• 터널과지하공간
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.235-252
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 다각형 입자 기반 개별요소모델을 이용하여 실험실 스케일에서 등방성, 횡등방성 암석의 거동과 점진적 파괴 과정을 모델링할 수 있는 시뮬레이션 기법을 구축하였다. 가압에 따른 미세균열의 개시와 성장 과정을 모니터링할 수 있는 기법을 제안하였으며, 이를 통해 전단균열과 인장균열의 개시와 성장이 암석의 점진적 파괴 과정에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 다각형 입자기반 개별요소모델의 거동 및 미세균열의 발생 양상은 실험실에서 관찰되는 암석의 일반적인 특징과 상당 부분 일치하는 것으로 나타났으며, 이를 통해 상기 모델이 암석의 역학적 거동을 합리적인 수준에서 재현할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 다각형 입자기반 개별요소모델에 대한 기초연구로서 접촉면의 미시변수와 시료의 거시물성 간의 상관관계를 살펴보았으며, 미시변수를 조정함으로써 다양한 암석의 강도와 변형 특성을 재현하였다. 한편, 상기 모델을 횡등방성 암석을 모사하기 위한 방법론을 제시하였으며, 이를 국내 횡등방성 암석인 아산편마암에 적용하여 근소한 오차 범위 내에서 실내시험 결과를 재현하였다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.97-108
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• 2020

The time-consuming and less objectivity are the main problems of conventional micromechanical parameters calibration method of Particle Flow Code simulations. Thus this study aims to address these two limitation of the conventional "trial-and-error" method. A new calibration method for the linear parallel bond model (CM-LPBM) is proposed. First, numerical simulations are conducted based on the results of the uniaxial compression tests on limestone. The macroscopic response of the numerical model agrees well with the results of the uniaxial compression tests. To reduce the number of the independent micromechanical parameters, numerical simulations are then carried out. Based on the results of the orthogonal experiments and the multi-factor variance analysis, main micromechanical parameters affecting the macro parameters of rocks are proposed. The macro-micro parameter functions are ultimately established using multiple linear regression, and the iteration correction formulas of the micromechanical parameters are obtained. To further verify the validity of the proposed method, a case study is carried out. The error between the macro mechanical response and the numerical results is less than 5%. Hence the calibration method, i.e., the CM-LPBM, is reliable for obtaining the micromechanical parameters quickly and accurately, providing reference for the calibration of micromechanical parameters.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.817-828
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• 2022

In this study, considering dissipated energy in fracture process zone (FPZ), a novel criterion based on maximum strain energy release rate (SER) for orthotropic materials is presented. General case of in-plane loading for cracks along the fibers is assumed. According to the experimental observations, crack propagation is supposed along the fibers and the reinforcement isotropic solid (RIS) concept is employed as a superior model for orthotropic materials. SER in crack initiation and propagation phases is investigated. Elastic properties of FPZ are extracted as a function of undamaged matrix media and micro-crack density. This criterion meaningfully links between dissipated energy due to toughening mechanisms of FPZ and the macroscopic fracture by defining stress intensity factors of the damaged zone. These coefficients are used in equations of maximum SER criterion. The effect of crack initiation angle and the damaged zone is considered simultaneously in this criterion and mode II stress intensity factor is extracted in terms of stress intensity factors of damage zone and crack initiation angle. This criterion can evaluate the effects of FPZ on the fracture behavior of orthotropic material. Good agreement between extracted fracture limit curves (FLC's) and available experimental data proves the ability of the new proposed criterion.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.7-18
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• 2007

교통정책측면에서 국내의 자동차 배출가스로 인한 대기오염 문제는 그 중요성에 비해 구체화된 연구가 부족한 것이 현실이다. 이에 본 연구는 국내외 교통환경 관련연구를 차량배출량 산정, 차량배출량감소 정책, 차량배출량감소 교통운영 관련연구로 구분하고 연구동향 및 시사점을 도출하였다. 그 결과, 국내의 차량배출량 산정관련 연구는 차량의 주행특성을 반영하지 못하는 거시적인 산정방법위주의 연구에 그치고 있어, 미시적인 배출량산정 모형을 개발해야 할 필요성을 제기하였다. 차량배출량감소 정책관련 연구는 계량화된 기초자료를 축적하여 권역별 대기오염 수준에 맞는 차별화된 정책을 수립해야 함을 강조하였으며, 차량배출량감소 교통운영관련 연구는 환경영향의 정량적 평가와 ITS 및 신호시스템의 영향을 고려할 수 있는 시뮬레이션 기법 개발을 통해 차량배출량을 최소화 시키는 교통신호운영전략의 수립이 이루어져야함을 제안하였다. 최근 교통분야에서 환경의 고려가 중요시 되는바, 본 연구결과가 연구자들에게 최근 연구사항을 신속히 파악하여 연구효율을 극대화 하는데 기여하길 기대한다.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.67-80
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• 2005

신호교차로의 용량 및 서비스수준을 분석하는데 지체를 기본적인 평가척도로 이용하고 있다. 지금까지 연구되어진 다양한 지체모형은 비포화와 포화상태를 고려한 교통조건하에서 교차로 신혼운영전략 및 기하구조 개선에 중요한 척도로 이용되고 있다. 본 연구는 대기행렬모형, 충격파모형, 정상상태 확률적 모형, 시간종속 확률적 모형, 거시적 및 미시적 시뮬레이션 모형에 대한 지체를 비교 ${\cdot}$분석하였다. 분석결과를 보면, v/c ratio가 증가함에 딸 지체는 단조 증가형태를 띠고 있다. 비포화상태에서는 결정적모형과 확률적 모형의 지체 모두 비슷한 값으로 나타났으며, 포화상태에서는 1994 HCM모형을 제외하고는 모두 유사한 곡선의 패턴을 유지하면서 지체값은 어느정도 차이를 보이고 있다. 전통적인 대기행렬모형과 충격파모형은 이미 이론적으로 검증되었듯이 동일한 지체값이 나왔다. 정상상태 확률적 모형인 webster모형은 v/c-0.8이하에서는 2001 KHCM과 거의 동일한 값을 나타냈으며, v/c=1.0에 가까울수록 무한대로 증가하는 경향을 보이고 있다. 시간종속 확률적 모형은 결정적 포화상태모형을 점근선으로 하여 지체를 산정하기 때문에 점진적으로 단조증가 형태를 띠로 있다. 거시결정적 시뮬레이션인 TRANSYT-7F의 두 모형인 link-wise simulation과 step-wise simulation은 v/c=1.0까지는 2001 KHCM모형과 거의 동일한 값을 나타냈으며, v/c=1.0 이상에서는 step-wise simulation이 상대적으로 높게 나타났다. 미시확률적인 시뮬레이션인 NETSIM모형은 개별차량간의 상호작용과 교통량 변화에 따른 미시적인 운전자 형태를 모사하기 때문에 다른 모형에 비해 낮게 나타났다. 또한 TRANSYST-7F와 NETSIM을 비교하였을 때 지체값의 차이가 크게 나타난 것은 차량 형태 알고리즘이 다르기 때문에 이를 비교한다는 것은 큰 의미가 없을 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.21-34
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• 2016

Objectives : The aim of the present study is to examine the effect and mechanism of Erycibae Caulis and Corydalis Tuber Pharmacopuncture (ECP) on a mouse model with collagen induced rheumatoid arthritis (CIA). Methods : We evaluated the Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Creatinine, and the Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) of serum to examine the safety of this study. In vivo, we compared the results of the non-treated group, the normal saline pharmacopuncture treated control group, the indomethacin treated group and the ECP group. We evaluated rheumatoid arthritis manifestation and the Rheumatoid Arthritis Index (AI). Also, immune cells in blood affected by ECP were evaluated by calculating the level of white blood cells (WBC), neutrophil, lympocytes and monocytes. Next, the level of Immunoglobulin M (IgM), Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-17, Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ and Granulocyte-macrophage Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF)in serum were measured. We examined the imaging of cartilage degeneration using micro CT-arthrography of the hind paw. Additionally, we examined the effects of reducing bone volume (BV) ratio and bone surface/bone volume (BS/BV) ratio with 3D Micro-CT. Finally, we did a histopathologic examination analysis. Results : The absence of liver and kidney toxicity was evident. In vivo, edema of the joints of the ECP group decreased greatly in macroscopic observation. AI measurement of the ECP group also decreased significantly compared to the control group. The level of WBC, neutrophil, lympocytes, and monocytes in the blood decreased but there was no statistical significance of this data. IgM of the ECP group decreased significantly compared to the control group. IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, and GM-CSF production of the ECP group decreased significantly compared to the control group. As a result of examining joint condition with 3D micro CT, deformation and destruction of the joint was shown to have decreased. Bone density of ECP group increased at a statistically significant level compared to the control group. Degree of joint inflammation of ECP group decreased significantly compared to the control group. After H&E and M-T staining, infiltration of immune cells, subsidence of the cartilage, damage to the synovial cells and joint erosion decreased. Conclusion : This study showed that ECP hindered the process of rheumatoid arthritis and protected joints and cartilage.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.647-675
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• 2011

Our ability to predict hydration behavior is becoming increasingly relevant to the concrete community as modelers begin to link material performance to the dynamics of material properties and chemistry. At early ages, the properties of concrete are changing rapidly due to chemical transformations that affect mechanical, thermal and transport responses of the composite. At later ages, the resulting, nano-, micro-, meso- and macroscopic structure generated by hydration will control the life-cycle performance of the material in the field. Ultimately, creep, shrinkage, chemical and physical durability, and all manner of mechanical response are linked to hydration. As a way to enable the modeling community to better understand hydration, a review of hydration models is presented offering insights into their mathematical origins and relationships one-to-the-other. The quest for a universal model begins in the 1920's and continues to the present, and is marked by a number of critical milestones. Unfortunately, the origins and physical interpretation of many of the most commonly used models have been lost in their overuse and the trail of citations that vaguely lead to the original manuscripts. To help restore some organization, models were sorted into four categories based primarily on their mathematical and theoretical basis: (1) mass continuity-based, (2) nucleation-based, (3) particle ensembles, and (4) complex multi-physical and simulation environments. This review provides a concise catalogue of models and in most cases enough detail to derive their mathematical form. Furthermore, classes of models are unified by linking them to their theoretical origins, thereby making their derivations and physical interpretations more transparent. Models are also used to fit experimental data so that their characteristics and ability to predict hydration calorimetry curves can be compared. A sort of evolutionary tree showing the progression of models is given along with some insights into the nature of future work yet needed to develop the next generation of cement hydration models.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제15권10호
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• pp.3858-3874
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• 2021

As an essential part of the urban transportation system, precise perception of the traffic flow parameters at the traffic signal intersection ensures traffic safety and fully improves the intersection's capacity. Traditional detection methods of road traffic flow parameter can be divided into the micro and the macro. The microscopic detection methods include geomagnetic induction coil technology, aerial detection technology based on the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and camera video detection technology based on the fixed scene. The macroscopic detection methods include floating car data analysis technology. All the above methods have their advantages and disadvantages. Recently, indoor location methods based on wireless signals have attracted wide attention due to their applicability and low cost. This paper extends the wireless signal indoor location method to the outdoor intersection scene for traffic flow parameter estimation. In this paper, the detection scene is constructed at the intersection based on the received signal strength indication (RSSI) ranging technology extracted from the wireless signal. We extracted the RSSI data from the wireless signals sent to the road side unit (RSU) by the vehicle nodes, calibrated the RSSI ranging model, and finally obtained the traffic flow parameters of the intersection entrance road. We measured the average speed of traffic flow through multiple simulation experiments, the trajectory of traffic flow, and the spatiotemporal map at a single intersection inlet. Finally, we obtained the queue length of the inlet lane at the intersection. The simulation results of the experiment show that the RSSI ranging positioning method based on wireless signals can accurately estimate the traffic flow parameters at the intersection, which also provides a foundation for accurately estimating the traffic flow state in the future era of the Internet of Vehicles.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.159-177
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• 2008

Objectives : Crohn's disease is a severe chronic inflammation that is treated mainly by immunosuppression, which often has serious side effects. There is need to develop new therapeutic methods or drugs that have few side effects in order to treat this disease. Acupuncture with Moxi-tar at Cheonchu (ST25) has anti-inflammatory properties, but the mechanism of its anti-inflammatory actions is unclear. We investigated the protective effects and speculated the mechanisms of acupuncture with Moxi-tar at ST25 on trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) induced colitis in mice which is a well known Crohn's disease animal model. Methods : 5 % TNBS was treated at day 1 and day 7 into rectum of mice. To investigate therapeutic effects of acupuncture with Moxi-tar at ST25, acupuncture was carried out on day 3, and day 6. For the data analysis, we observed macroscopic and microscopic findings of the colon. Weight and width of the colon, degree of damage, changes of body weight, and myeloperoxygenase (MPO) activity were checked. For analysing protein expression, we carried out immunohistochemical staining and Western blot. For analysing mRNA expression, RT-PCR was carried out. Results : TNBS induced damages on the colon of mice, while acupuncture of Moxi-tar at ST25 suppressed TNBS mediated damages similar to those on the colons of mice in the control (not treated with TNBS) group. The average body weight of TNBS treated mice (77.4%) was decreased compared with that of the control mice (105%), and acupuncture with Moxi-tar at ST25 suppressed the loss of body weight caused by TNBS (from 77.4% to 95.3%). TNBS induced infiltration of immune cells in all layers of the colon while acupuncture with Moxi-tar at ST25 suppressed infiltration of immune cells caused by TNBS. Furthermore, acupunctured with Moxi-tar at ST25 suppressed macro-, micro- colonic damages caused by TNBS. Acupunctured with Moxi-tar at ST25 dramatically improved the clinical and histopathological symptoms such as the increase in weight of the distal colon and the MPO activity in TNBS-induced colitis. Acupuncture with Moxi-tar at ST25 down-regulated the nuclear transcription factor kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$) activity and suppressed tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-1${\beta}$), and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expressions caused by TNBS. Conclusions : Acupuncture with Moxi-tar at ST25 helps recovery from the TNBS-induced colonic damage by down-regulation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ activity and suppressing of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-1${\beta}$, and ICAM-1 expressions. This may be an important method for the treatment of Crohn's disease.