• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.75-82
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• 2018

This study was attempted to clarify differences in sizes and shapes of foot between 20's and 60-70's women and analyzed the characteristics of elderly women's foot shapes as compared with those of young. The 2D data were 101 elderly and 101 young women in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do. The results are as follows: Firstly, the foot length of the elderly was shorter than that of the young, the foot breadth and the heel width were widened, but the toes breadth became smaller and the deformity of the toe 1 and the first metatarsal part appeared. Secondly, in the Foot Index, there was a significant difference in age group, the young is more than the elderly in the narrow type, standard type, the elderly women showed more than three times the young in the wide type. Thirdly, in the factor analysis for the foot type classification, 'foot length' factors in both age groups were large. Next, young group were influenced by 'toes breadth', lateral ball breadth' factors, elderly group was influenced by the 'lateral ball breadth', 'medial ball breadth' factors. Lastly, in the cluster analysis of the elderly group, the types of sole were classified as W-Type(20.8%, wide foot and toes, large heel), H-type(20.8%, small toes breadth, heel), D-type(31.7%, long length and wide lateral ball) and A-Type(26.7%, which is found only in the elderly, small length and large toes angle). As a result, it is necessary to design the shoes that match the characteristics of the soles of the elderly women.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.63-67
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• 2011

Supernumerary ectopic limb(s) (SEL) is a congenital anomaly defined as the presence of accessory limb(s) attached to various body regions. This paper describes a case of SEL with ectopic lung and ectopia cordis in a newborn calf, based on macroscopic, microscopic and radiographic findings. External features of multiple congenital anomalies included an ectopic lung growing over the middle of the backbone and covered with normal haired skin. Ectopia cordis was found in the abdominal cavity and attached to the liver. Two extra abnormal limbs originated separately from within the ectopic lung. Most of the abdominal organs were exposed to the outside through the opened abdominal cavity. Microscopically the ectopic lung tissue had edema in the connective tissue around the bronchus and artery. Changes in other organs included congestion of the renal medulla, infiltration of inflammatory cells (lymphocytes and eosinophils) around the hepatic portal tract, and edema surrounding blood vessels and neurons in the brain. The rudimentary humerus of the forelimb was attached to the thoracic spine, as viewed radiographically. The hindlimb was consisted of an irregularly shaped femur, short tibia and fibula, two tarsal bones, one metatarsal bone, and three phalanges. This is the first description of congenital anomalies involving the SEL, ectopic lung and ectopia cordis in a calf.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.230-236
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• 2003

Objective : Hemichorea-Hemiballism is a violent, involuntary movement restricted to one side of the body. It is usually associated with stroke, and infrequently associated with infections, drug usage, metabolic derangement, and hyperglycemia. In this study, we performed to evlauate the effects of Saamchimbeop Ganjeonggyeok on the the 1 case of Hemichorea-Hemiballism with diabetes mellitus. Methods : We performed Saamchimbeop Ganjeongyeok which consists of KI10(陰谷), LR8(曲泉), LU8(經渠), LR4(中封). The effect of Saamchimbeop was assessed by comparing the counts of the movements of ankle and metatarsal joint for 1 minutes before and after acupuncture therapy. Results : The hemiballismic movements was reduced after acupuncture therapy. Conclusions : The Saamchimbeop was effective on the patient of Hemichorea-Hemiballism with diabetes mellitus. And Further studies with more population are necessary.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.20-25
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• 2005

Purpose: To determine the locations and incidences of sesamoids and accessory bones of the forefoot in normal Korean adults. Materials and Methods: The plain radiographs of the forefoot of 400 volunteers, 200 males and 200 females, were taken. The three orthopedic surgeons participated in the radiographic evaluation independently. Persons who had history of foot problem or injury were excluded. Results: Sesamoids of first metatarsophalangeal joint were nearly always present; medial 99% and lateral 100%. The bipartite sesamoid was more common in medial (9.8%) and in female (17.0%) than in lateral (0.3%) and in male (2.5%). Sesamoids of the interphalangeal joint of the first toe were seen in 35.8%. Sesamoids of metatarsophalangeal joints in other four toes were rarely observed. Their incidences were 5% in second toe, 0.8% in third, 0% in fourth, and 2.8% (lateral) and 7.5% (medial) in fifth. Sesamoids of interphalangeal joint in four lesser toes were not observed except two cases (0.5%) in the fifth toe. Accessory bone was very rarely observed. Os vesalianum was observed in five feet (1.3%), Os intermetatarseum in 14 feet (3.5%), and Os cuneo-metatarsal I tibiale in none. Conclusion: We determined the location and incidences of sesamoids and accessory bones of the forefoot, and we expected this to help to diagnose the forefoot problem.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.64-68
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of Ludloff osteotomy for treatment of hallux valgus with regard to patient satisfaction and clinical and radiological results. Materials and Methods: 43 feet of 28 patients underwent Ludloff osteotomy between January 2003 and August 2003. 21 patients (32 feet) who were available for follow up for more than one year were enrolled in this study. Average follow up period was 16 months. All patients were female and the average age was 51 years ranging 28 years to 72 years. Patient satisfaction was assessed and VAS (Visual Analogue Scale) was used for subjective outcome, AOFAS (American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society) score and presence of metatarsalgia were used for clinical outcome, and hallux valgus angle and intermetatarsal angle were used for radiological outcome assessment. Results: Patient satisfaction regarding cosmesis was excellent in 6 cases, good in 21 cases, fair in 4 cases and poor in 1 case. VAS was improved from preoperative 6 points to postoperative 2 points and AOFAS score was improved from preoperative 53 points to postoperative 82 points. Metatarsalgia was observed in 18 cases preoperatively and 9 cases postoperatively. HVA and IMA were 35.8 and 15.2 degrees preoperatively, 12.5 and 6.6 degrees at 3 months follow up, and 13.2 and 7.1 degrees at last follow up respectively. At the last follow up, loss of angle of correction for HVA was 0.7 degrees and for IMA was 0.5 degrees. Conclusion: Ludloff osteotomy is an appropriate surgery of moderate to severe hallux valgus.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 2013

Purpose: Calcaneal lengthening osteotomy is one option for the treatment of symptomatic flexible flatfoot in adults. The aim of the study was to evaluate the short term clinical and radiologic results and analyze its complications. Materials and Methods: Twelve feet who had undergone calcaneal lengthening osteotomy without flexor digitorum longus transfer between December 2009 and July 2011 were included. The mean age was 40.6 years (23~75 years). The mean followup was 17.3 months (13~25 months). Clinical outcome were assessed using American Orthopadics Foot ans Ankle Society (AOFAS) score and visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain. Four radiologic parameters were measured from weightbearing radiographs to evaluate the difference between preoperatively and postoperatively measures. To analyze the complications, calcaneocuboid joint subluxation and degenerative change were measured postoperatively. Results: The mean AOFAS score improved from 55.3 points preoperatively to 82.2 points at lastest follow-up (p=0.000). The mean VAS improved from 6.3 points preoperatively to 3.2 points postoperatively (p=0.002).All radiologic parameters, the mean talonavicular coverage angle on AP view, the mean talo-1st metatarsal angle on AP and lateral view and the mean calcaneal pitch angle, significantly improved after calcaneal lengthening osteotomy. Nine feets (75%) were shown the degenerative change in the calcaneocuboid joint at latest follow-up radiographs. Conclusion: Calcaneal lengthening osteotomy for the symptomatic flexible flatfoot in adults produced significant improvement in clinical and radiologic parameters, but calcaneocuboid joint osteoarthritis occurred postoperatively remained a major problem.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.219-223
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• 2011

McKusick-Kaufman syndrome (MKS) is an autosomal recessive multiple malformation syndrome characterized by hydrometrocolpos (HMC) and postaxial polydactyly (PAP). We report a case of a female child with MKS who was transferred to the neonatal intensive care unit of Seoul National University Children's Hospital on her 15th day of life for further evaluation and management of an abdominal cystic mass. She underwent abdominal sonography, magnetic resonance imaging, genitography and cystoscopy which confirmed HMC with a transverse vaginal septum. X-rays of the hand and foot showed bony fusion of the left third and fourth metacarpal bones, right fourth dysplastic metacarpal bone and phalanx, right PAP and hypoplastic left foot with left fourth and fifth dysplastic metatarsal bones. In addition, she had soft palate cleft, mild hydronephroses of both kidneys, hypoplastic right kidney with ectopic location and mild rotation, uterine didelphys with transverse vaginal septum and low-type imperforated anus. She was temporarily treated with ultrasound-guided transurethral aspiration of the HMC. Our patient with HMC and PAP was diagnosed with MKS because she has two typical abnormality of MKS and she has no definite complications of retinal disease, learning disability, obesity and renal failure that develop in Bardet-Biedl syndrome, but not in MKS until 33 months of age. Here, we describe a case of a Korean patient with MKS.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.448-453
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• 2012

This study aims to categorize age groups for shoes manufacturing including shoes size and boot tree development for Koreans. In order to carry out the research, the characteristics of different parts of foot in relation to size are analyzed according to age and sex, making use of human body measurement database. As a result of statistical analysis, it was found that the measurement items such as foot length, metatarsal tibiale, foot breadth and instep circumference of a person reached the range of standard deviation and average numerical figures of an adult group (18-24) from the age of 14 in men's case, and from 12 for women's case, which indicates the time of completion of their foot growth. Based on these findings where males of 14 years old and females of 12 are within similar measurement range to adults, it is necessary to categorize the age groups for shoe sizing system into the following four groups: males 13 years old or under, males 14 years old or over, females 11 years or under, and females 12 years or over. The proportional measurement produced by dividing each measurement item of foot parts by foot length was compared in an independent samples t-test, and there were meaningful differences according to different foot shapes of the two age groups of males 13 or under - males 14 or over, and females 11 or under - females 12 or over. Also, the independent samples t-test for the age groups of males 13 or under - females 11 or under, and males 14 or over - female 12 or over, showed similar meaningful differences, which indicates the differences in foot shapes of male and female during the period of growth.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.403-407
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• 2013

Fouett$\acute{e}$ turns are repeated pirouettes which begin as a normal pirouette en dehors but include a movement that allows the rotational momentum lost to friction to be regained once each revolution. The purpose of this study was to investigate on orientation density of head/trunk to the front with and without music to which dancers perform the Fouette turn in time. 10 female dancers($21.0{\pm}1.4$ years old, height; $165.3{\pm}3.9$ cm, weight: $50.5{\pm}5.7$ kg) who are the students of S University participated in this study. It took shorter time to perform one revolution of fouette turn with music (930 ms) than without music (961 ms), which reason may be the shorter time of phase 2 in which the rotational momentum is not produced but lost to fiction. Orientation density of trunk to the front was smaller with music (.176) than without music (.196), while the one of head had not significant difference between with and without music. And the path length of marker on $2^{nd}$ left metatarsal bone during one revolution was smaller with music (35.7 cm) than without music (40.2 cm) but the difference was not statistically significant (p=.267).

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.133-140
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• 2017

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between center of pressure (CoP) and local stability of the lower joints, which was calculated based on approximate entropy (ApEn) during walking in elderly women. Method: Eighteen elderly women were recruited (age: $66.4{\pm}1.2yrs$; mass: $55.4{\pm}8.3kg$; height: $1.56{\pm}0.04m$) for this study. Before collecting data, reflective marker triads composed of 3 non-collinear spheres were attached to the lateral surface of the thigh and shank near the mid-segment to measure motion of the thigh and shank segments. To measure foot motion, reflective markers were placed on the shoe at the heel, head of the fifth metatarsal, and lateral malleolus, and were also placed on the right anterior-superior iliac spine, left anterior-superior iliac spine, and sacrum to observe pelvic motion. During treadmill walking, kinematic data were recorded using 6 infrared cameras (Oqus 300, Qualisys, Sweden) with a 100 Hz sampling frequency and kinetic data were collected from a treadmill (Instrumented Treadmill, Bertec, USA) for 20 strides. From kinematic data, 3D angles of the lower extremity's joint were calculated using Cardan technique and then ApEn were computed for their angles to evaluate local stability. Range of CoP was determined from the kinetic data. Pearson product-moment and Spearman rank correlation coefficient were applied to find relationship between CoP and ApEn. The level of significance was determined at p<.05. Results: There was a negative linear correlation between CoP and ApEn of hip joint adduction-abduction motion (p<.05), but ApEn of other joint motion did not affect the CoP. Conclusion: It was conjectured that ApEn, local stability index, for adduction/abduction of the hip joint during walking could be useful as a fall predictor.