• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.354-359
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• 2003

Multiplex-PCR protocols were designed in order to make a rapid identification of MRSA. MecA, femB, and 165 rRNA genes were amplified for making a detection of MRSA. The incidence of MRSA in the clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus was examined by using a multiplex-PCR assay. The mecA gene was detected in 266 strains out of 336 clinical isolates of S. aureus, thus the incidence of MRSA was approximately 76.5%. The MRSAs of 247 strains (96.1%) showed resistance to more than eight species of the antimicrobial agents tested. The isolates of MRSA showed 27 different antimicrobial-resistant patterns. The results indicate that many different MRSA strains having high multidrug resistance are actually prevalent in Korea. Also, VISA was screened from the MRSA. Two strains were grown on the BHI agar plate supplemented with $8\;\mu\textrm{g}/ml$ of vancomycin at a frequency of $1/10^8$ colony forming units or higher.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 2010

Emerging of antibiotic resistance of pathogenic bacteria is now a very serious problem in the clinics to treat the diseases, which have been easy to cure by antibiotic treatments before. Unfortunately, antibiotics developed till now are not effective any more against the resistant bacteria. Lots of efforts to discover new antibiotics having novel and unique structures and functions are really urgent and undergoing in the whole world. In this study, we tried to screen and isolate Same unique bacterial strains producing antibacterial substances from the sea water, which is the poor environment for bacteria 10 make their growing. Three bacterial strains among 916 strains isolated showed inhibition clear zone on the marine agar plate growing pathogenic bacteria including Acinetobacter baumannii, Edwardsiella tarda, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica. One of them, which was identified as Bacillus sp. DH-9 from 16S rRNA gene analysis, showed especially considerable antibacterial activity against S. aureus which is notorious for methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The growth of S. aureus was totally inhibited when the supernatant of Bacillus sp. DH-9 culture was treated on.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.73-79
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• 2013

The fruit of the black raspberry (Rubus coreanus Miquel) has been employed in traditional medicine, and recent studies have demonstrated its measureable biological activities. However, the root of the black raspberry has not been studied. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties of the root and unripe fruit polyphenols of the black raspberry. Both polyphenols proved to have anti-inflammatory activity as evidenced by the decreased nitric oxide (NO), cytokines (IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and IL-10) and prostaglandin E2 ($PGE_2$) levels in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. However, root polyphenols showed stronger anti-inflammatory activity than fruit polyphenols. LPS-induced mRNA and protein expressions of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 levels were also decreased, confirming the anti-inflammatory activity. Root polyphenols showed lethal activity against methicillin-resistant Staphy-lococcus aureus (MRSA), carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB), and Bacillus anthracis. In contrast, the black raspberry fruit did not demonstrate these properties. These data provide the first demonstration that black raspberry root has potential anti-inflammatory and anti-superbacterial properties that can be exploited as alternatives for use in the food and cosmetic industries and/or as pharmaceuticals.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.14
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• pp.5787-5791
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• 2014

Background: With increasing survival periods and diversification of treatment methods, treatment of critically ill cancer patients has become an important factor influencing patient prognosis. Patients with cancer are at high risk of infections and subsequent complications. This study investigated the incidence and factors contributing to the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Materials and Methods: This retrospective study investigated the incidence of VAP and factors leading to infection in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of a cancer center from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2013. Results: The incidence of VAP was 2.13 cases per 1,000 days of intubation, and 13 of 288 patients (4.5%) developed VAP. Lung cancer was the most common cancer associated with VAP (N=7, 53.9%), and longer hospital stays and intubation were associated with increased VAP incidence. In the group using a "ventilator bundle," the incidence was 1.14 cases per 1,000 days compared to 2.89 cases per 1,000 days without its use; however, this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.158). Age (${\geq}65$, OR=5.56, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.29-23.95), surgery (OR=3.78, 95%CI=1.05-13.78), and tracheotomy (OR=4.46, 95%CI=1.00-19.85) were significant VAP risk factors. The most common causative organisms were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (N=4, 30.8% each), followed by Acinetobacter baumannii and Candida albicans (N=2, 15.4% each). Conclusions: The incidence of pneumonia among critically ill cancer patients is highest in those with lung cancer, but lower than among non-cancer patients. The length of hospital stay and time on mechanical ventilation are important risk factors for development of VAP. Although not statistically significant, "ventilator bundle" care is an effective intervention that delays or reduces incidence of VAP. Major risk factors for VAP include age (${\geq}65$ years), surgery, and tracheostomy, while fungi, gram-negative bacteria, and multidrug-resistant organisms were identified as the major causative pathogens of VAP in this study.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.637-642
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• 2010

We investigated the prevalence and the molecular characteristics of vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains isolated from clinical samples at tertiary or general hospitals participating in a nationwide surveillance program for VISA and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) in Korea during an 8-week period in each year from 2001 to 2006. Of 41,639 MRSAs isolated, 37,856 were screened and 169 grew on brain heart infusion agar supplemented with 4 ${\mu}g/ml$ vancomycin. A vancomycin MIC of 4 ${\mu}g/ml$ was confirmed for 33 VISA isolates of the 169 isolates. Eighteen of the 33 isolates were classified as hetero-VISA (hVISA) by the population analysis profile (PAP) method. All VISA isolates were susceptible to linezolid, tigecycline, and quinupristin-dalfopristin. Most VISA isolates (MIC 4 ${\mu}g/ml$) showed a PFGE C pattern with sec, seg, and sei enterotoxin genes, including ST5-SCCmec type II, or a PFGE A pattern with sea, including ST239-SCCmec type III.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.181-186
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• 1996

The present study was conducted to investigate the biochemical and serologic characteristic of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolated from pneumonic lungs of pigs during the period from January 1992 to April 1993. A pleuropneumoniae was isolated from 17(27.0%) of 63 growing pigs with respiratory signs and 21(6.4%) of 330 pneumonic lungs of slaughtered pigs. The seasonal isolation frequency of A pleuropneumoniae was higher in winter and spring than that in summer or fall. The biochemical and cultural properties of A pleluropneumoniae isolated from the pneumonic lungs of pigs were identical to those of the reference strains used. The isolates were highly susceptible to ampicillin, cephalothin, ceftiofur, ciprofloxacin(MIC : ${\leq}0.39{\mu}g/ml$) and moderately susceptible to amikacin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, kanamycin, methicillin, penicillin-G, streptomycin(MIC : 0.78~25IU or ${\mu}g/ml$), respectively. Sulfadimethoxine, sulfamerazine, tylosine showed no response to the isolates(MIC : ${\geq}100{\mu}g/ml$). Among the 38 isolates, 21(55.3%) and 13(34.2%) were resistant to oxytetracycline aid lincomydn, respectively(MIC : ${\geq}50IU$ or ${\mu}g/ml$). The majority of 38 A pleuropneumoniae isolates were turned out as serotype 2(47.4%) or serotype 5(54.7%) and the remaining 3 isolates were evenly classified to serotype 7, 10 or 12. It was noted A pleuropneumonine serotype 5 isolates were more resistant to oxytetracycline than serotype 2 isolates.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2020

Canine otitis externa is a common disorder in small animal practice with prevalence up to 20%. In a large percentage of cases, canine otitis externa is a chronic and recurrent disease also associated with drug-resistant bacteria that is difficult to treat with traditional antibiotics. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a new strategy to exterminate pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy against canine otitis externa using three photosensitizer (PS); 5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) and Methyl aminolevulinic acid (MAL) with semiconductor laser diode (SLD, 635nm of wave length), Chlorophyll-lipoid complex (CLC) with light-emitting diode (LED, 660nm of wave length). After PDT, dogs showed improved Otitis Index Score (OTIS) in swelling, exudate, odor, and pain. A result of the cytology test revealed decrease of bacteria and malassezia count in the oil immersion field and colony forming units count. PDT was effective as a bacteriocide of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) and a fungicide of Malassezia pachydermatis. MAL and 5-ALA were more effective PS against canine otitis externa than CLC. These results suggest that PDT is a new strategy to exterminate pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. PDT can be considered as a new therapeutic approach for canine recurrent otitis externa and a countermeasure to drug resistance that is a disadvantage of traditional antibiotic and antifungal therapy.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.75-83
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• 2021

Odontogenic infection in the oral and maxillofacial regions caused by bacteria (mostly of oral origin) is one of the most common diseases encountered by dentists. Localized infection can easily be treated with incision and drainage followed by antibiotics. Emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria called "Superbacteria" has become one of the serious problems in modern society, due to its small window of opportunity for treatment and high casualty. The acronym "ESKAPE", encompassing the common and serious MDR pathogens stand for Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp. Literature search was performed in Medline, PubMed and Google Scholar ranging from 2012 to 2020. ESKAPE patient's infection period was longer than that of non-ESKAPE group, and the treatment method due to antibiotic resistance was also complicated. The purpose of this study is to investigate infection caused by ESKAPE pathogens in the oral and maxillofacial regions through literature review and to inform dental surgeons of the danger of ESKAPE pathogens and to suggest viable treatment options. Many studies worldwide reported infections associated with ESKAPE pathogens, but only limited number of studies targeted infection in oral and maxillofacial regions. Further research is required with more data on ESKAPE bacteria and their infection, especially in oral and maxillofacial regions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2021

Background and Objectives Tracheostomy lead to persistent bacterial colonization of the respiratory tract. Surgical site infection and restenosis by the pathogenic bacteria is the most fatal complication after open airway surgery. The aim of this study is to describe the culture results of larynx and tracheostoma in patients with tracheostomy and the preoperative, intraoperative culture results in patients underwent open airway surgery. Materials and Method A retrospective review was performed on 18 patients who underwent culture between 2017 and 2019. Results Pseudomonas or antibiotic resistance bacteria were identified in 11 patients out of 18 patients (61.1%); Ceftriaxone-resistant Streptococcus (38.9%), Pseudomonas (33.3%), Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (16.7%), extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (11.1%). Among 18 patients, 6 patients showed the different culture result between larynx and tracheostoma. In 4 out of 10 patients who underwent open airway surgery, the bacteria were not identified before surgery, but the bacteria were isolated in the intraoperative culture. In one patient, the bacteria detected intraoperatively were different from those detected before surgery. Conclusion Preoperative respiratory tract culture and usage of perioperative antibiotics according to the culture are necessary. It is crucial to verify the bacterial culture in both tracheostoma and larynx. And it should be performed immediately before open airway surgery.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 2024

At the present study, it was aimed to explore the states of antimicrobial resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from 1,360 chickens, pigs and cattle carcass (400 chickens, 480 pigs and 480 cattle) in Daegu province from January 2022 to December 2022. Among 1,360 samples, 81 of S. aureus were isolated cattle (1.4%), pigs (7.7%) and chickens (9.2%). In antimicrobial susceptibility test, all of the isolates were demonstrated susceptibility to rifampin. But the isolates were showed resistance other antibiotics in order of tetracycline (62.9%), ciprofloxacin (62.9%), tobramycin (58.0%), gentamicin (51.8%), amikacin (40.7%), penicillin (39.5%), clindamycin (35.8%), enrofloxacin (33.3%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (30.8%), oxacillin (30.8%), minocycline (29.6%), erythromycin (25.9%), quinupristin/dalfopristin (20.9%), chloramphenicol (12.3%), cefoxitin (9.8%). Among the 81 S. aureus isolates, 25 (30.8%) methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were observed. Seven (28.0%) of 25 MRSA harbored mecA gene. About 96% of MRSA were multidrug resistance to at least 3 more drugs. A continuous monitoring and surveillance program to prevent antimicrobial resistance in livestock products is demanded.