는데, 5쌍의 중부내지 차중부 염색체군, 2쌍의 차단부 염색체군과 18쌍의 아크로센트릭 염색군이다. 아크로센트릭 염색체군에서의 상동염색체 구별은 점차적인 차이를 보이기 때문에 역시 어렵다. X염색체는 가장 큰 중부 염색체임으로 쉽게 구별이 되나 Y는 작은 아크로센트릭 염색체중 하나가 아닌가 생각된다. 또한 본 종은 아크로센트릭 염색체군중에 서로 다른 크기의 2차 응축현상을 보이는 상동염색체들이 2쌍 있음이 밝혀졌다. 본 연구를 통해서 본 종의 핵형은 쏘련산 M. fortis 아종의 핵형과 같지 않음이 밝혀졌는데, 쏘련산 M. fortis의 핵형은 상염색체가 5쌍의 중부 염색체군, 1쌍의 차중부염색체군과 19쌍의 아크로센트릭 염색체군으로 되어있으며, X는 비교적 큰 아크로센트릭이고, Y는 보다 작은 아크로센트릭 염색체이다. 본 종의 한국내에서의 염색체 다형현상 및 성염색체의 대형화현상은 없었다. 비단털쥐(Korean giant hamster, Cricetulus trition nestor Thomas)의 염색체수는 2n=28이며, 염색체의 크기는 위의 2종 보다 커서 $7.5\\mu - 1.5\\mu$이다. 핵형은 상염색체가 아주 뚜렷한 2군으로 나뉘어 지는데, 11쌍의 큰 아크로센트릭 염색체군과 2쌍의 아주 작은 중부 염색체군이다. X염색체는 비교적 큰 차단부 염색체로서 쉽게 구별이 된다. 본 실험에서 숫컷을 재료로 상요하지 못했기 때문에 Y염색체는 판정할 수가 없었다. 또한 본 종의 핵형은 쏘련산 Tscherskia triton 의 핵형과 동일하다. 따라서 Cricetulus 속과 Tscherskia속과의 분류에 있어서 동일함이 핵형으로도 증명된 셈이다. 본 종의 염색체수는 다른 햄스터류보다 많으나, 아주 작은 2쌍의 중부 염색체군이 있음이 특이하며, 한국산 햄스터로서의 세포유전학적 실험동물로서 이용가치가 있다고 사료된다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.181-188
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• 1991

최근 전국적으로 높은 이환률을 보이고 있는 쭈쭈가무시병에 대한 방제 대책이 시급한 현실에 반해 본 질병에 대한 연구가 거의 이루어져 있지 않기 때문에 저자들은 1989년 7월부터 1950년 9월까지 9개 지역에서 숙주동물에 대한 역학적 조사를 실시하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 모두 794개의 Sherman식 live trap을 설치하여 111마리의 들쥐로 포획하여 trapping rate가 평균 14.0%이었다. 계절별로 보면 봄, 여름, 가을에 각각 11.7%, 11.2%, 12.8%이었고 겨울에는 24.0%로 가장 높았다. 포획한 111마리 중 103마리가 등줄쥐 (Apodemus agrarius)로 92.8%를 차지하여 우점종이었고, 땃쥐 (Crocidura Zasiura)가 7마리로 6.3%이었으며. 갈밭쥐 (Microtns fortis)는 1마리가 채집되어 0.9%이었다. 들쥐의 털진드기 기생률을 보면, 등줄쥐의 경우 103마리 중 84마리로 81.6%이었고, 땃쥐의 경우 7마리 중 2마리로 28.6%이었다. Chigger index는 등줄쥐의 경우 43.0개체였고 만취는 0.9개체였다. 2. 등줄쥐 혈청의 Rickettsia tsutsugamushi 항체 양성률을 보면 평균 41.8%이었는데, 조사 지역에 따라 큰 차이가 있어 고양군 도래 5리 54.9%, 고양군 고양리 20%, 고양군 원홍 2리 28.6%, 청인군 시목리 40%이었고 고양군 행신 1리, 파주군 광탄 3리 와 예산군 덕산리에서는 모두 음성이었다. 땃쥐의 경우는 7마리 모두 음성이었다. 동일 장소에서의 등줄쥐 혈청의 R. tsutsugamushi 항체 양성률의 계절적 변동은 11월부터 3웜까지는 평균 75.8%이었는데 4일에는 30.3%로 감소하였고 5월부터 8월에 걸쳐 평균 13.3%로 크게 감소하였다. 조사한 모든 양성 혈청의 항체가를 보면 Karp, Gilliam및 Kato 주에 대해 서로 교차반응을 나타냈는데 Karp주와 Kato 주 간에 보다 강한 교차반응을 보였다. 3. 총 94마리의 등줄쥐로부터 마우스 복강접종법과 간접 면역형광법으로 R. tsutsugamushl치 분리를 시도한 바 3마리에서 분리되어 감염률은 3.2%이었다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.135-139
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• 2015

A total of 1,708 small mammals (1,617 rodents and 91 soricomorphs), including Apodemus agrarius (n = 1,400), Microtus fortis (167), Crocidura lasiura (91), Mus musculus (32), Myodes (= Eothenomys) regulus (9), Micromys minutus (6), and Tscherskia (= Cricetulus) triton (3), were live-trapped at US/Republic of Korea (ROK) military training sites near the demilitarized zone (DMZ) of Paju, Pocheon, and Yeoncheon, Gyeonggi Province from December 2004 to December 2009. Small mammals were examined for their intestinal nematodes by necropsy. A total of 1,617 rodents (100%) and 91 (100%) soricomorphs were infected with at least 1 nematode species, including Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Heligmosomoides polygyrus, Syphacia obvelata, Heterakis spumosa, Protospirura muris, Capillaria spp., Trichuris muris, Rictularia affinis, and an unidentified species. N. brasiliensis was the most common species infecting small mammals (1,060; 62.1%) followed by H. polygyrus (617; 36.1%), S. obvelata (370; 21.7%), H. spumosa (314; 18.4%), P. muris (123; 7.2%), and Capillaria spp. (59; 3.5%). Low infection rates (0.1-0.8%) were observed for T. muris, R. affinis, and an unidentified species. The number of recovered worms was highest for N. brasiliensis (21,623 worms; mean 20.4 worms/infected specimen) followed by S. obvelata (9,235; 25.0 worms), H. polygyrus (4,122; 6.7 worms), and H. spumosa (1,160; 3.7 worms). A. agrarius demonstrated the highest prevalence for N. brasiliensis (70.9%), followed by M. minutus (50.0%), T. triton (33.3%), M. fortis (28.1%), M. musculus (15.6%), C. lasiura (13.2%), and M. regulus (0%). This is the first report of nematode infections in small mammals captured near the DMZ in ROK.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.237-243
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• 2010

Comprehensive quarterly serosurveillance on scrub typhus in small mammals collected from military training sites located near the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), northern Gyeonggi-do (Province), ROK was conducted to determine the potential rodent-borne and associated ectoparasite disease risks to military personnel. A total of 1,196 rodents and insectivores representing 8 species, Apodemus agrarius (87.3%, n = 1,044), Mus musculus (5.4%, n = 65), Crocidura lasiura (3.3%, n = 40), Microtus fortis (2.6%, n = 31), Micromys minutus (0.3%, n = 4), Tscherskia triton (0.3%, n = 4), Rattus norvegicus (0.3%, n = 4), and Myodes regulus (0.3%, n = 4) were assayed for the presence of antibodies to Orientia tsutsugamushi. O. tsutsugamushi antibodies were detected in 6 of 8 species and seroprevalence determined; A. agrarius (45.6%), M. musculus (23.1%), M. fortis (48.4%), M. minutus (50.0%), T. triton (50.0%), and R. norvegicus (25.0%). A total of 31,184 chigger mites collected from 508 rodents and insectivores were slide-mounted and 10 species belonging to 4 genera were identified. Leptotrombidium pallidum (53.4%) was the most frequently collected, followed by L. pal pale (15.7%), Neotrombicula tam/yai (14.3%), L. orientate (10.7%), L. zetum (3.1%), Walchia fragilis (2.1%), and L. gemiticutum (0.8%), while the remaining 3 species, L subintennedium, N. gardellai, and Euschoengastia koreaensis were rarely observed (prevalence < 10%). In contrast to previous surveys, higher chigger indices of the primary scrub typhus vectors, L. pallidum (165.4), L. orientale (45.0), and L. palpate (21.4), were observed during the spring season.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.242-246
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• 2016

2013년 4월부터 11월까지 전라남도 곡성군 지역을 대상으로 들쥐를 포획하고 기생하는 털진드기의 분포를 조사하였다. 597개의 trap에서 79마리를 포획하여 포획률은 13.2%였고, 종류별로는 등줄쥐가 92.4%를 차지하여 절대 우점종이었다. 79마리의 들쥐중 68마리에 털진드기가 기생하고 있어 86.0%의 기생률을 보였고, 74.5개체의 chigger index를 보였다. 5,063개체의 채집한 털진드기는 2속 6종으로 동정되었고, 활순털진드기가 3,535개체(69.8%)로 절대적인 우점종이었다. 계절별로 봄철에는 대잎털진드기, 가을철에는 활순털진드기가 높은 밀도로 채집되어 진드기종의 분포가 채집시기에 따라 차이가 있었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.53-58
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• 2002

To better understand the reservoir host range and distribution of hantaviruses in small mammal populations in Korea, a serological survey was conducted on 1,375 wild rodents and 62 insectivores captured in seven provinces during the six-year period, 1995 to 2000. As determined by the indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) test, 90 ($13.1\%$) of 685 Apodemus agrarius, 47 ($13.6\%$) of 345 Apodemus peninsulae, and 4 ($6.5\%$) of 62 Crocidura laciura were seropositive against the Hantaan virus, while 38 ($13.5\%$) of 282 Eothenomys regulus were seropositive against the Puumala virus. Serological evidence for hantavirus infection was not found in 50 Microtus fortis, six Micromys minutus, six Mus musculus, and one Cricetulus triton. Our serological data indicate that hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)-related hantaviruses are widely distributed in indigenous rodents in Korea. Particularly noteworthy was the high seropositivity rates among Apodemus peninsulae and Eothenomys regulus captured in certain mountainous regions, suggesting that HFRS may be under-reported among nearby residents or among individuals who might visit such areas for recreational or occupational purposes.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.555-559
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• 2017

Chigger mites are parasites of rodents and other vertebrates, invertebrates, and other arthropods, and are the only vectors of scrub typhus, in addition to other zoonoses. Therefore, investigating their distribution, diversity, and seasonal abundance is important for public health. Rodent surveillance was conducted at 6 districts in Shandong Province, northern China ($114-112^{\circ}E$, $34-38^{\circ}N$), from January to December 2011. Overall, 225/286 (78.7%) rodents captured were infested with chigger mites. A total of 451 chigger mites were identified as belonging to 5 most commonly collected species and 3 genera in 1 family. Leptotrombidium scutellare and Leptotrombidium intermedia were the most commonly collected chigger mites. L. scutellare (66.2%, 36.7%, and 49.0%) was the most frequently collected chigger mite from Apodemus agrarius, Rattus norvegicus, and Microtus fortis, respectively, whereas L. intermedia (61.5% and 63.2%) was the most frequently collected chigger mite from Cricetulus triton and Mus musculus, respectively. This study demonstrated a relatively high prevalence of chigger mites that varied seasonally in Shandong Province, China.