• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.94-102
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• 1969

The protective action of methylene blue against gamma-irradiation was studied with rats. Albino rats were given 360 rads of whole-body gamma-irradiation following an intraperitoneal injection of physiological saline or methylene blue. Male rats given methylene blue (38mg/kg) and the control rats given saline were alive following gamma-irradiation. Serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and LDH isoenzyme patterns in serum and various organs were determined at various time intervals after the exposure. 1) The serum LDH level in both the control and methylene blue-treated rats was increased during the initial phase, but returned to the initial level thereafter. 2) Methylene blue showed a marked delay in the rise of serum LDH at 15 and 64 hours after exposure. 3) The exposure in the control and methylene blue-treated rats resulted in an increase in the relative amount of the more electrophoretically mobile-anodal isoenzyme (band 1) and a decrease in the least mobile-cathodal isoenzyme (band 5) in serum, liver, heart and testis nearly at 40 and 116 hours, respectively. 4) Isoenzyme patterns in serum, liver and testis after exposure were not significantly different between the control and the methylene blue-treated rats. 5) Methylene blue showed a slight delay in alteration of heart tissue LDH isoenzyme patterns after exposure. 6) The increase of serum LDH level after exposure is a reflection of an immediate increase in the H type, band 1 of LDH isoenzymes. 7) It is concluded from this study that methylene blue has a remarkable radioprotective action in the serum LDH activity and in the heart tissue LDH isoenzyme patterns.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.53-63
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was designed to determine if methylene blue inhibited the lipid peroxidation, the production of NO, and the gene expression of iNOS in acute lung injury induced by paraquat and if the inhibitory effect was dose dependent. Methods: Female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: the control group, the group treated with paraquat only, the group treated with paraquat and a low dose of methylene blue (2 mg/kg), and the group treated with paraquat and a high dose of methylene blue (20 mg/kg). Methylene blue was administered via the jugular vein 1 h after paraquat administration, and animals were sacrificed 6 and 24 h after paraquat administration. Malondialdehyde (MDA) as lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione (GSH) as an antioxidant defense, the plasma NO concentration, and the expression of iNOS mRNA in the lung tissue were measured Results: Lung MDA contents decreased, with no significant difference between the methylene-blue groups and the paraquat-only group. Lung GSH contents were significantly elevated at 24 h in the methylene-blue groups compared with the paraquat-only group. Plasma NO concentrations were significantly reduced at 6 and 24 h in the methylene-blue groups compared with the paraquat-only group. There was also a significant decrease in the plasma NO concentration at 6 h in the high-dose methylene-blue group compared with the low-dose methylene-blue group. The expression of iNOS mRNA in the lung tissue was slightly decreased in the methylene-blue groups. It was also markedly increased at 24 h in the paraquat-only group compared with the methylene-blue groups. The gene expression was relatively decreased in the high-dose methylene-blue group compared with the low-dose methylene-blue group. Conclusion: This study suggests that methylene blue has an inhibitory effect on the plasma NO concentration and the expression of iNOS mRNA in lung injury induced by paraquat. No inhibitory effect of methylene blue on lipid peroxidation or dose-dependent inhibitory effects were clearly shown.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.48-54
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• 1968

Male rats of the Albino strain received methylene blue in the dose of 40mg/kg by subcutaneous injection and were subjected to total body X-irradiation, 300 roentgen, at 30 minutes after the injection. The protective effect of methylene blue against the single total body X-irradiation was studied for 24 days after X-irradiation with regard to the levels of liver glycogen, blood glucose, and electrolytes in serum. 1. Total body X-irradiation generally casued an increase in the levels of the liver glycogen and blood glucose in both methylene blue treated and control group during the entire experiment. 2. Methylene blue has been shown to delay slightly the increase of the levels of the liver glycogen and blood glucose when comparing with both groups which were given methylene blue and control saline injection before irradiation in the rats. 3. The delay in the increase in the levels of liver glycogen, in experimental group injected with methylene blue, significantly came in two phases. The first phase appeared at there days after the exposure, the second followed at eighth day. It appeared that the recovery phase was at nineteenth day. 4. During the experimental days the levels of the blood glucose increased generally, methylene blue, however, caused delay in two phases; the first at fifth day, the second at eighteenth day after the exposure to X-rays. 5. In electrolytes, there was not a significant difference. The levels of chloride were, however, slightly decreased in both groups, levels of potassium appeared different in two phases at first day and twelfth day, and the levels of sodium appeared to show irregular changes at the same levels, but there was no significant difference. 6. It may be considered that methylene blue greatly reduces the sensitivity of rats to X-rays, provided that methylene blue is given before the exposure.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.114-122
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• 1969

Electron microscopic examination of the liver and heart tissues of methylene blue-treated rats before gamma-irradiation was observed in this study. 1. It was observed severe alteration and degeneration of organelles: accumulation of glycogen particles, severe swollen mitochondria, and broken endoplasmic reticulum in liver tissue of saline-treated rat(control) opposed by emthylene blue-treated rat at 64 and 212 hours following gamma-irradiation. 2. Heart muscles of both methylene blue-treated and saline-treated rats showed no significant alterations, but it was observed that slightly elongated mitochondria with broken cristae and some of vacuoles as well as increased glycogen particles in sarcoplasmic reticulum at 212 hours following gamma-irradiation. 3. It may be considered that methylene blue greatly reduces the sensitivities of rats to gamma-irradiation.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 1973

Thirty-three Mannich bases of 2,2'-methylene bis (3,4, 6-trichlorophenoxy-acetic acid) were synthesized hexachlorophene as potential antimicrobial agents and tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum gypseum, Epidermophyton floccosum, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae in vitro. It was found that: 1) 2,2'-Methylene bis [${\alpha}$-(3, 4, 6-trichlorophenoxy)-${\beta}$- (N,N -diethylamino) propionic acid] and 2,2'-methylene bis [${\alpha}$-(3,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)-${\beta}$-(N, N-dimethynlamo) propionoic acid] were active against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis at the concn. of 1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ respectively; 2) 2,2'-Methylene bis [${\alpha}$-(3,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)-${\beta}$-(m-hydroxy-p-carboxyphenylamino) propionic acid] and 2,2'-methylene bis [${\alpha}$-(3, 4, 6-trichlorophenoxy)-${\beta}$-(cyclohexylamino) propionic acid] were active against Trichophyton-rubrum at the concn. of 2 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ respectively; 3) 2,2'-Methylene bis [${\alpha}$-3,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)-${\beta}$-(m-hydroxy-p-carboxyphenyl-amino) propionic acid] and 2,2'-methylene bis [${\alpha}$-(3,4,6-trcihlorophenoxy)-${\beta}$-(piperidino) propionic acid] were active against Microsporum gypseum at the concn. of 2 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ respectively; 4) 2,2'-Methylene bis [${\alpha}$-(3,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)-${\beta}$-(m-hydroxyphenylamino) propionic acid], 2,2'-methylene bis [${\alpha}$-(3, 4,6-trichlorophenoxy)-${\beta}$-(m-hydroxy-p-carboxy phenylamino) propionic acid], 2,2'-methylene bis [${\alpha}$-(3,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)-${\beta}$-(o-chlorophenylamino) propionic acid], 2,2'-methylene bis [${\alpha}$-(3,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)-${\beta}$-(o-chloro-p-nitrophenylamino) propionic acid], 2,2'-methylene bis [${\alpha}$- (3,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)-${\beta}$-(methylamino) propionic acid], 2,2'-methylene bis [${\alpha}$-(3,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)-${\beta}$-(hydroxylamino) propionic acid], 2,2'-methylene bis [${\alpha}$-(3,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)-${\beta}$-(cyclohexylamino) propionic acid], 2,2'-methylene bis [${\alpha}$-(3,4,6-trichlorphenoxy)-${\beta}$-(morpholino) propionic acid], 2,2'-methylene bis [${\alpha}$-(3,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)-${\beta}$-(p-sulfophenylamino) propionic acid] and 2,2'-methylene bis [${\alpha}$-(3,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)-${\beta}$-(4-sulfu-l-nayphthlamino) aoi!c rppioncd (were active against Epidermophyton floccosum at the concn. of 1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ respectively; 5) 2,2'-Methlene bis [${\alpha}$-(3,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)-${\beta}$-(m-hydroxyphenylamino) propionic acid], 2,2'-methylene bis (a-(3,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)-${\beta}$-(m-hydroxy-p-carboxyphenylamino) propionic acid], 2,2'-methylene bis [${\alpha}$-(3,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)-${\beta}$-(p-methylphenylamino) propionic acid] and 2,2'-methylene bis [${\alpha}$-(3,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)-${\beta}$-(hydroxylamino) propionic acid] were active against Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae at the concn. of 1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ respectively.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.1195-1199
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• 1999

2-(2,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl)-4-methylene-1,3-dioxolane (1b), 2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)-4-methylene-1,3-di-oxolane (2b), and 2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-4-methylene-1,3-dioxolane (3b) were prepared and polymerized with boron trifluoride. Boron trifluoride catalyzed reaction proceeded via mainly ring-opening polymerization and cyclization reaction to yield poly(keto ether) and 3(2H)-dihydrofuranone. The yields of polymer and cyclized product exhibited a dependency on the position of the methoxy substituents in the benzene ring of 2-phenyl-4-methylene-1,3-dioxolane derivatives. Electrophilic attack of methylene or oxygen atom on 4-meth-ylene-1,3-dioxolane ring were suggested for the polymerization and cyclization.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 1972

1) The photodecomposition rate of guanine being catalized by methylene blue ws 53.7% in contrast with 9.3% that of dark control for 180 min. 2) In guanine control, the decomposition rate was very low. For 180 min., the rate was 8.1% in illuminated sample and 3.9% in non-illuminated sample. 3) The decomposition rate of methylene blue was obviously interfered by the existence of guanine. In guanine and methylene blue mixture solution, the net decomposition rate, excluding that of dark control ws 39.2% and in dye only solution, it was 48.5%.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.890-894
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• 2018

In this study, methylene blue which is one of dye materials was introduced as active material for aqueous redox flow battery. The redox potential of methylene blue was shifted to negative direction as pH increased. The full-cell performance was evaluated by using methylene blue as the negative active material and vanadium as the positive active material with acid supporting electrolytes. The cell voltage of methylene $blue/V^{4+}$ is very low (0.45 V). In addition, the maximum solubility of methylene blue in water is only 0.12 M. Therefore, the cell test was performed with very low concentration (0.0015 M methylene blue, $0.15M\;V^{4+}$) at first time. Cut-off voltage range was 0 to 0.8 V and $1mA{\cdot}cm^{-2}$ current density was adopted during cycling. As a result, current efficiency (CE) was 99.67%, voltage efficiency (VE), 88.83% and energy efficiency (EE) was 85.87% and discharge capacity was ($0.0500Ah{\cdot}L^{-1}$) at 4 cycle. In addition, the cell test was performed with increased concentration (0.1 M methylene blue, $0.15M\;V^{4+}$) with $10mA{\cdot}cm^{-2}$ current density, leading to higher discharge capacity ($3.8122Ah{\cdot}L^{-1}$) with similar efficiency (CE=99%, VE=85%, EE=85% at 4 cycle).

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.538-544
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• 1989

The increase of B-type hydrogen bonding character between the hydrogen atom($H{\gamma}$) of methylene group in 1-(phenoxymethyl)benzotriazole (1) and 1-(thiophenoxymetyl)benzotriazole (2) derivatives, and solvents was caused by some factors such as;electron withdrawing strength (${\rho} > 0$) of X-substituent; local diamagnetic effect by Y atom (Y = O(1) > S(2)) with adjacent methylene group; and solvent polarity parameter ($E_T$ = Kcal/mol; acetone; 42.2 > chloroform; 39.0). From the basis on the findings, linear free energy relationship (LFER) components on the substituent chemical shift of methylene group ($CH_2-SCS$) in (1) exhibited a tendency that resonance(R)-effect was much larger than field(F) (or inductive(I))-effect in acetone and that the electrical effects were depend upon the solvent.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.327-329
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• 1988

Blood samples were obtained from Korean native cattle and dairy cattle of Holstein species in the slaughter house and methylene blue color tests were performed for the detection of the inherited susceptibitity to hemolysis. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities expressed as the optical density obtained by methylene blue color test were the highest as 0.54 in male Korean cattle, 0.62 in female Korean cattle and 0.72 in dairy cattle of Holstein species. Percent hemolysis, packed cell volume and plasma protein contents were measured and compaired with relation to the results of methylene blue color test and no correlation were observed in each.