• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.516-523
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• 2006

In recent years, Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys have become a center of special interest in the automobile industry. Due to their high specific mechanical properties, they offer a significant weight saving potential in modern vehicle constructions. Most Mg alloys show very good machinability and processability, and even the most complicated die-casting parts can be easily produced. The die casting process is a fast production method capable of a high degree of automation for which certain Mg alloys are ideally suited. In this study, step-dies and flowability tests for AM50 were performed by die-casting process according to various combination of casting pressure and plunger velocity. We were discussed to velocity effect of forming conditions followed by results of microstructure, FESEM-EDX, hardness and tensile strength. Experimental results represented that the conditions of complete filling measured die-casting pressure 400 bar, 1st plunger velocity 1.0 m/s and 2nd plunger velocity 6.0 m/s. The increasing of 2nd plunger velocity 4.0 to 7.0 m/s decreased average grain size of $\alpha$ phase and pore. It was due to rapid filling of molten metal, increasing of cooling rate and pressure followed by increased 2nd plunger velocity. The pressure should maintain until complete solidification to make castings of good quality, however, the cracks were appeared at pressure 800bar over.

• Advances in nano research
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.405-417
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• 2019

This research is devoted to study post-buckling analysis of functionally graded carbon nanotubes reinforced composite (FG-CNTRC) micro plate with cut out subjected to magnetic field and resting on elastic medium. The basic formulation of plate is based on first order shear deformation theory (FSDT) and the material properties of FG-CNTRCs are presumed to be changed through the thickness direction, and are assumed based on rule of mixture; moreover, nonlocal Eringen's theory is applied to consider the size-dependent effect. It is considered that the system is embedded in elastic medium and subjected to longitudinal magnetic field. Energy approach, domain decomposition and Rayleigh-Ritz methods in conjunction with Newton-Raphson iterative technique are employed to trace the post-buckling paths of FG-CNTRC micro cut out plate. The influence of some important parameters such as small scale effect, cut out dimension, different types of FG distributions of CNTs, volume fraction of CNTs, aspect ratio of plate, magnitude of magnetic field, elastic medium and biaxial load on the post-buckling behavior of system are calculated. With respect to results, it is concluded that the aspect ratio and length of square cut out have negative effect on post-buckling response of micro composite plate. Furthermore, existence of CNTs in system causes improvement in the post-buckling behavior of plate and different distributions of CNTs in plate have diverse response. Meanwhile, nonlocal parameter and biaxial compression load on the plate has negative effect on post-buckling response. In addition, imposing magnetic field increases the post-buckling load of the microstructure.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.231-239
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• 1999

The microstructure of ceramic composite has been found to be governed by the type and amount of the secondary phase, the sintering aid, and the sintering conditions such as sintering temperature, pressure and holing time. Moreover, tribological properties are strongly dependent on microsturcture of composite and operating conditions. In this study, silicon nitride with various amount of magnesia as a sintering aid were prepared and sintered by a hot pressing (HP) technique. Microstructure, mechanical properties (hardness, strength, and fracture toughness), and tribological properties in different environments of $Si_{3}N_{4}$ (in air, water, and paraffine oil) were investigated as a function of MgO content in $Si_{3}N_{4}$. As increasing the amount of MgO in $Si_{3}N_{4}$, the glassy phase in the grain boundaries enlarged the $\beta$-phase elongated grains, and also degraded the Hertzian contact damage resistance. Tribological behaviors in air was seemed to be determined by fracture toughness of $Si_{3}N_{4}$, and those in water and paraffin oil was seemed to be determined by hardness as well as strength. Since glassy grain-boundary phase (MgO) in $Si_{3}N_{4}$ expected to be reacted with water during sliding, such tribochemical reaction reduced wear. In paraffin oil under a higher applied load, the initial sliding dominated wear rate because of Hertzian contact damage.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.61-67
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• 2021

Fabrication of a ferromagnetic composite powder for the magnesium and BaFe12O19 system by mechanical alloying (MA) is investigated at room temperature. Mixtures of Mg and BaFe12O19 powders with a weight ratio of Mg:BaFe12O19 = 4:1, 3:2, 2:3 and 1:4 are used. Optimal MA conditions to obtain a ferromagnetic composite with fine microstructure are investigated by X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurement. It is found that Mg-BaFe12O19 composite powders in which BaFe12O19 is dispersed in Mg matrix are successfully produced by MA of BaFe12O19 with Mg for 80 min. for all compositions. Magnetization of Mg-BaFe12O19 composite powders gradually increases with increasing the amounts of BaFe12O19, whereas coercive force of MA powders gradually decreases due to the refinement of BaFe12O19 powders with MA time for all compositions. However, it can be seen that the coercivity of Mg-BaFe12O19 MA composite powders with a weight ratio of Mg:BaFe12O19=4:1 and 3:2 for MA 80 min. are still high, with values of 1260 Oe and 1320 Oe compared to that of Mg:BaFe12O19=1:4. This clearly suggests that the refinement of BaFe12O19 powders during MA process for Mg:BaFe12O19=4:1 and 3:2 tends to be suppressed due to ductile Mg powders.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.188-195
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• 2002

To investigate the degradation of mechanical properties induced mainly by neutron irradiation, the tensile tests were conducted from room temperature to 300\\`c using the irradiated and the unirradiated Zr-2.5Nb pressure tube materials. The irradiated longitudinal and transverse specimens were collected from the coolant inlet, middle, and outlet parts of M-11 tube which had been operated in Wolsung CANDU Unit-1 and exposed to different operating temperatures and irradiation fluences. The different tensile behavior was characterized not by the fluences of irradiation but by the tensile loading direction. The transverse specimen showed the higher strength and lower elongation than those of the longitudinal one. It was believed that these phenomena resulted from the microstructure anisotropy caused by the extrusion process. The increased strength hardening and decreased elongation embrittlement of the irradiated material were compard to those of the unirradiated one. While the tensile strength of the inlet was higher than that of the outlet, the elongation of the inlet was lower than that of outlet. Considering the operation condition, it was proposed that the operating temperature could be a more effective parameter than the irradiation fluence for long-time life. Through the TEM observation, it was found that while the a-type dislocation density was increased, the c-type dislocation was not changed in the irradiated. The fact that the higher dislocation density was sequentially distributed over the inlet, the middle, and the outlet parts was consistent with the distribution of the tensile strength.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.274-283
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• 2011

The vacuum die casting is a promising candidate of the stamping process for fabrication of fuel cell bipolar plate due to its advantages, such as precision casting, mass production and short production time. This study proposes vacuum die casting process to fabricate bipolar plates in fuel cell. Bipolar plates were fabricated under various injection conditions such as molten metal temperature and injection velocity. Also, according to injection velocity conditions, simulation results of MAGMA soft were compared to the experimental results. In case of melt temperature $650^{\circ}C$, misrun occurred. When the melt temperature was $730^{\circ}C$, mechanical properties were low due to dendrite microstructure. Injection velocity has to set at more than 2.0 m/s to fabricate the sound sample. When melt temperature, injection velocity (Fast shot), and vacuum pressure are $700^{\circ}C$, 2.5 m/s and 30 kPa respectively, sample had good formability and few casting defects. Simulation results are mostly in agreement with experimental results.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.222-226
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• 2006

Effects of a carboxylated styrene-butadiene-based liquid additive on the microstructure, mechanical strength and decolorization resistance of inorganic pigment layer in the color block have been examined. More dense inorganic pigment layer characterized by lower apparent porosity, lower water absorption and uniform pigment distribution has been achieved by incorporation of a liquid additive. Also significant enhancements in the mechanical strength and decolorization resistance have been observed.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.129-134
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• 2014

Pure $MgH_2$ was milled under a hydrogen atmosphere (reactive mechanical grinding, RMG). The hydrogen storage properties of the prepared samples were studied at a relatively low temperature of 423 K and were compared with those of pure Mg. The hydriding rate of the Mg was extremely low (0.0008 wt% H/min at n = 4), and the $MgH_2$ after RMG had higher hydriding rates than that of Mg at 423 K under 12 bar $H_2$. The initial hydriding rate of $MgH_2$ after RMG at 423 K under 12 bar $H_2$ was the highest (0.08 wt% H/min) at n = 2. At n = 2, the $MgH_2$ after RMG absorbed 0.39 wt% H for 5 min, and 1.21 wt% H for 60 min at 423K under 12 bar $H_2$. At 573 K under 12 bar $H_2$, the $MgH_2$ after RMG absorbed 4.86 wt% H for 5 min, and 5.52 wt% H for 60 min at n = 2. At 573 K and 423 K under 1.0 bar $H_2$, the $MgH_2$ after RMG and the Mg did not release hydrogen. The decrease in particle size and creation of defects by reactive mechanical grinding are believed to have led to the increase in the hydriding rate of the $MgH_2$ after RMG at a relatively low temperature of 423 K.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.47 no.10
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• pp.621-628
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• 2009

Thermomechanical processes were carried out to evaluate their effects on the mechanical and the microstructural property of a ferritic-martensitic steel. Modified 9Cr-1Mo steels were hot-rolled at a temperature of either $780^{\circ}C$ or $850^{\circ}C$ after normalizing at $1050^{\circ}C$ and then were air-cooled. Continuous annealing at $850^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours immediately after the hot rolling was also performed and they were compared to the specimens without thermomechanical process. The result showed that there were little differences between the hot rolled specimens in terms of the precipitation density and size. However, V content inside the MX precipitates increased in the case of the specimen rolled at $850^{\circ}C$. The application of the continuous annealing induced coarsening of the Nb-rich MX precipitation as well as an increase in the amount of V-rich MX precipitation, which is expected to enhance high temperature mechanical properties of the ferritic-martensitic steel.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.26-30
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• 2015

Hastelloy X in this study was applied in jet engine F-15 air fighter as shroud to isolate the engine from outer skin. After 15 years operation at elevated temperature the mechanical properties decreased gradually due to the precipitation of continues second phases in the grain boundaries and precipitated inside the grain. The crack happened at the edge of the shroud due to the thermal and mechanical stress from jet engine. Selective TEM analysis found that the grain boundaries consist of $M_{23}C_6$ carbide, $M_6$ Ccarbide and small percentage of sigma(${\sigma}$) phase. Furthermore, it was confirmed the nano size of ${\sigma}$ and miu (${\mu}$) phase inside the grain. In this study, it was investigated the microstructure of the degraded shroud component and HAZ of repair welded shroud. In the HAZ, it was observed the dissolution of the $M_{23}C_6$ carbides and smaller precipitates, the migration of the undissolved larger $M_{23}C_6$ carbide and $M_6$ Ccarbide. It is also observed the liquation due to the simply melt of the segregated precipitates in the grain boundaries. Interestingly, the segregated second phases which simply melt in the grain boundaries more easily happened at higher heat input welding condition. High temperature tensile test was done at $300^{\circ}C$, $700^{\circ}C$ and $900^{\circ}C$. It was obtained that the toughness of welded sample is lower compare to the non-welded sample. The solution heat treatment at $1170^{\circ}C$ for 5 minutes was suggested to obtain a better mechanical properties of the shroud. The high cycle fatigue number of the repair welded shroud shows a much lower compare to the shroud. In addition, the high cycle fatigue number at room temperature after solution heat treatment was almost double compare to the before solution heat treatment under 420-500MPa stress amplitude. However, the high cycle fatigue number of repaired welded sample was shown a much lower compare to the non- welded shroud and solution treated shroud. One of the main reasons to decrease the tensile strength and the high cycle fatigue properties of the repair welded shroud is the formation of the liquid phase in HAZ.