• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
• /
• 1993.12a
• /
• pp.6-9
• /
• 1993

According to changes in population, economic conditions, life-stile and eating habits, the frui ts and vegetables market wi 11 be shi fted from processed (i. e. , canned) to fresh. Undressed fresh produce, consisting of washed, disinfected and peeled fruits and vegetables that either sliced or grated, are currently increased in demand by retail and institutional market which use them as salad components or in ready-to use foods, Main attributes of minimally processed fruits and vegetables are convenience and fresh-like quality. Minimally processed Products readily deteriorate in quality, especially color and texture, as a result of endogeneous enzyme enhanced respiration and microorganisms which lead to reduced shelf Iife. According to changes in population, economic conditions, life-stile and eating habits, the frui ts and vegetables market wi 11 be shi fted from processed (i. e. , canned) to fresh. Undressed fresh produce, consisting of washed, disinfected and peeled fruits and vegetables that either sliced or grated, are currently increased in demand by retail and institutional market which use them as salad components or in ready-to use foods, Main attributes of minimally processed fruits and vegetables are convenience and fresh-like quality. Minimally processed Products readily deteriorate in quality, especially color and texture, as a result of endogeneous enzyme enhanced respiration and microorganisms which lead to reduced shelf Iife. Thus. to prevent these undesirable changes , val'ious techniques such as controlled atmosphere (CA) storage, modified atmosphere OIA) storage, including vacuum packaging have been receiving considerable attention, Although milch research has been done to find optimal conditions for whole intact frui ts and vegetables, only limi ted information is avai lable on fresh cut. and other minimally processed products. 81 iced frui ts exhibi t increas~d ethylene production and respiration compal'ed to whole f, 'uits during distribution in response to tissue damage. As a result, accelerated senescence and enzymatic browning OCCUI', Recent l'esearch on minimally processed fl'uits and vegetables has mainly focused on methods to inhibit browning, due to ban on use of sulfur dioxide, In order to retard or prevent these physiological changes, val'ious al ternatives, reducing agents. acidulants, chelating agents and inol'ganic sal ts have been evaluated for use on fresh cut fl'ui ts. Al though some agents were effective replacement for sulfur dioxide. consum$\textregistered$I'S demandless use of chemical on such products. Shel~ life of minimally processed products has been extended by inhibition of metabolic reactions associated with loss of quality and by inhibition of aerobic spoilage caused by wide variety of microorganisms. Appl ication of ~I.-\ packaging, including vacuum packaging, retards the rate of respiration, prevents growth of aerobic spoilage organisms, inhibits oxidation and color deterioration. Tissue softening is another major problem in minimally processed products because enzymes re 1 a ted to ce 11 wa 11 degrada t i on are not inactivated. Various treatments have been investigated for retardation of the softening of sliced products. Some studies have concentrated on the application of an active packaging system with ~I, l. packaging and calcium infi 1 tration as possible measures to retain firmness of processed products. In my opinion, one important step for production of minimally processed frui ts wi th favorabl e color of cut surface and firm texture is the selection of better cultivar. As the view, changing tendency of fresh color by apple cultivars and relationship between the tendency and PPO activity will be discussed in the seminar. In addition to the topic, research result on quality enhancement of fresh apple slices by heat shock treatment will be introduced.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.95-103
• /
• 2012

The objective of this study was to develop models for the predict of the milk properties (fat, protein, SNF, lactose, MUN) of unhomogenized milk using the visible and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic technique. A total of 180 milk samples were collected from dairy farms. To determine optimal measurement temperature, the temperatures of the milk samples were kept at three levels ($5^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$, and $40^{\circ}C$). A spectrophotometer was used to measure the reflectance spectra of the milk samples. Multilinear-regression (MLR) models with stepwise method were developed for the selection of the optimal wavelength. The preprocessing methods were used to minimize the spectroscopic noise, and the partial-least-square (PLS) models were developed to prediction of the milk properties of the unhomogenized milk. The PLS results showed that there was a good correlation between the predicted and measured milk properties of the samples at $40^{\circ}C$ and at 400~2,500 nm. The optimal-wavelength range of fat and protein were 1,600~1,800 nm, and normalization improved the prediction performance. The SNF and lactose were optimized at 1,600~1,900 nm, and the MUN at 600~800 nm. The best preprocessing method for SNF, lactose, and MUN turned out to be smoothing, MSC, and second derivative. The Correlation coefficients between the predicted and measured fat, protein, SNF, lactose, and MUN were 0.98, 0.90, 0.82, 0.75, and 0.61, respectively. The study results indicate that the models can be used to assess milk quality.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.15 no.21
• /
• pp.9487-9494
• /
• 2014

Background: The size of a hepatic neoplasm is critical for staging, prognosis and selection of appropriate treatment. Our study aimed to compare the radiological size of solid hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) masses on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with the pathological size in a Chinese population, and to elucidate discrepancies. Materials and Methods: A total of 178 consecutive patients diagnosed with HCC who underwent curative hepatic resection after enhanced MRI between July 2010 and October 2013 were retrospectively identified and analyzed. Pathological data of the whole removed tumors wereassessed and differences between radiological and pathological tumor size were identified. All patients were restaged using a modified Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) staging system postoperatively according to the maximum diameter alteration. The lesions were classified as hypo-staged, iso-staged or hyper-staged for qualitative assessment. In the quantitative analysis, the relative pre and postoperative tumor size contrast ratio ($%{\Delta}size$) was also computed according to size intervals. In addition, the relationship between radiological and pathological tumor diameter variation and histologic grade was analyzed. Results: Pathological examination showed 85 (47.8%) patients were overestimated, 82 (46.1%) patients underestimated, while accurate measurement by MRI was found in 11 (6.2%) patients. Among the total subjects, 14 (7.9%) patients were hypo-staged and 15 (8.4%) were hyper-staged post-operatively. Accuracy of MRI for calculation and characterized staging was related to the lesion size, ranging from 83.1% to 87.4% (<2cm to ${\geq}5cm$, p=0.328) and from 62.5% to 89.1% (cT1 to cT4, p=0.006), respectively. Overall, MRI misjudged pathological size by 6.0 mm (p=0.588 ), and the greatest difference was observed in tumors <2cm (3.6 mm, $%{\Delta}size=16.9%$, p=0.028). No statistically significant difference was observed for moderately differentiated HCC (5.5mm, p=0.781). However, for well differentiated and poorly differentiated cases, radiographic tumor maximum diameter was significantly larger than the pathological maximum diameter by 3.15 mm and underestimated by 4.51 mm, respectively (p=0.034 and 0.020). Conclusions: A preoperative HCC tumor size measurement using MRI can provide relatively acceptable accuracy but may give rise to discrepancy in tumors in a certain size range or histologic grade. In pathological well differentiated subjects, the pathological tumor size was significantly overestimated, but underestimated in poorly differentiated HCC. The difference between radiological and pathological tumor size was greatest for tumors <2 cm. For some HCC patients, the size difference may have implications for the decision of resection, transplantation, ablation, or arterially directed therapy, and should be considered in staging or selecting the appropriate treatment tactics.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.117-131
• /
• 2017

This study was performed to analyze education contents related to milk in current home economics textbooks of middle school, and to investigate intake status, consumption behaviors, perception and nutritional knowledge of milk and dairy products among 364 middle school students in Gongju for improvement of milk education in home economics subjects and milk intake of adolescents. As a result, education contents of milk and dairy products in home economics textbooks currently applied in middle school were major nutrients, consumption method for balanced diet, and selection and storage of milk and dairy products, thus it tended not to match current food trend. Only 30.5% of subjects met 2 cups of milk a day, the recommended level. The main reason for drinking milk was to 'be taller' and 'to quench thirst' and there was a difference by gender(p<0.01). The rate of not participating in school milk program was 23.1% of total and its satisfaction was moderate. The most popular dairy products by subjects were ice cream, followed by yogurt and cheese, and the choice of milk was focused on 'taste' or 'expiration date'. The rate of knowing certification mark of K-MILK was low at 28.8%, and most subjects knew as 'domestic milk use'. In home economics class, experience-based learning such as cow ranch experience was the most preferred instruction method for milk followed by laboratory practice and lecture, and there was a difference by gender(p<0.001). Perception degree of milk and dairy products was moderate and male subjects were more positively perceived than female subjects(p<0.01). Nutritional knowledge level of milk and dairy products was moderate and female subjects were higher than male subjects(p<0.01). Therefore, education contents of milk and dairy products of home economics textbooks of middle school should be centered on real life in accordance with food trend, and applied student participation-based instruction methods such as experience-based learning. In addition, it is necessary to enhance taste and merchandise of milk and to provide them with preferred milk and dairy products in school milk program for improvement of milk intake of adolescents.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.75-88
• /
• 2005

Ameloblastoma is the most commonly occurring odontogenic tumor in oral cavity. Although most are benign epithelial neoplasm, they are generally considered to be locally aggressive and destructive, exhibiting a high rate of recurrence. The biological behavior of this neoplasm is a slowly growing, locally invasive tumor without metastasis, therefore malignant neoplasm, changed its histological appearance to carcinoma or showed distant metastasis, is only defined clinically. In this study, we identified the differentially expressed genes(DEGs) in stages under benign or malignant ameloblastoma compared with normal patient using ordered differential display(ODD) reverse transcription(RT)-PCR and $GeneFishing^{TM}$ technology. ODD RT-PCR is rather effective when the investigation of samples containing very small amounts of total RNA must be accomplished. ODD RT-PCR used the means of amplification with anchored T-primer and adaptor specific primer. bearing definite two bases at their 3' ends and so this method could display differential 3'-expressed sequence taqs(ESTs) patterns without using full-length cDNAs. Compared with standard differential display, ODD RT-PCR is more simple and have enough sensitivity to search for molecular markers by comparing gene expression profiles, However, this method required much effort and skill to perform. $GeneFishing^{TM}$ modified from DD-PCR is an improved method for detecting differentially expressed genes in two or more related samples. This two step RT-PCR method uses a constant reverse primer(anchor ACP-T) to prime the RT reaction and arbitrary primer pairs(annealing control primers, ACPs) during PCR. Because of high annealing specificity of ACPs than ODD RT-PCR, the application of $GeneFishing^{TM}$ to DEG discovery generates reproducible, authentic, and long(100bp to 2kb) PCR products that are detectable on agarose gels. Consequently, various DEGs observed differential expression levels on agarose gels were isolated from normal, benign, and malignant tissues using these methods. The expression patterns of the some isolated DEGs through ODD RT-PCR and $GeneFishing^{TM}$ were confirmed by Northern blot analysis and RT-PCR. The results showed that these identified DEGs were implicated in ameloblastoma neoplasm processes. Therefore, the identified DEGs will be further studied in order to be applied in candidate selection for marker as an early diagnosis during ameloblastoma neoplasm processes.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.27-34
• /
• 2008

Purpose: Many recent studies have reported on the feasibility and usefulness of laparoscopy assisted distal gastrectomy (LADG) for treating early gastric cancer. On the other hand, there has been few reports about laparoscopy assisted total gastrectomy (LATG) because upper located gastric cancer is relatively rare and the surgical technique is more difficult than that for LADG, We now present our procedure and results of performing LATG for the gastric cancer located in the upper or middle portion of the stomach. Materials and Methods: From Jan 2005 to Sep 2007, 96 patients underwent LATG by four surgeons at the Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. Among them, 48 consecutive patients who were operated on by asingle surgeon were analyzed with respect to the clinicopathological features, the surgical results and the postoperative courses with using the prospectively collected laparoscopy surgery data. Results: There was no conversion to open surgery during LATG. For all the reconstructions, Roux-en Y esophago-jejunostomy and D1+beta lymphadenectomy were the standard procedures. The mean operation time was $212{\pm}67$ minutes. The mean total number of retrieved lymph nodes was $28.9{\pm}10.54$ (range: $12{\sim}64$) and all the patients had a clear proximal resection margin in their final pathologic reports. The mean time to passing gas, first oral feeding and discharge from the hospital was 2.98, 3.67 and 7.08 days, respectively. There were 5 surgical complications and 2 non-surgical complications for 5 (10.4%) patients, and there was no mortality. None of the patients needed operation because of complications and they recovered with conservative treatments. The mean operation time remained constant after 20 cases and so a learning curve was present. The morbidity rate was not different between the two periods, but the postoperative course was significantly better after the learning curve. Analysis of the factors contributing to the postoperative morbidity, with using logistic regression analysis, showed that the 8MI is the only contributing factor forpostoperative complications (P=0.029, HR=2.513, 95% CI=1.097-5.755). Conclusions: LATG with regional lymph node dissection for upper and middle early gastric cancer is considered to be a safe, feasible method that showed an excellent postoperative course and acceptable morbidity. BMI should be considered in the patient selection at the beginning period because of the impact of the BMI on the postoperative morbidity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.114-122
• /
• 2004

The purpose of this study was to develop a web-based internet program for nutritional counseling and diet management of patient with diabetes mellitus. The program consisted of four parts according to their functions and contents. The first part explained the metabolism of glucose and mechanism of insulin and insulin receptor expressed by flash 6.0, and defined the diabetes mellitus. The second part is to assess the general health status such as body weight, obesity index, basal metabolic rate and total energy requirement by the input of age, sex, height, weight and degree of activity. This part also provides tlne patient with menu lists and one day menu suitable to his weight and activity, and offers the information for food selection, snacks, convenience foods, dine-out, behavioral modification, cooking methods, food exchange lists, dietary education using buffet, and information on energy and nutrients of foods and drinks, and top 20 foods classified by nutrients. The third part is designed to investigate dietary history of patient, that is, to find out his inappropriate dietary habit and give him some suggestions for appropriate dietary behavior. This part also offers on-line counseling, follow-up management and frequently asked questions. The fourth part is evaluating their energy and nutrients intake by comparing with recommended dietary allowance for Koreans or standardized data for patient with diabetes mellitus. In this part, it is also analyzing energy and nutrients of food consumed by food group and meals, and evaluating the status of nutrient intake. These results are finally displayed as tabular forms and graphical forms on the computer screen. Therefore it is expected that the web-based internet program developed in this study will play a role in their health promotion as widely using by diabetic patients.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.39 no.1
• /
• pp.47-56
• /
• 1978

This study aimed to know difference in freezing resistance among different clonal seedlings or different seed source seedlings of Cryptomeria japonica which has been selected where extreme cold prevails in Korea and Japan. The freezing resistance of three 12-50 year old trees was also measured in the experiment. The freezing resistance was measured in different tissue parts: mainly leaf, cambiam and xylem, at three different collection dates in two different collection places during the winter of 1977-1978. The following results and discussions were made: 1. The clonal difference in freezing resistance of Cryptomeria japonica was $9^{\circ}$ to $15^{\circ}C$ in maximum according to the collection place. However, the clonal difference in freezing resistance was not related to the difference in climatic conditions where the parent tree have been growing. This impiled that the natural selection of cold resistant genes in Cryptomeria japonica has not reached its evolutional equilibrium yet since most of the Cryptomeria forest has been established by artificial regeneration. 2. The difference in freezing resistance among leaf, cambium and xylem was not apparent except that leaf of several clones showed higher freezing resistance than cambium or xylem when they collected at mid-winter. The least freezing resistant tissue part, thought its freezing resistance was not measure in all clones and all temperatures were appeared in the apical buds. The new shoot growth was observed in the next spring with being replaced by its dormant or adventitious bud growth when the apical bud was injured dy cold during winter. 3. The freezing resistance of leaf, cambium and xylem was shown high enough so that freezing resistance Cryptomeria clones in this experiment were supposed to be able to survive in cold winter conditions at the middle part of Korea. However, it was reported that the most susceptible tissue part to winter injury was the basal stem, but of which freezing resistance was not-measured in this experiment. Several silvicultural methods for prevention of Cryptomeria seedlings from cold damage were discussed in literature.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.1125-1147
• /
• 2014

This study was conducted to develop the health evaluation indicator of pond wetland in order to enhance the quality of eco-experience in rural area. The methods for development of evaluation indicator were consisted of 3 stages; 1st, the precedent assessment protocol was applied to 10 pond wetlands in farm villages, and eco-experience expert survey was conducted to selection the evaluation item and criteria at 2nd and 3rd stages. In the results of applying the precedent assessment protocol, we found out two problems; 1) the evaluation result of value determination and conservation value were too simple, and 2) the score by evaluation items were nearly the same, because evaluation criteria in not precisely for application in rural area. These results were reflected to expert survey. According to the 1st survey results, they suggested that 4 items should be maintained, and 3 items should be deleted, and 2 items should be modified among a total of 9 times. Therefore, it was modified into the evaluation protocol having a total of 8 items. According to the 2nd survey results, the selected evaluation items were generally proper. With regard to items for assessing the health condition of pond wetland, we selected a total of 8 items; (1) Connectivity to forest, (2) Connectivity between water body and wetland connection, (3) Number of Vegetation, (4) Surround land use, (5) Interspersion of Vegetation, (6) Crossing Structure, (7) Wetland size, and (8) Outlet structure. In addition, it was suggested that accessibility, visibility, and trash were need for utilization of pond wetland as a place for eco-experience. It is expected that the selected evaluation indicator can help to utilize the pond wetland as an eco-experience space in rural area, and maintain the pond wetland as a space for conservation of biodiversity.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
• /
• v.42 no.4
• /
• pp.469-487
• /
• 2007

Grain-Size Trend Analysis is the methodology to identify net sediment transport pathways, based on the assumption that the movement of sediment from the source to deposit leaves the identifiable spatial pattern of mean, sorting, and skewness of grain size. It can easily be implemented with low cost, so it has great potentials to contribute to geomorphological research, whereas it can also be used inadequately without recognition of its limitations. This research aims to compare three established methods of grain-size trend analysis to search for the adequate way of application, and also suggest the research tasks needed in improving this methodology 1D pathway method can corporate the field experience into analyzing the pathway, provide the useful information of depositional environments through X-distribution, and identify the long-term trend effectively. However, it has disadvantage of the dependence on subjective interpretation, and a relatively coarse temporal scale. Gao-Collins's 2D transport vector method has the objective procedure, has the capability to visualize the transport pattern in 2D format, and to identify the pattern at a finer temporal scale, whereas characteristic distance and semiquantitative filtering are controversial. Le Roux's alternative 2D transport vector method has two improvement of Gao-Collins's in that it expands the empirical rules, considers the gradient of each parameters as well as the order, and has the ability to identify the pattern at a finer temporal scale, while the basic concepts are arbitrary and complicated. The application of grain sire trend analysis requires the selection of adequate method and the design of proper sampling scheme, based on the field knowledge of researcher, the temporal scale of sediment transport pattern targeted, and information needed. Besides, the relationship between the depth of sample and representative temporal scale should be systematically investigated in improving this methodology.