• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.478-481
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• 1996

Disproportionation reaction is very important and interesting reaction to be applied to such surface treatment as metal, alloy, compound coating, a surface etching and so on. In gaseous system, the reaction of Al chloride is applied to Al and Al alloy coating, and the similar reaction of Ti chloride is also used for Ti, Ti alloy and Ti compound coating. As for aqueous system, this reaction is utilized to such metal coat as Sn etc. and metal etching such as Cu, Fe and so on. Also in molten salts system, this reaction has many application for surface treatment like metal, alloy and compound coatings for corrosion, wear, heat resistance and so forth. For instance, carbide film, nitride film, boride film, alloy film, quite new different film from the components of substrate material are coated in single and multiple component film system by the disproportionation reaction.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.301-310
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• 2009

Recently, it has been increasing for the eco-environment plating and surface treatment of eco-environment to decrease hazardous materials. Particular eco-environment can be applied to electronics or automotive parts of industry. In the case of mobile phone, if there were fired, the products bearing dye may be contaminated with the hazardous and wasted. we can obtain the original metal color by electro coloring by metal salt, get rid of hazardous gas, decrease the wasted sludges. Now, the industrial patent number is increasing in Korea, we can accomplish the development of green industry by supporting technical trend of the plating and surface treatment in eco-environment.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.157-170
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• 2001

The bond strength is the most important factor in establishing long-term success of resin-retained fixed prostheses. So, various surface treatment methods have been introduced to improve the bond strength of metal surface and bonding resin till now This study was performed to compare the effect of silicoating with that of metal primer and analyze the correlation between treatment time of sandblasting and the bond strength, so that meant to find more effective surface treatment method that could enhance the bond strength of resin-retained fixed prostheses. The surfaces of all specimens made of $Verabond^{(R)}$ alloys were air abraded with $250{\mu}m\;Al_2O_3$ according to treatment time of sandblasting and they were subdivided to be treated with only sandblasting(S group), silicoating following sandblasting(SS group) and metal primer application after sandblasting(SM group). Then pairs of metal specimens (${\phi}10mm{\times}h\;2mm,\;{\phi}6{\times}h\;2mm$) were bonded with Super bond $C&B^{(R)}$. The specimens were stored in $38^{\circ}C$ water for 48 hours and shear bond strength was measured using the universal testing machine. The results were as follows, 1. In the comparison of shear bond strength according to treatment time of sandblasting, bond strength was increased in the order of 0', 15', 30', 45', 60' group. 0' group had significantly lower value than any other, while 0', 15' group were significantly different with 30', 45', 60' group(p<0.05). 2. In the comparison of shear bond strength according surface treatment methods, bond strength was increased in the order of S group. SS group and SM group. S group was significantly different with SS group and SM group(p<0.05). 3. Observing the mode of bond failure. 0', 15' group showed only adhesive failure, and 30', 45', 60' group did mostly adhesive & cohesive failure in S group. In SS group and SM group, all other groups except 0', 15' group showed mostly cohesive failure. From the above results, it is considered that sandblasting should be treated for more than 30 seconds, and metal primer be more effective and available clinically than silicoater system which is complicate, technique-sensitive and time-consuming method, when nonprecious metal surface is planning be treated with in order enhance the bond strength of resin-retained fixed prostheses.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.1-9
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• 2004

Using the methods which described in ISO 4588, ASTM D2651 and the selected literature, we investigated the best conditions of acid treatment for stainless steel and carbon steel. The acid treatments were conducted with four different acid solutions which were prepared for stainless steel and carbon steel specimen. We observed the contact angle and morphology and roughness of the metal surface and the thickness change at various treatment conditions as treatment temperature and time. Also, we investigated the characteristics of the surface aging according to air exposure after surface treatment. As a result, the optimal temperature of the acid treatment for stainless steel and carbon steel were each obtained at $83^{\circ}C$ and $63^{\circ}C$. Also, it was confirmed that the acid treatments for the metal surface were accompanied with the decrease of thickness and the change of surface morphology due to significant erosion that depend on treatment methods. And also, it was characterized that the aspect of surface aging by air exposure was highly depended on the method of acid treatment.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to observe the change of marginal distortion related to heat treatment and surface treatment in. Thirty copings were made on the self-curing resin dies and twenty coping among them were treated by heat and surface grinding. All copings were adapted on the respective dies and then were invested into the plastic boxes with tray resin. Both copiong and die invested in tray resin were cut through labio-lingually by a separating disc. This cross-cutting surface was ground and polished. Specimens were mounted on a light microscope and photographed. Marginal discrepancies were measured on photographes by a scale. The obtained results could be summarized in the followings : 1. In all metal copings, the distortion of cervical margin was shown after heat treatment and surface treatment. 2. There were no statistically significant differences in marginal fitness between shoulder and deep chamfer. 3. There were no statistically significant differences in marginal fitness between labial margin and lingual margin in one die. 4. In case of the copings which were not treated with preheating and were treated with surface grinding, the marginal distortion shows a tendency to increase.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.327-333
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• 1993

The effect of heat treatment on the adhesion between Cu-18wt% Cr film and polyimide has been studied by using T-peel test, AES, and XRD. Cu-18wt% Cr alloy and pure Cu films were sputter deposited onto pol-yimide. Cu was electroplated before and after heat treatment at $400^{\circ}C$ for 0.5 hr and 2 hrs respectively. The adhesion of metal film onto polyimide was considerably good before heat treatment, but heat treatment re-duced the peel adhesion strength in all specimens. The reduction in adhesion in adhesion strength values in the specimens which were plated after heat treatment was mainly due to Cr-O rich pahse formed in the metal/polyimide in-terface. In the specimens which were heat treated after plating, the enhanced ductility in the metal films con-tributes the peel adhesion strength by increasing the amount of deformation in metal strips.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.117-127
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of surface treatment of fractured metal-ceramic crown on bond strength of porcelain repair resin. The specimens were divided into two groups for metal specimens add five groups for porcelain specimens by surface treatment methods. the metal specimens were treated by 2 methods. : micro-sandblasting with $50{\mu}m$ aluminum oxide and grinding with diamond bur. The porcelain specimens were treated by 5 methods : micro-sandblasting with $50{\mu}m$ aluminum oxide, grinding with diamond bur, etching with porcelain etching agent, combination of micro-sandblasting and etching procedure, and combination of grinding and etching procedure. After surface treatment, each specimen was bonded with composite resin and the bond strength was measured and the surface texture was observed by scanning electromicroscope(SEM). The results were as follows : 1. There was significant difference in shear bond strength between metal specimen and prorcelain specimen. 2. Bood strength of metal specimens treated with diamond bur was higher than that treated with $50{\mu}m$ aluminum oxide sandblasting. 3. Bond strength of porcelain specimen treated with diamond bur was higher than that treated with $50{\mu}m$ aluminum oxide sandblasting and porcelain etching agent. 4. There was no significant difference in shear bond strength between the group treated with diamond bur and combined treatment groups respectively. 5. The large undercuts were observed in group treated with diamond bur by SEM.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.73-83
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• 1992

Now composite resin restoration is clinically accepted in the repair of fractured PFM case, many mechanical surface treatment methods are performed to increase retentive force. The main purpose of this study was to compare the retentive force among the possible surface treatments and to insure the best method for the clinical application to the fractures porecelain and the exposed metal surface. To compare and to analyze the retentive force of repair resin, porcelain specimen were divided into 2 groups, etching group and non-etching group, and etching group were treated with 37% $H_3PO_4$, 1.23% APF, 10% HF and non-etching groups were treated with diamond bur, micro-sandblasasting. Also, metal specimens were divided by 2 groups : one was non-precious metal group which was treated with diamond bur, micro-sandblasting and tin plating and electrolytic etching, the other was precious metal group which was composed of micro-sandblasting treatment only and tin plating treatment with micro-sandblasting. Each specimen had been restored for 48 hours and the bond strength of each specimen was calculated with Universal testing machine. The results were as follows : 1. Porcelain specimen had higher bonding strength than metal specimen for the repair resin(P<0.01). 2. In porcelain specimen, 10% HF etching group had the highest bonding strength among etching and non-etching group. 3. Metal specimen treated with micro-sandblasting had highest bonding strength among the non-sandblasting had hightest bonding strength among the non-precious group, tin plating group had higher bonding strength than micro-sandblasting group between the precious metal groups. 4. Bonding strength of tin plating was increased in precious metal group only.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.54-59
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• 2002

Overlays is a treatment of the surface and near-surface regions of a material to allow the surface to perform functions that are distinct from those frictions demanded far the bulk of the material. Welding, thermal spray, quenching, carburizing and nitration have been used as the surface treatment. Especially, weld overlay is a relatively thick layer of filler metal applied to a carbon or low-alloy steel base metal for the purpose of providing a wear resistant surface. In this study, weld overlay was performed by MAG welding on the base metal(SS400) with filler metal which contain composite powders($Cr_3C_2+Mn+Mo+NbC$) and solid wire(JIS-YGW11). Characteristics of hardness and wear resistance on overlays were analyzed by EDS, EPMA, XRD and microstructures. Carbide formations were $M(Cr, Fe)_7C_3$ and NbC phases. And carbide volume fraction, hardness and specific wear resistance of overlays were increased with increasing powder feed rate and decreasing wire fred rate. Hardness and wear resistance were almost proportioned to carbide volume fraction of overlay.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.68-74
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• 2009

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM. When veneering composite resin-metal restoration is prepared, the fact that bond strength between Ti and composite resin is relatively weak should be considered. PURPOSE. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the shear bond strength between the veneering composite resin and commercial pure (CP) Ti / Ti-6Al-4V alloy according to the method of surface treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The disks were cast by two types of metal. Their surfaces were treated by sandblasting, metal conditioner, TiN coating and silicoating respectively. After surface treatment, the disks were veneered by composite resin (Tescera$^{TM}$, Bisco, USA) which is 5 mm in diameter and 3 mm in thickness. The specimens were stored in water at $25^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours, and then evaluated for their shear bond strength by universal testing machine (STM-$5^{(R)}$, United Calibration, USA). These values were statistically analyzed. RESULTS. 1. All methods of surface treatment were used in this study satisfied the requirements of ISO 10477 which is the standard of polymer-based crown and bridge materials. 2. The metal conditioner treated group showed the highest value in shear bond strength of CP Ti, silicoated group, TiN coated group, sandblasted group, in following order. 3. The silicoated group showed the highest value in shear bond strength of Ti-6Al-4V alloy, metal conditioner treated group, sandblasted group, TiN coated group, in following order. CONCLUSION. Within the limitations of this study, all methods of surface treatment used in this study are clinically available.