• Journal of Science of Art and Design
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• v.6
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• pp.226-248
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• 2004

The researcher has tried to develop the aesthetic value of the art and the function of metalwork in conjunction with our daily life. especially has been eager to develop the new possibility of metal urns through the investigation of ordinary metalwork. Funeral urns are vessels to fill the ashes of bodies. As the social issues, including problems of restricted land territory and environmental pollution are awakening, many people are much concerned about the use of urns in recent days. Although social concerns about cremation and urns are getting high, most urns in Korea have been made of ceramic and stone. The shape of old urns are pot style with lids, and their color is simple white or jade green. Moreover, old urns are expensive, unpractical, simple, and furthermore, the feature of urns has not preserved the sense of beauty. In this context, we have narrow choices to select urns, and it has been difficult for us to be familiar with the old-style urns. Therefore, the need for developing metal urns are necessary as the increase of public concerns towards cremation is widely spreading. As it is well known, metal is not only regarded as hard, antibacterial, pro-environmental material , but also regarded as good substance for urns. Metal is also suitable for making urns because of metal's characteristics of easy processing, mass production, and cheap price. The researcher has been tried to find the possibility of art of metalwork through the dissemination of metal urns to the public. The researcher has also attempted to represent the characteristics and symbolic implications of contemporary metal urns for ordinary people to adopt metal urns as their 'Rite Haven'.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.22
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• pp.81-92
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• 2001

The replica experiment of golden bell excavated from the East Three-Story Pagoda at the Gamunsa temple was carried out in order to know the handiwork technique of ancient granule. The size of 0.3mm granule was attached to the golden bell which was 3.4mm bell body by soldering. When we tried to attach the granule by a modern metalwork, we could know that this technique was hard to make the replica bell. We could prove how to adhere strongly to the golden granule by tension testing. First of all, we made the soldering of the same composition as the golden bell excavated from the Gamunsa temple and then prepared specimens for testing to measure the tension strength. It showed that the broken position was not a soldering part. This result showed how the ancient granule could maintain without a break for a long time.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.39-49
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• 1998

When considering clothing of the North American Indians, it is important to understand historical background of the North American Indians. With the coming of he Europeans, the North American Indians adopted new materials of clothing and ornamentation and added European elements to their own dresses. New materials appeared in textiles, beadswork, and metalwork. The introduction of the "true" loom and steel needle by the Spanish led in the New World to the development of a weaving culture. Cotton cloth, in calico prints, gingham, or plain were made into dresses, and colorful applique, patchwork designs adapted from the white women. Cloth made an immediate impact, replacing skin that is so time-consuming in preparation. Glass beads, pony beads, seed beads and ribbons were used to create adornment Indian clothing. Brass, tin and silver were used among Indian metalworkers to make some ring, necklace, bracelet, etc.

• Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.71-74
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• 2004

The organizations registered ISO 9000:1994 have upgraded to ISO 9001:2000 family through transition period by December, 2003. Some features of ISO 9001:2000 family are that it merged three ISO 9000 series, reduced 20 requirements to five major clauses, and focused on Plan-Do-Check-Act improvement cycle. We interviewed quality managers and staffs of 37 companies certified ISO 9001:2000 in Busan and Kyungnam provinces where most machine, metalwork, and manufacturing companies in South Korea are located. Using statistical analysis, we find out which status of firms are related with the requirements of five clauses. We also discover if there is any difference in performing the requirements depending on top managership, reasons for seeking ISO 9001:2000 certification, and ISO 9001:2000 operating period.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.1-9
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• 2004

Scythians kept herds of horses, cattle, and sheep, lived in tent-covered wagons, and fought with bows and arrows on horseback. They developed a rich culture characterized by opulent tombs, fine metalwork, and a brilliant art style. The excavations of royal burials have provided the most complete record of the jewelry of the Scythians. Typical art objects were in the form of stags or other animals, hammered or stamped out of gold and often inlaid with colored stones or glass. The Bracelet consisted of two of distinct technique : One made from heavy forged gold bars, terminated with more delicate spiraled finals. Another technique used beaten gold foil, perhaps as thick as a piece of paper with fabulous designs repousse and chased (impressed in relief into the gold with small hammers and chisels) into the metal. They also used stones and clay dies to form gold foil into people repeated also motifs for use in torques and belts. The Scythian Bracelet were divided into 4 styles according to the shape, Bracelets with ends shaped like beasts style, Spiral style, Layers style, Crown with openwork style. Scythian Bracelet in the Black Sea region had completely degenerated, stifled by motifs and shapes of Greek origin, retaining its representational realism and its full emotional vitality.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.7 no.2 s.15
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• pp.29-48
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• 1998

The first Pagoda of Korea was introduced from China, and adapted from the wooden multi-storied pavilion. Also in Bronze one, multi-storied type of wooden pagoda was adapted. Bronze pagoda was used to buddhist ossuary and a kind of metalwork. Metalworks were made of gold, silver, copper, or iron by one of the methods of production-casting or hammering and decorated design of incision, raise, openwork, gold- plating or inlaying with gold and silver. Sometimes it was used as the easy carriage of Buddha image by guess. In most cases, the plan of Bronze pagoda was square and podium was one story. but in the advance of podium two-storied platform appeared. Column appeared in a symbol, so it didn't appear in a square and circular form. It means that the column was vertical member which only divided the wall. In koryo period, Gabled roof and Half-hipped roof was spreaded in public but Bronze pagoda was used to square Hipped roof. Vertical shaft over roof(上輪部), apart from body of pagoda(塔身部), was inserted on the hole above the Bokbal(覆鉢) for the balance of pagoda. And a thick iron bar put in the roof to the platform. It was sustained the balance of pagoda. The stories of pagoda were various from 3rd stories to 9, the lower stories was larger scale and the higher was smaller one.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.355-360
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• 2017

This study, which was begun in order to create a metal molding by using lines, a basic element of design, examined various characteristics and concept of line and the beauty of lines based on previous research on the subject. The result showed that formative interpretation of lines largely depends on intentional expression by using thickness and rhythm of lines. In order to obtain a metal molding that provides both visual freedom and beauty, rather than the conventional formative expression of lines, I used red copper plate and Phosphor bronze line for creating a pattern based on transformation and repetition of lines and an artwork based on the pattern. The result was not only a creation of a plane but the senses of three-dimension, speed, and unity in the overall shape. Further research will need to be conducted regarding formative interpretation of lines and emotional and intrinsic beauty through expression of lines.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.35
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• pp.138-158
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• 2002

To compare and analyze technical system related to manufacturing of ironware during the period of the Three Kingdoms, an analysis was conducted on the minute system of metalwork, as study objects, of the remains of the Mt. Wolpyeong fortress wall in Daejeon in the period of capital during the era of the Three Kingdoms in the 5th century, the Sanwol-ri remains in the 6th century in Gunsan and the remains of ironware excavated from the great ancient tomb of Hwangnam of the Silla dynasty in the 5th century. The result of analysis shows that in the most of the casting products, the minute system of white cast iron were contained. While the iron part of decarbonization was in the system by casting as white cast iron in the central part, on the surface layer it was turned out that comparatively uniform 100% pearlite system of about 1~2mm degree was existing. The part of pearlite on the surface layer was caused by decarbonization, which appears in all the parts of blade front end and handle. Therefore, it was found that the iron part of decarbonization was manufactured by casting, and then was processed at the high temperature by decarbonization. For the products of forging, after processing the products on the basis of pure iron for materials, they manufactured the ironware that raises the strength by carbonizing that keeps carbon infiltrated on the necessary part, by the method of black smith welding that add pure iron to steel, or by varying the method of heat processing onto the part required of strength. Though limited, we could understand that the technical systems for manufacturing skill of ironware in the areas of Baekje and Silla were different each other. In the technical system for Hwangnam great ancient tomb in the Silla area, it is found that they had raised the strength on the necessary part by applying the steelmaking method of carbonizing in the last stage of production of products, in the meantime in Baekje area, it appears that they had produced steel in advance in the first stage of production of the products, and used the produced steel only to the necessary part.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.17
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• pp.1-16
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• 2016

The gold buckle excavated from Seogam-ri Tomb No. 9(National Treasure No. 189), one of the oldest gold artifacts discovered within the Korean Peninsula, was created using granulation techniques. The buckle is made with 22.8K gold sheets and features a decorative design with seven dragons in repousse metalwork. The outlines of the dragons and the edge of the buckle are finished with 23.8K gold wires and granules. Some curved sections of the buckle are also covered with an extra sheet of 23.8K gold, possibly added to repair defects discovered during production or thereafter. Gold wire used to render the dragon's nostrils is slightly lower in purity(23.3K) and was probably preferred in this case due to its increased hardness. As a result, the metal is better able to retain the complex shape of the dragons' nostrils, created by rolling gold wire into spirals. The buckle's gold granules are found in small, medium and large sizes and are presumed to have been bonded using copper. The foreheads and the bodies of the seven dragons are inset with turquoise and the eyes are decorated with red cinnabar/vermillion(HgS).

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.111-133
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• 2006

This study was examined to reveal the medical Science of Balhae which was not well displayed until now. For this, the category of the medical science of Balhae(渤海) was decided in diachronic and synchronic perspective and the concrete contents of the medical science of Balhae(渤海) was presumed. Balhae(渤海) succeeded to the medical science of Koguryo(高句麗) and its orthodoxy. Through the interchange between Balhae(渤海) and the country as Dang(唐) and Shilla(新羅), Balhae(渤海) accepted new medical knowledge. Balhae(渤海) had a customs to eat a cake made of rice flour and artemisia paste on the Tano Festival(端午) to overcome its constitutional character. And medicines as Gon-po(昆布), Doo-shi were treated valuable. and they used Ondol(溫突). Balhae(渤海) advanced suigeneris abscess medicine(治腫醫學), and they valued much of Hyangyak(鄕藥). And they took the serious view on the scripture in the education and on the simplic in the clinic. It shows Balhae(渤海) had the unique medical tradition of our nation. The medical institution and medical educational system of Balhae(渤海) was fundamental to that of Koguryo(高句麗), and it was established in the reference of the system of Dang(唐) and Shilla(新羅). It influenced the establishment of medical system and medical education of Corea(高麗) later on. And the medical doctor of the Balhae(渤海) who was dispatched to Japan imparted the advanced medicine of Balhae(渤海) and it was fundamental to the Japanese medical development. Balhae(渤海) produced superior acupuncture on the basis of superior materials which are represented as metalwork technology and Corea-copper(高麗銅) which are handed down from the Old-Chosun(古朝鮮) and Koguryo(高句麗). And we can suppose the level of Balhae(渤海) through the fact that the acupunctual technique of Koguryo(高句麗) was spread out to the nearby country. By the tradition of acupuncture and moxibustion, the theory of Bi-bo(裨補) that cure a disease on the theory of acupuncture and moxibustion appeared in the north and south branch period(南北國時代). And we can prusure the level of acupuncture of Balhae(渤海) through this fact. Balhae(渤海) educated herbal medicine with priority given to Shin-nong-bon-cho-kyong(神農本草經) stand on the serious view on the scripture. They produced a various herbs on the basis of broad territory and suigeneris herbal medicine. It is famous herb of Balhae(渤海), that To-sa-ja, Gon-po(昆布), Doo-shi, Ginseng(人蔘), Woo-hwang(牛黃), Song-ja(松子), Hwang-myung-kyo (黃明膠), Baek-bu-ja(白附子), Sa-hyang(麝香), Honey(蜜).