• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.49-59
• /
• 1971

This experiment was conducted, how making use of "Seracol 100", a kind of nonionic surface active reagent, during cocoon cooking and silk reeling process which is mainly used in Korea and developed by one of the authors since 1965. Main purpose of the experiment is to investigate the influence of the activity of the reelability aid reagent on various degree of hardness component and various salts which are contained in filature water being used by silk factories now. Specifically, it was tried to determine the effects of the reelability aid reagent added to each sample water of artificially differentiated the degree of hardness component upon sericin solubility. Some of the major findings are summarized as follows. 1. "Seracol 100", with below 5$^{\circ}$dH water, increased sericin solubility in each sample water, but above $10^{\circ}$dH the effect of it shows a significant relationship with the different degree of hardness component. Besides the component (MgCO$_3$)$_4$ㆍMg(OH)$_2$, generally, the higher the degree of hardness in the water, the less the amount of desolved sericin in the water showed. There is little or no difference between 1000 times diluted "Seracol 100" water and 2000 times diluted "Seracol 100" water in terms of sericin solubility. 2. The different kind of degree of hardness component shows a significant relationship with sericin solubility, In case use of "Seracol 100", Mg hardness component affected on the sericin solubility more than Ca hardness. But in the control, contrary to this, that is Ca hardness component did more than Mg hardness, 3. The different kind of salts in degree of hardness component show a significant relationship with sericin solubility. In the control water, nitrate is the greatest among salts affecting on sericin solubility, next chloride and sulfate are in order. In case of "Seracol 100" water, chloride is the least among salts, below $10^{\circ}$dH, next sulfate and nitrate are in order, and above 15$^{\circ}$dH, next nitrate and sulfate are in order. 4. In case of "Seracol 100" water, the more contained heavy metal salts (Fe, Al, Cu, Mn) in the water, the less sericin solubility showed. It is found that there is little or no difference among other salts in terms of sericin solubility. But alkaline metal salt remarkably increased sericin solubility. 5. In case of "Seracol 100" water, tinting of the water was affected by Ca salts more than by Mg salts. Among other salts, only Al and Fe affected on the tinting of the water, specifically, in view of the fact that "Seracol 100" water increase the tinting of Fe salt water, but decrease the tinting of raw silk. It is thought that "Seracol 100" deter Fe$^{+2}$ from absorbing to raw silk by deteriorating the activity of Fe$^{+2}$ . 6. "Seracol 100" have the effect on osmosis of the water, After treatment until 2hrs the osmosis of 1000 times diluted "Seracol 100" water is the greatest, next orders are 2000 times diluted "Seracol 100" and control. From 2 hrs to 6 hrs the osmosis of 2000 times diluted water is the greatest, next orders are 1000 times diluted water and control. After 6 hrs the osmosis of the water is the same order as above. 7. In view of tile fact that "Seracol 100" have the effect to control the degree of hardness during the treatment of cocoon layer in the water, it is thought that, in varying degree of hardness in the water, there is a significant relationship between "Seracol 100" and degree of hardness components in cocoon layer.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
• /
• v.3 no.6
• /
• pp.565-574
• /
• 1993

The Ar/Ar- $H_{2}$ plasma method Lvas applied to reduce and refine high purity Nb metal. Inaddition, the reaction between molten Nb metal and hydrogen were also analyzed in the Ar-(20%)$H_{2}$plasma. The metallic Nb of 99.5wt% was obtained at the ratio of $C/Nb_{2}O_{5}$=5.00 in the Ar plasma reductionand the $O_2$ loss from the thermal decomposition of niobium oxides did not take place. In the Ar-(20%)Hi plasma the metallic Nb of 99.8wt% was produced at the ratio of $C/Nb_{2}O_{5}$=4.80. It was observedthat a major reaction of the deoxidation was the reaction with H, Hi, and a deoxidation by the evaporationof $NbO_x$ did not occur but a mass loss of Nb did by a "splash" effect. The deoxidation reaction rateobeyed the 1st order reaction kinetics and the reaction rate constant(k') of deoxidation was $7.8 \times 10_{-7}$(m/sec).The solubility of hydrogen in Nb metal was 60ppm and it was larger than the solubility of molecularstate hydrogen by 40ppm in the Ar-(20%)$H_{2}$ plasma method. A saturation was within 60sec anda hydrogen content was reduced below lOppm by a Ar plasma re-treatment.by a Ar plasma re-treatment.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.393-397
• /
• 1999

Among various reactions which metal sulfides can undergo in the reducing environment, the lattice exchange reaction was examined in a attempt to selectively remove heavy metal ions contained in the Fe-Coagulants acid solution. We have examined Zeta potential along with pHs to investigate surface characteristics of ${FeS}_{(s)}$. As a result of this experiment, zero point charge(ZPC) of FeS is pH 7 and zeta potential which resulted from solid solution reaction between Pb(II) and ${FeS}_{(s)}$ is similar to that of ${PbS}_{(s)}$. Solubility characteristics of ${FeS}_{(s)}$ is appeared to that dissolved Fe(II) concentration increased in less than pH 4, and also increased with increasing heavy metal concentration. Various heavy metal ions(Pb(II), Cu(II), Zn(II)) contained in Fe-coagulants acid solution were removed selectively more than ninety-five percent in the rang of pH 2.5~10 by ${FeS}_{(s)}$. From the above experiments, therefore, We could know that the products of reaction between heavy metal ions and $FeS_{(S)}$ are mental sulfide such as $PbS_{(S)}$, $CuS_{(S)}$ and $ZnS_{(S)}$.

• Proceedings of the Polymer Society of Korea Conference
• /
• 2006.10a
• /
• pp.349-349
• /
• 2006

Vinyl-polynorbornene has good thermal stability, high transparency and low dielectric constant. However, it has low solubility, poor mechanical and adhesive properties. In this work, polynorbornene derivatives were prepared by Pd(II) late transition metal catalyst. The polymers have good solubility, and are thermally stable up to$300^{\circ}C$ The glass transition temperature is decreased as the side-chain becomes bulkier. Structure-property relationship of polynorbornene derivatives measured by X-ray scattering, mechanical and electrical properties will be discussed.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.158-164
• /
• 2012

Rhodamine dyes belong to xanthene family has excellent photostability and photophysical properties. In rhodamine dyes, Rhodamine 6G and its precursors also have xanthene chromophore and it shows high fluorescent quantum yield. Rhodamine 6G derivates are simple to synthesis and its high sensitivity and water solubility are suitable as good chemosensor. In this regard, Rhodamine 6G derivates which have selectivity to specific metal cation can used to detect various heavy metal ions. In this study, rhodamine 6G derivatives were synthesized by reaction of rhodamine 6G hydrazide and glyoxal and 4-phenyl thiosemicarbazide and it showed colorimetric and fluorescence sensing toward $Hg^{2+}$ ion. This novel chemosensor was analyzed and measured on UV-Vis and fluorescence spectrophotometer. HOMO/LUMO values were also calculated by computational calculation.

• Journal of Powder Materials
• /
• v.10 no.5
• /
• pp.310-317
• /
• 2003

Two-component ceramic (alumina-zirconia) composites were fabricated by a soft-solution process in which polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used as a polymeric carrier. Metal salts and PEG were dissolved in ethyl alcohol without any precipitation in 1:1 volume ratio of alumina and zirconia. In the non-aqueous system, the flammable solvent made explosive, exothermic reaction during drying process. The reaction resulted in formation of volume expanded, porous precursor powders by a vigorous decomposition of organic components in the precursor sol. The PEG content affected the grain size of sintered composites as well as the morphology of precursor powders. The difference of microstructure in sintered composite was attribute to the solubility and homogeneity of metal cations in precursor sol. At the optimum amount of the PEG polymer, the metal ions were dispersed effectively in solution and a homogeneous polymeric network was formed. It made less agglomerated particles in the precursor sol and affected on uniform grain size in sintered composite.

• Journal of Powder Materials
• /
• v.9 no.5
• /
• pp.346-351
• /
• 2002

Pure and fine, two-component titanate powders (barium titanate, calcium titanate etc.) were synthesized by an ethylene glycol method. Titanium isopropoxide and other metal ionic salts were dissolved in liquid-type ethylene glycol without any precipitation. In non-aqueous system, the amount of ethylene glycol affected the solubility and homogeneity of metal cation sources in the solution. At the optimum amount of the polymer, the metal ions were dispersed effectively in solution and a homogeneous polymeric network was formed. Most of the synthesized powders had sub-micron or nano-size primary particles after calcination and the agglomerated calcined powders were easily ground by ball milling process. All synthesized titanate powders had stable crystallization behavior at low temperature and high specific surface area after ball milling. The crystallization behavior and the microstructures of the calcined powders were affected on the ethylene glycol content.

• Journal of Radiopharmaceuticals and Molecular Probes
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.141-146
• /
• 2021

With increasing interest in fluorinated compounds, nucleophilic fluorination reaction has been generally used for synthesizing fluorine-containing chemicals. However, alkali metal fluorides (MFs) generally have low solubility and reactivity in organic solvent. To overcome these problems, various phase transfer catalysts (PTCs) have been investigated. Calix-arene is known as to capture the metal cation(M⁺), and therefore in this review, we would like to introduce several kinds of calix-arene based PTCs, such as bis-tert-alcohol-functionalized crown-6-calix[4]arene (BACCA), oligo-ethylene glycol linked bis-triethyleneglycol crown-5-calix[4]arene (BTC5A), and ionic liquid functionalized calix-arene based catalyst, as well as ion-pair receptor crown-6-calix[4]arene-capped calix[4]pyrrole.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.23-29
• /
• 2003

Setschenow constants of six alkali and alkaline earth metal-based electrolytes (i.e., NaCl, KCl, CaCl$_2$, K$_2$SO$_4$, Na$_2$SO$_4$, NaClO$_4$) for three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (i.e., naphthalene, pyrene, and perylene) were investigated to evaluate the influence of a variety of inorganic salts on the aqueous solubility of PAHs. Inorganic salts showed a wide range of K$\_$s/ values (L/mol), ranging from 0.1108 (NaClO$_4$) to 0.6680 (Na$_2$SO$_4$) for naphthalene, 0.1071 (NaClO$_4$) to 0.7355 (Na$_2$SO$_4$) for pyrene, and 0.1526 (NaClO$_4$) to 0.8136 (Na$_2$SO$_4$) for perylene. In general, the salting out effect of metal cations decreased in the order of Ca$\^$2+/>Na$\^$+/>K$\^$+/. The effect of SO$_4$$\^$2-/>Cl$\^$-/>ClO4$\^$-/ was observed for anions of inorganic salts. The K$\_$s/ values decreased in the order of perylene>pyrene>naphthalene for K$_2$SO$_4$. However, the order of decreasing salting out effect for NaCl, KCl, CaCl$_2$, and NaClO$_4$ was perylene>naphthalene>pyrene. Hydration free energy of the 1:1 and 2:1 alkali and alkaline earth metal-based inorganic salts solution was observed to have a meaningful correlation with Setschenow constants. Thermodynamic interactions between PAH molecules and salt solution can be of importance in determining the magnitude of salting out effect for PAHs at a given salt solution.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.57-62
• /
• 2016

The over-discharging phenomena in sodium-nickel chloride batteries were investigated in relation to decomposition of molten salt electrolyte and consequent metal co-deposition. From XRD analysis, the material deposited on graphite cathode current collector was revealed to be by-product of molten salt electrolyte decomposition. In particular, the result showed that the Ni-Al alloys ($Al_3Ni_2$, $Ni_3Al$ and $Al_3Ni$) were electrochemically deposited on graphite current collectors in line with over-discharging behaviors. It is assumed that the $NiCl_2$ solubility in molten salt electrolytes leads to the co-deposition of Ni-Al alloys by increasing metal deposition potential above 1.6 V (vs. $Na/Na^+$). The cell tests have revealed that the composition of molten salt electrolytes modified by various additives makes a decisive influence on the over-discharging behaviors of the cells. It was revealed that NaOCN addition to molten salt electrolytes was advantageous to suppress over-discharge reactions by modifying the characteristics of molten salt electrolytes. NaOCN addition into molten salt electrolytes seems to suppress Ni solubility by maintaining basic melts. The cell using modified molten salt electrolyte with NaOCN (Cell D) showed relatively less cell degradation compared with other cells for long cycles.