• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.100-108
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• 1986

Eik-Nes (1966) reported that the mechanism of spermatogenesis is controlled by FSH and LH and maintaned normally in scrotum terperautre which is 3-5$^{\circ}C$ lower than body termperature. But Ojeda and Ramirez (1972) have described that the abdominal testis was shrinked severely and lost its normal function in congenital cryptorchidism or surgically induced cryptorchidism. Ramirez and Sawyer (1974) reported that the compensatory hypertorphy occured in the remaining testis of unilateral castration and the scrotal testis of unilateral cryptorchidism. Cunninham et al. (1978) reported that the serum FSH levle increased after unilateral castration. Frankel and Wright (1982) reported that the serum LH level was unchanged greatly after unilateral castration. Gomes and Jain (1976) reported that the serum testosterone level increased temporarily but not varied after unilateral castration. On the other hand, Kormano et al. (1964) reported that the serum FSH level in unilateral cryptorchidism rat was unchanged in contrast with the control and Risbirdger et al. (1981) reported that the serum LH level was unchanged till 2 weeks after operation and after then increased to 77%. Kim (1984) reported that the serum testosterone level was somewhat lower than that fo control group but there was't significant different. There were many different reports on hormone levels among different investigators when the immarue rats were castrated unilaterally or induced cryptorchidism unilaterally. Liang and Liang (1970) and Cunningham et al. (1978) described that there were no true compenastory hypertrophy in the remaining testis of unilateral castration and scrotal testis of unilateral testis of unilateral cryptorchidism in rat but they grew faster than that of control. Kormano et al.(1964), Damber et al.(1976), Cunningham et al.(1978) and Karpe et al.(1981) reported that the testis weight, germinal epithelia height and seminiferous tubules diameter developed continuously and similarily in the control, the remaining testis of unilateral castration and scrotal testis of unilateral cryptorchidism increased, however, in the abdominal testis of the unilateral cryptorchidism, they were much smaller than those of other groups. In observation of the histological changes in the seminiferous epithelium of control, remaining tesis of unilateral castration and scrotal testis of unilateral cryptorchidism differentiated and developed fully(Cunningham et al., 1978). However, the abdominal testis of unilateral crytorchidism degenerated severely and only the germ cells in early stage and Sertoli cells were found in the seminiferous tubules. (Damber et al., 1976, Gomes and Jain, 1976 and Karpe et al., 1981). By electron microscopic observation, Nagano (1963) and Leason and Leeson (1970) found that the abdominal testis of unilateral cryptorchidism was thicked in boundary tissue, increased lipid droplet in the Sertoli cell, disarranged axial filament complex and increased lipid inclusions in the Sertoli cell.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.269-284
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• 1985

The metabolism of Entamoeba histolytica would be affected by various environmental factors, and alteration of the environment was known to afEect the fine structure of 5. histolytica. The present study was designed electronmicroscopically to investigate the ultrastructure and enzyme activities in the aEonic and conventional strains of 5. histolytica. The trophozoites of axenically cultivated HK-9 strain and conventional YS-27 and YS-49 strains of 5. histolytica were collected and liKed with 4% paraformaldehyde/0.1M cacodylate buffier(pH 74), After washing them by centrifugation, 1% warm agar was added in the sediment. Solidified agar with the trophozoites was cut into $lmm^3$ cubes, and incubated in the various substrates to observe enzyme activities. Then, the specimen was post-fixed with 3% glutaraldehyde/0.1M cacodylate buffer (PH 7.4) and 1% osmium tetroBide/0.1M cacodylate buffier (pH 7.4) , dehydrated in ascending ethanol series and embedded in epoxy resin. These were sectioned on an ultramicrotome and observed with a transmission electronmicroscope. The procedures for the observation of the fine structure were same as the above, except for the incubation in the substrate. The sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. For the observation of the surface of the amoebae, scanning-electronmicroscopy was carried out. The results obtained in the present study are summarized as follows: 1. The fuzzy coat around double-layered plasma membrane of 5. histolytica was more irregularly and densely distributed in the conventional strains (YS-27, YS-49 strains) than in the axonic strain (HK-9 strain). 2. The endosomes, button bodies and chromatin material were surrounded by a double-layered nuclear membrane having scattered nuclear fores. The paranuclear body, mono- or double-layered vacuoles, vacuolar membrane whorls, rosette-like cylindrical bodies, aggregation of cylindrical bodies and helical bodies were found in the cytoplasm of the amoebae. Helical bodies and glycogen granules were generally abundant, while a few smooth endoplasmic reticula were observed in the cytoplasm. 3. Alkaline phosphatase activity was mainly demonstrated in the plasma membrane, limiting membranes of vacuoles and smooth endoplasmic reticula. ATPase activity was observed in the nucleus, limiting membranes of vacuoles and vacuolar membrane whorls. 4. Acid phosphatase activity was commonly demonstrated in the limiting membranes an contents of vacuoles, Iysosome-like organelles, plasma membrane and the button bodies in the nucleus. The activity was more weakly demonstrated in the HK-9 strain than in the other conventional strains of 5. histolytica. No peroBidase activity was observed in the amoeba strains employed in the present study. 5. With a scanning electron-microscope, no distinct structural differences were observed between the amoeba strains. All the trophozoite forms of the amoebae showed crater-like depressions and rugged features on the outer surface.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.38-53
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to observe the resin infiltration pattern into dentin by various dentin bonding agents. Freshley extracted 36 sound human molars were used in this study. They were stored at $4^{\circ}C$ physiologic saline solution before experiment. All the teeth were cross-sectioned to expose dentin below about 3.0mm at the cusp tip and above 2.0mm at the cemento-enamel junction with Crystal Cutter (MC411 D, Maruto Co., Japan), and were made into specimens for this study (Fig. 1). The specimen experimental groups were divided into 9 groups by dentin surface treatment as following procedures: Group I: Treated with Gluma Cleanser followed by Gluma Primer and Sealer Group 2. Treated with Gluma Cleanser followed by Scotch bond 2 Adhesive Group 3: Treated with Gluma Cleanser followed by Tenure Solution A, Band Visar Seal Group 4: Treated with Scotchprep followed by Scotch bond 2 Adhesive Group 5: Treated with Scotchprep followed by Gluma Primer and Sealer Group 6: Treated with Scotch prep followed by Tenure Solution A, Band Visar Seal Group 7: Treated with Tenure Conditioner followed by Tenure Solution A, Band Visar Seal Group 8: Treated with Tenure Conditioner followed by Scotchbond 2 Adhesive Group 9: Treated with Tenure Conditioner followed by Gluma Primer and Sealer 27 specimens of 36 specimens were divided into 9 groups (Group 1-9), and were used for observation of resin tags. Remaining 9 specimens were divided into 3 groups (Group 1,4 and 7), and were used for observation of fractured dentin surfaces. Specimens to observe the resin tag were demineralized with 20% HCl for 14 hours, specimens to observe the fractured dentin surfaces were demineralized with 10% HCl for 3 minutes. All the specimens were gold-coated with Eiko ion coater (Eiko-engineering Co.), and observed under Scanning electron microscope (Hitachi S-2300) at 20 KV. The following results were obtained: 1. In group 1 treated with Gluma Cleanser, Gluma Primer, and Sealer, most resin tags were more than $100{\mu}m$. 2. In group 4 treated with Scotch prep and Scotchbond 2 Adhesive, most resin tags were about $10{\mu}m$. 3. In group 7 treated with Tenure conditioner, Tenure Solution A, B, and Visar Seal, most resin tags were about $10{\mu}m$ but occasionally resin tags were more than $100{\mu}m$. 4. In groups 2,3,5,6,8 and 9, the lengths of resin tags were inconsistent and the amount of resin tags were reduced.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.170-179
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• 2000

The rh-BMP-4 is a subgroup of TGF-${\beta}$ superfamily. The application of rh-BMP in alveolar bony defect was reported to new alveolar bone and new cementum formation. For minimized complications following tooth replantation, a operator must replant a tooth fast at the pertinent position. This study was to evaluate the effect of rh-BMP-4 on periodontal regeneration and root resorption following tooth replantation in rats. The 50 Sprague-Dawley rats weighting about 130gm were used in this study. The animals were divided into three groups. Group 1 ; immediate replantation after extraction : Group 2 ; replantation stored teeth extraction of first molar, the removal of periodontal ligament with collagenase, and etching with citric acid : Group 3 ; replantation stored teeth with treated rh-BMP-4 in mesial root. Experimental animals were sacrificed 3, 7, 14 days after replantation by heart infusion. The maxillae were removed, fixed, demineralized, dehydrated, infiltrated and embedded with JB-4 mixture. For light microscopic observation, 5 micron sections were cut and stained with toluidine blue. The results of this study were as follows : 1. After experimental 3 days, all groups were observed dead space between periodontum and root. 2. After experimental 7 days, group 1 and group 3 were observed filling periodontal fibers between alveolar bone and root but group 2 were not. 3. After experimental 7 days, group 3 were observed appearance of attached cementoblast like cell on root surface. Group 1 were observed regular arrangement of fibroblasts and collagen fibers at ${\times}400$ observation. 4. After experimental 14 days, all group were observed filling periodontal fibers between alveolar bone and root. Group 1 were observed normal arrangement of periodontal fibers. Group 3 were observed less abnormal arrangement of periodontal fibers. Group 2 were not observed functional normal arrangement of periodontal fibers. 5. After experimental 14 days, group 2 and 3 were observed several root resorption and irregular root surface but group 1 were not. These results suggest that the rh-BMP-4 can stimulate cementogenesis and enhance to attach collagen fibers.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.289-300
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• 2022

In the 6^th and 7^th centuries, 5 iron artifacts excavated form the Baekje Stone Tomb in Guryong-ri site, Ungcheon, Boryeong, were studied. The sample were metal microscopic observation, SEM-EDS analysis and Raman micro-spectroscopy analysis were conducted to understand the metallurgical characteristics. The microstructure observation showed the presence of ferrite and pearlite throughout, and differences in carbon content existed depending on the direction. Non-metallic inclusions were in the form of long lines, and most of them were wüstite, fayalite. It is indicated that the artifacts were forge welded using hypoeutectoid steel, with signs of carburizing and decarburizing processes. Some crystals with high P₂O₅, TiO₂, CaO content were identified as sarcopside, ulvöspinel, and perovskite, respectively, through Raman spectroscopy. A comparison of the results with previous studies on the sites of Bujang-ri site in Seosan and Bongseon-ri site in Seocheon, which are adjacent sites in the coastal area, revealed that, while heat treatment technology was available, the artifacts were not heat-treated considering the purpose for use for these artifacts. The chemical composition of the non-metallic inclusions P₂O₅, TiO₂, CaO were plotted in proportions to SiO₂ and compared with adjacent sites. Considering that the P₂O₅/SiO₂ ratio was widely distributed, the refining technology was not uniform. In addition, the TiO₂/SiO₂ ratio was found to be higher than that of other sites, meaning that a titanium-containing ore was used to manufacture the artifacts, unlike in surrounding sites, but it is not detected in all artifacts, so it may have been affected by various factors such as furnace walls in addition to raw materials. Although slag formers were used, considering the CaO/SiO₂ ratio and the (Al₂O₃/SiO₂)/(CaO/SiO₂) ratio, which appear to be similar to the surrounding sites, but it is possible that CaO containing raw ore was used because it is also affected by the components of raw ore. As a result of the study, it is highly likely that ore different from that of the surrounding sites was used for production, but a more comprehensive comparative study with the surrounding sites is needed in the future.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.196-206
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• 2023

Benthic attached diatoms (BADs), a major primary producer in lotic stream and river ecosystems are micro-sized organisms and require a highly magnified microscopic technique in the observation work. Thus, it is often not easy to ensure accuracy and precision in both qualitative and quantitative analyses. This study proposed a new technique applicable to improve quality control of aquatic ecosystem monitoring and assessment using BADs. In order to meet the purpose of quality control, we developed a permanent mounting slide technique which can be used for both qualitative and quantitative analyses simultaneously. We designed specimens with the combination of grid on both cover and slide glasses and compared their efficiency. As a result of observation and counting of BADs, the slide glass designed with the color-lined grid showed the highest efficiency compared to other test conditions. We expect that the method developed in this study could be effectively used to analyze BADs and contributed to improve the quality control in aquatic ecosystem health monitoring and assessment.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.185-193
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• 2004

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, which invades a wide range of hosts including humans. The exact mechanisms involved in its invasion are not fully understood. This study focused on the roles of $Ca^{2+}$ in host cell invasion and in T. gondii replication. We examined the invasion and replication of T. gondii pretreated with several calcium modulators, the conoid extrusion of tachyzoites. Calmodulin localization in T. gondii were observed using the immunogold method, and $Ca^{2+}$ levels in tachyzoites by confocal microscopy. In light microscopic observation, tachyzoites co-treated with A23187 and EGTA showed that host cell invasion and intracellular replication were decreased. The invasion of tachyzoites was slightly inhibited by the $Ca^{2+}$ channel blockers, bepridil and verapamil, and by the calmodulin antagonist, calmidazolium. We observed that calcium saline containing A23187 induced the extrusion of tachyzoite conoid. By immunoelectron microscopy, gold particles bound to anti-calmodulin or anti-actin mAb, were found to be localized on the anterior portion of tachyzoites. Remarkably reduced intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ was observed in tachyzoites treated with BAPTA/AM by confocal microscopy. These results suggest that host cell invasion and the intracellular replication of T. gondii tachyzoites are inhibited by the calcium ionophore, A23187, and by the extracellular calcium chelator, EGTA.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.19 no.spc
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• pp.121-130
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• 1986

In the Janggun mine, stannite occurs as anhedral grains, up to 500 micrometer in long dimension, closely associated with sphalerite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, galena and rhodochrosite in the periphery of the South ore body. In reflected light, stannite is grayish yellow green in color and exhibits moderate bireflectance and strong anisotropism without any intenal reflections. Reflection; Rmax. =29.0, Rmin. =27.8 percent at a wavelength of 560nm, and VHN; 219~244kg/mm at a 50g load. The chemical composition on the average from 35 spot analyses by electron microprobe is, Cu 28.0, Fe 12.7, Zn 2.9, Mn 0.2, Sn 25.8, S 30.3, sum 99.9 (all in weight percent); the corresponding chemical formula as calculated on the basis of total atoms=8 is, Cu 1.88 Fe 0.97 Zn 0.19 Mn 0.02 Sn 0.93 S 4.01, which fulfills approximately the ideal formula of $Cu_2FeSnS_4$. The strongest reflections on the X-ray diffraction patterns are; $3.10{\AA}$ (10) (112), $2.72{\AA}$ (5) (020, 004), $1.922{\AA}$ (5) (024), $1.642{\AA}$ (3) (132), $1.244{\AA}$ (3) (143, 136, 235), $1.111{\AA}$(3) (244), $0.958{\AA}$ (1) (048, 422), the patterns are identical with those of literature. From the textural evidence of the microscopic observation, the mineral is considered to have been formed at the middle stage of hydrothermal lead-zinc-silver mineralization.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.321-327
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• 2013

The innate immune system is the only defense weapon that invertebrates have, and it is the fundamental defense mechanism for fish. The innate immune response is important in newly hatched flounders because it is closely involved in the initial feeding phase, which is why it is essential for survival during the juvenile period. The expression analysis of genes involved in the innate immune response in the olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in the days after hatching is incomplete. Therefore, we have begun to examine the expression patterns of genes specifically induced during the development of the innate immune system in newly hatched flounders. Microscopic observation showed that pronephron formation corresponded with the expression of perforin-encoding gene. These results suggest that perforin plays a vital role in the innate immunity of the kidney during developmental stages. Perforin expression was strong at the start of the development of the innate immune response, and continued throughout all the development stages. Our findings have important implications with respect to perforin's biological role and the evolution of the first defense mechanisms in olive flounder. Further studies are required to elucidate the perforin-mediated innate immunity response and to decipher the functional role of perforin in developmental stages.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.753-770
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• 2017

The coagulation or flocculation of cohesive clay suspensions is one of the most widely used treatment technologies for contaminated water. Flocculated clay can transport pollutants and nutrients in ground water. Coagulants are used to accelerate these mechanisms. However, existing coagulants (e.g., polyacrylamide, polyaluminum chloride) are known to have harmful effects in the environment and on human health. As an alternative, eco-friendly coagulant, this study suggests ${\varepsilon}-polylysine$, a cationic biopolymer fermented by Streptomyces. A series of sedimentation experiments for various ${\varepsilon}-polylysine$ concentrations were performed, and the efficiency of sedimentation with ${\varepsilon}-polylysine$ was estimated by microscopic observation and light absorbance measurements. Two types of sedimentation were observed in the experiments: accumulation sedimentation (at 0.15%, 0.20%, 0.25% ${\varepsilon}-polylysine$) and flocculation sedimentation (at 0%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0% ${\varepsilon}-polylysine$). These sedimentation types occur as a result of the concentration of counter ions. Additionally, the performance of ${\varepsilon}-polylysine$ was compared with that of a previously used environmentally friendly coagulant, chitosan. The obtained results indicate that flocculation sedimentation is appropriate for contamination removal and that ${\varepsilon}-polylysine$ functions more efficiently for clay removal than chitosan. From the experiments and analysis, this paper finds that polylysine is an alternative eco-friendly coagulant for removing chemical contaminants in groundwater.