• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국연소학회 2006년도 제33회 KOSCO SYMPOSIUM 논문집
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• pp.60-64
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• 2006

Propagation rates ($U_{edge}$) of various premixed, twin edge-flames were measured as a function of global strain rate ($\sigma$), mixture strength, and Lewis number (Le). Using a counterflow slot-jet burner with electrical heaters at each end, both advancing (positive $U_{edge}$) and retreating (negative $U_{edge}$) edge-flames can be studied as they propagate along the long dimension of the burner. Experimental results are presented for premixed methane/air twin flames in terms of the effects of $\sigma$ on $U_{edge}$. Both low-$\sigma$ and high-$\sigma$ extinction limits were discovered for all mixtures tested. As a result, the domain of edge-flame stability was obtained in terms of heat loss factor and normalized flame thickness, and comparison with the numerical result of other researchers was also made. For low ($CH_4/O_2/CO_2$) and high ($C_3H_8$/air) Lewis number cases, propagation rates clearly show a strong dependence on Le.

• 한국연소학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.25-30
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• 2009

Propagation rates ($U_{edge}$) of various premixed, twin edge-flames were measured as a function of global strain rate ($\sigma$), mixture strength, and Lewis number (Le). Using a counterflow slot-jet burner with electrical heaters at each end, both advancing (positive $U_{edge}$) and retreating (negative $U_{edge}$) edge-flames can be studied as they propagate along the long dimension of the burner. Experimental results are presented for premixed methane/air twin flames in terms of the effects of $\sigma$ on $U_{edge}$. Both low-$\sigma$ and high-$\sigma$ extinction limits were discovered for all mixtures tested. As a result, the domain of edge-flame stability was obtained in terms of heat loss factor and normalized flame thickness, and comparison with the numerical result of other researchers was also made. For low ($CH_4/O_2/CO_2$) and high ($C_{3}H_{8}$/air) Lewis number cases, propagation rates clearly show a strong dependence on Le.

• 한국연소학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2010

Edge flames have been interested as a basic structure that is concerned to flame stabilization and re-ignition of non-premixed flames. The edge flame consists of a lean premixed flame, a rich premixed flame, and a diffusion flame. In order to investigate fundamental structures of the edge flames at the conditions near the flammability limits, edge flames were stabilized within a heated narrow channel. Highly diluted partially premixed methane was used, and the flow rates of air and the partially premixed mixture were controlled. Various flame behaviors, including a transition between ordinary edge flames and premixed flames, were observed. Flame stabilization characteristics were examined as well. All flame stabilization conditions in this study showed a similar trend: characteristic time scales were inversely proportional to the equivalence ratio defined at the burner inlet. Finally, an interesting flame structure having a weak diffusion branch enveloped by a closed premixed branch was found near the flammability limits even in a fuel-air mixing layer. This structure was named as a "flame-drop" and the importance of this structure was first suggested.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.401-410
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• 2002

Concerns for energy conservation, environmental pollution, and the fact that organic wastes account for a major portion of our waste materials, have created the interest of biogas, which usually contains about 60 to 70 percent methane, 30 to 40 percent carbon dioxide, and other gases, including ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans and other noxious gases. Cyclone combustors are used for homing a wide range of fuels such as low calorific value gas, waste water, sludge. coal, etc. The 3-dimensional swirling flow, combustion and emission in a tangential inlet cyclone incinerator under different inlet conditions are simulated using a standard k-s turbulence model and ESCRS (Extended Simple Chemically-Reacting System) model. The commercial code Phoenics Ver.3.4 was used for the present work. The main parameters considered in this work are inlet velocity and air to fuel ratio. The results showed that the change of operating conditions had an influence on the shape and size of recirculation zones, mixture fraction and axial velocity which are important factors for combustion efficiency and emission behavior. The application of this kind of computer program seams to be promising as a potential tool for the optimum design of a cyclone combustor with low emission.

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.195-201
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• 2010

Due to its carbon-neutral nature, biogas generated from anaerobic digestion or fermentation of biodegradable wastes is one of the important renewable energy sources to reduce global warming. It is mainly composed of methane and various inert gases such as $CO_2$ and $N_2$, and the actual composition of biogas significantly varies depending on the origin of anaerobic digestion process. Therefore, in order to effectively utilize this fuel as an energy source for electricity, it is important to develop power generation engines which can successfully apply biogas with significant composition variations. In this study, efforts have been made to develop a diesel-biogas duel fuel engine as a way to achieve such a stable power generation. The effects of diesel fuel injection quantity and pressure on stable combustion and engine performance were investigated, and an impact of diesel fuel atomization was discussed. The engine test results show that there exists a 2 stage combustion which consists of diesel pilot fuel burning and premixed biogas/air mixture burning in dual fuel engine operation and optimum diesel injection parameters were suggested for biogases with various compositions and heating values.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.1-30
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• 1981

알칼리 펄프화중(化中)에 생성(生成)되는 리그닌의 착색구조(着色構造)를 구명(究明)하기 위(爲)하여 바닐린알코올[${\alpha}-^{13}C$] 과이아실 글리세롤-${\beta}$-아릴에테르[${\alpha}-^{13}C$] 혹은 [${\gamma}-^{13}C$] 페닐쿠마란[${\alpha}-^{13}C$] 구조(構造)를 각각(各各) 165$^{\circ}C$에서 1.5~3시간(時間) 알칼리용액을 처리한 후(後) 반응생성물(反應生成物)을 단리(單離) 또는 반응혼합물(反應混合物)을 $^{13}C$-NMR로 조사(調査)한 결과(結果), 바닐린아코올의 알칼리 처리(處理)는 Ca-$C_1$ 및 Ca-$C_5$의 결합(結合)을 갖는 축합체(縮合體)(II-1~5)로 되며, 이들은 공기산화(空氣酸化)에 의(依)해 퀴노이드 공역형구조(共役型構造)(Fig 3-7)로 산화(酸化)되며, 과이아실글리세롤 -${\beta}$- 아릴에테르의 알칼리 처리(處理)는 ${\alpha}$-아릴-${\beta}$-아록시퀴논구조(構造)(IV-15, IV-16) 디과이아실-1, 4-펜탄디엔 ${\beta}$, ${\beta}$' -디아록시스티렌메탄(V-4) ${\beta}$-아록시스티렌메탄(V-6)이 생성(生成)되며 스티렌메탄 구조(構造)는 공기산화(空氣酸化)에 의(依)해 O-퀴논메티드구조(V-8, V-9)로 된다. 페닐쿠마란은 알칼리처리(處理)에 의(依)해 다량(多量)의 스틸벤유도체(誘導體)를 생성(生成)하지만 이스틸벤구조가 퀴논구조로 산화되기 보다는 2량체(量體)(IV-11)로 안정화(安定化)되는 경향(傾向)이 있다. 이상(以上)과 같은 착색구조(着色構造)는 반응기구의 견지에서 알칼리 펄프화중(化中)에 생산되는 중요한 착색구조(着色構造)라고 생각된다.

• 분석과학
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.375-381
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 테들러백에 포집한 가스 시료 중의 NMHCs 성분의 분석을 위한 저온농축장치 시스템을 개발하였다. 개발한 저온농축장치는 냉동고를 이용하여 $-67^{\circ}C$에서 시료를 농축한 후 $180^{\circ}C$의 고온으로 탈착하는 시스템을 제작하였고, 많은 양의 시료가 GC/FID로 주입되게 함으로써 대기 중에 nmol/mol 농도(ppb)의 미량으로 존재하는 가스의 정량을 가능하게 하였다. 저온농축장치의 신뢰성을 위해 수행한 실험에서 농축시간과 피이크 면적이 비례함을 확인하였고, 10% 이내의 재현성과 0.1 nmol/mol의 검출한계를 확인하였다. 본 실험 방법을 실제 시료에 적용하기 위하여 대전, 서산, 고흥의 대기시료와 토양시료에서 채취한 가스 중의 NMHCs를 분석하였다.

• 한국추진공학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.27-32
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• 2003

초소형 정적 연소기의 연소 성능에 대한 실험을 수행하였다. 연소기 형상과 크기의 영향을 알아보기 위해 몇 가지 형태의 연소기를 제작하였다. 연소기는 납작한 원통형 정적 연소기로써 연소기의 지름이 15mm인 경우에 대해서 높이가 1mm, 2mm, 3mm인 것을 제작하였고, 지름의 영향을 알아보기 위해서 연소기의 높이와 지름이 각각 2mm 와 7.5mm 인 것을 제작하였다. 사용된 연료는 당량비 1인 메탄과 공기의 혼합기체와 당량비 1과 2인 수소와 공기 혼합 기체이다 실험을 통하여 연소중의 압력 변화를 측정하였다. 최대 압력은 연소기의 높이와 초기 압력이 증가할수록 증가하였다 화염의 전파를 쉴리렌 방법을 이용하여 가시화를 하였다. 열손실의 영향을 극복하고 화염의 전파가 가능하게 하는 초기 압력을 제시하였다.

• 한국연소학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.34-41
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• 2015

Oxy-methane nonpremixed flames diluted with $CO_2$ were investigated to clarify impact of radiation heat loss and chemical effects of additional $CO_2$ to oxidizer stream on flame extinction. Flame stability maps were presented with functional dependencies of critical diluents mole fraction upon global strain rate at several oxidizer stream temperatures in $CH_4-O_2/N_2$, $CH_4-O_2/CO_2$, and $CH_4-O_2/CO_2/N_2$ counterflow flames. The effects of radiation heat loss on the critical diluent mole fractions for flame extinction are not significant even at low strain rate in nonpremixed $CH_4-O_2/N_2$ diffusion flame, whereas those are significant at low strain rate and are negligible at high strain rate (> $200s^{-1}$) in $CH_4-O_2/CO_2$ and $CH_4-O_2/CO_2/N_2$ counterflow flames. Chemical effects of additional $CO_2$ to oxidizer stream on the flame extinction curves were appreciable in both $CH_4-O_2/CO_2$ and $CH_4-O_2/CO_2/N_2$ flames. A scaling analysis based on asymptotic solution of stretched flame extinction was applied. A specific radical index, which could reflect the OH population in main reaction zone via controlling the mixture composition in the oxidizer stream, was identified to quantify the chemical kinetic contribution to flame extinction. A good correlation of predicted extinction limits to those calculated numerically were obtained via the ratio between radical indices and oxidizer Lewis numbers for the target and baseline flames. This offered an effective approach to estimate extinction strain rate of nonpremixed oxy-methane flames permitting air infiltration when the baseline flame was taken to nonpremixed $CH_4-O_2/N_2$ flame.

• KSTLE International Journal
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.39-44
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• 2005

Friction and wear properties of the Boron carbide ($B_{4}C$) coating 100 nm thickness were studied under various relative humidity (RH). The boron carbide film was deposited on silicon substrate by DC magnetron sputtering method using $B_{4}C$ target with a mixture of Ar and methane ($CH_4$) as precursor gas. Friction tests were performed using a reciprocation type friction tester at ambient environment. Steel balls of 3 mm in diameter were used as counter-specimen. The results indicated that relative humidity strongly affected the tribological properties of boron carbide coating. Friction coefficient decreased from 0.42 to 0.09 as the relative humidity increased from $5\%$ to $85\%$. Confocal microscopy was used to observe worn surfaces of the coating and wear scars on steel balls after the tests. It showed that both the coating surface and the ball were significantly worn-out even though boron carbide is much harder than the steel. Moreover, at low humidity ($5\%$) the boron carbide showed poor wear resistance which resulted in the complete removal of coating layer, whereas at the medium and high humidity conditions, it was not. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) analyses were performed to characterize the chemical composition of the worn surfaces. We suggest that tribochemical reactions occurred during sliding in moisture air to form boric acid on the worn surface of the coating. The boric acid and the tribochemcal layer that formed on steel ball resulted in low friction and wear of boron carbide coating.