• Title/Summary/Keyword: Metal foil

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Synthesis of Electroplated 63Ni Source and Betavoltaic Battery (63Ni 도금선원 및 베타 전지 제조)

  • Uhm, Young Rang;Yoo, Kwon Mo;Choi, Sang Mu;Kim, Jin Joo;Son, Kwang Jae
    • Journal of Radiation Industry
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    • v.9 no.4
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    • pp.167-170
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    • 2015
  • Radioisotope (Nuclear) battery using $^{63}Ni$ was prepared as beta cell. The electroplated $^{63}Ni$ on Ni foil is fabricated, and beta cell and photovoltaic hybrid battery was designed to use at both day and night in space project. A Ni-plating solution is prepared by dissolving metal particles including $^{62}Ni$ and $^{63}Ni$ from neutron irradiation of ($n,{\gamma}$). Electroplating solution of a chloride bath consists on nickel ions in HCl, $H_3BO_3$, and KOH. The deposition was carried out at current density of $10mA\;cm^{-2}$. The prepared beta source was attached on a PN junction and measured I-V properties. The power output at activity of 0.07 mCi and 0.45 mCi were 0.55 pW and 2.69 nW, respectively.

Three-Dimensional Microstructures Fabricated by Multi-Step Electrochemical Aluminum-Foil Etching (알루미늄 박판의 다단 전해식각 공정을 이용한 3 차원 마이크로 구조물의 제작)

  • Kim, Yoon-Ji;Youn, Se-Chan;Han, Won;Cho, Young-Ho;Park, Ho-Joon;Chang, Byeung-Gyu;Oh, Yong-Soo
    • Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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    • v.34 no.12
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    • pp.1805-1810
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    • 2010
  • We present a simple, cost-effective, and fast fabrication process for three-dimensional (3D) microstructures; this process is based on multi-step electrochemical etching of metal foils which facilitates the mass production of 3D microstructures. Compared to electroplating, this process maintains uniform and well-controlled material properties of the microstructure. In the experimental study, we perform single-step electrochemical etching of aluminum foils for the fabrication of 2D cantilever arrays. In the single-step etching, the depth etch rate and bias etch rate are measured as $1.50{\pm}0.10 {\mu}m/min$ and $0.77{\pm}0.03 {\mu}m/min$, respectively. Using the results of single-step etching, we perform two-step electrochemical etching for 3D microstructures with probe tips on cantilevers. The errors in height and lateral fabrication in the case of the fabricated structures are $15.5{\pm}5.8% $ and $3.3{\pm}0.9%$, respectively; the surface roughness is $37.4{\pm}9.6nm$.

Evaluation of Residual Radioactivity and Dose Rate of a Target Assembly in an IBA Cyclotron (IBA 사이클로트론 표적집합체에서의 잔류 방사화 분석 및 선량률 평가)

  • Hwang, Seon Yong;Kim, Youngju;Lee, Seung Wook
    • Journal of radiological science and technology
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    • v.39 no.4
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    • pp.643-649
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    • 2016
  • When a cyclotron produces $^{18}F^-$, accelerated protons interact with metal parts of the cyclotron machine and induces radioactivity. Especially, the target window and chamber of the target assembly are the main parts where long-lived radionuclides are generated as they are incident by direct beams. It is of great importance to identify radionuclides induced in the target assembly for the safe operation and maintenance of a cyclotron facility. In this study, we analyzed major radionuclides generated in the target assembly by an operation of the Cyclotron 18/9 machine and measured dose rates after the operation to establish the radiation safety guideline for operators and maintenance personnel of the machine. Gamma spectroscopy with HPGe was performed on samples from the target chamber and Havar foil target window to identify the radionuclides generated during the operation for production of $^{18}F^-$- isotope and their specific activity. Also, the dose rates from the target were measured as a function of time after an operation. These data will help improve radiological safety of operating the cyclotron facilities.

A Study on the Vanadium Oxide Thin Films as Cathode for Lithium Ion Battery Deposited by RF Magnetron Sputtering (RF 마그네트론 스퍼터링으로 증착된 리튬 이온 이차전지 양극용 바나듐 옥사이드 박막에 관한 연구)

  • Jang, Ki-June;Kim, Ki-Chul
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.20 no.6
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    • pp.80-85
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    • 2019
  • Vanadium dioxide is a well-known metal-insulator phase transition material. Lots of researches of vanadium redox flow batteries have been researched as large scale energy storage system. In this study, vanadium oxide($VO_x$) thin films were applied to cathode for lithium ion battery. The $VO_x$ thin films were deposited on Si substrate($SiO_2$ layer of 300 nm thickness was formed on Si wafer via thermal oxidation process), quartz substrate by RF magnetron sputter system for 60 minutes at $500^{\circ}C$ with different RF powers. The surface morphology of as-deposited $VO_x$ thin films was characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy. The crystallographic property was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. The optical properties were characterized by UV-visible spectrophotometer. The coin cell lithium-ion battery of CR2032 was fabricated with cathode material of $VO_x$ thin films on Cu foil. Electrochemical property of the coin cell was investigated by electrochemical analyzer. As the results, as increased of RF power, grain size of as-deposited $VO_x$ thin films was increased. As-deposited thin films exhibit $VO_2$ phase with RF power of 200 W above. The transmittance of as-deposited $VO_x$ films exhibits different values for different crystalline phase. The cyclic performance of $VO_x$ films exhibits higher values for large surface area and mixed crystalline phase.

Growth of Tin Dioxide Nanostructures on Chemically Synthesized Graphene Nanosheets (화학적으로 합성된 그래핀 나노시트 위에서의 이산화주석 나노구조물의 성장)

  • Kim, Jong-IL;Kim, Ki-Chul
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.20 no.5
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    • pp.81-86
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    • 2019
  • Metal oxide/graphene composites have been known as promising functional materials for advanced applications such as high sensitivity gas sensor, and high capacitive secondary battery. In this study, tin dioxide ($SnO_2$) nanostructures were grown on chemically synthesized graphene nanosheets using a two-zone horizontal furnace system. The large area graphene nanosheets were synthesized on Cu foil by thermal chemical vapor deposition system with the methane and hydrogen gas. Chemically synthesized graphene nanosheets were transferred on cleaned $SiO_2$(300 nm)/Si substrate using the PMMA. The $SnO_2$ nanostuctures were grown on graphene nanosheets at $424^{\circ}C$ under 3.1 Torr for 3 hours. Raman spectroscopy was used to estimate the quality of as-synthesized graphene nanosheets and to confirm the phase of as-grown $SnO_2$ nanostructures. The surface morphology of as-grown $SnO_2$ nanostructures on graphene nanosheets was characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). As the results, the synthesized graphene nanosheets are bi-layers graphene nanosheets, and as-grown tin oxide nanostructures exhibit tin dioxide phase. The morphology of $SnO_2$ nanostructures on graphene nanosheets exhibits complex nanostructures, whereas the surface morphology of $SnO_2$ nanostructures on $SiO_2$(300 nm)/Si substrate exhibits simply nano-dots. The complex nanostructures of $SnO_2$ on graphene nanosheets are attributed to functional groups on graphene surface.

Investigation of the Internal Structure and Gold-thin Layer of the Gilt-bronze Seated Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva at Anseong Cheonryong Temple through the Non-destructive Analysis (비파괴 분석법을 통한 안성 청룡사 금동관음보살좌상 내부구조 및 금박층 조사)

  • Choi, Jung Eun;Choi, Hak
    • Journal of Conservation Science
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    • v.37 no.6
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    • pp.670-678
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    • 2021
  • Anseong Cheonryongsa, a temple located in Anseong Seoun Mountain, is a part of the second Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism, under the Yongju Temple, and enshrines a gilt-bronze seated Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva. In this study, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis revealed that this statue is composed of Cu-27.2 wt%, Sn-12.6 wt% and Pb-48 wt%. A gamma (γ) ray (Ir-192) image confirmed damage on the backside of the statue, which was later repaired with wood. The XRF analysis and visual observation determined the boundary between the metal and wood in the statue. In addition, results of standard X-ray peak intensity of gold foil and correlation with thickness helped to derive an equation for calculating the thickness of the Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva's gold foil. It was determined that the gilded chest (21 ㎛) and face (20.7 ㎛) of the statue were the thickest sections, the wooden substratum (11.9 ㎛) was the next-most thick, and the bronze (7.4 ㎛) was the thinnest layer.

Research of Diffusion Bonding of Tungsten/Copper and Their Properties under High Heat Flux

  • Li, Jun;Yang, Jianfeng
    • Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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    • 2011.05a
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    • pp.14-14
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    • 2011
  • W (tungsten)-alloys will be the most promising plasma facing armor materials in highly loaded plasma interactive components of the next step fusion reactors due to its high melting point, high sputtering resistance and low deuterium/tritium retention. The bonding technology of tungsten to Cu alloy was one of the key issues. In this paper, W/CuCrZr diffusion bonding has been performed successfully by inserting pure metal interlay. The joint microstructure, interfacial elements migration and phase composition were analyzed by SEM, EDS, XRD, and the joint shear strength and micro-hardness were investigated. The mock-ups were fabricated successfully with diffusion bonding and the cladding technology respectively, and the high heat flux test and thermal fatigue test were carried out under actively cooling condition. When Ni foil was used for the bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, two reaction layers, Ni4W and Ni(W) layer, appeared between the tungsten and Ni interlayer with the optimized condition. Even though Ni4W is hard and brittle, and the strength of the joint was oppositely increased (217 MPa) due primarily to extremely small thicknesses (2~3 ${\mu}m$). When Ti foil was selected as the interlayer, the Ti foil diffused quickly with Cu and was transformed into liquid phase at $1,000^{\circ}C$. Almost all of the liquid was extruded out of the interface zone under bonding pressure, and an extremely thin residual layer (1~2 ${\mu}m$) of the liquid phase was retained between the tungsten and CuCrZr, which shear strength exceeded 160 MPa. When Ni/Ti/Ni multiple interlayers were used for bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, a large number of intermetallic compound ($Ni_4W/NiTi_2/NiTi/Ni_3T$) were formed for the interdiffusion among W, Ni and Ti. Therefore, the shear strength of the joint was low and just about 85 MPa. The residual stresses in the clad samples with flat, arc, rectangle and trapezoid interface were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The simulation results show that the flat clad sample was subjected maximum residual stress at the edge of the interface, which could be cracked at the edge and propagated along the interface. As for the rectangle and trapezoid interface, the residual stresses of the interface were lower than that of the flat interface, and the interface of the arc clad sample have lowest residual stress and all of the residual stress with arc interface were divided into different grooved zones, so the probabilities of cracking and propagation were lower than other interfaces. The residual stresses of the mock-ups under high heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The tungsten of the flat interfaces was subjected to tensile stresses (positive $S_x$), and the CuCrZr was subjected to compressive stresses (negative $S_x$). If the interface have a little microcrack, the tungsten of joint was more liable to propagate than the CuCrZr due to the brittle of the tungsten. However, when the flat interface was substituted by arc interfaces, the periodical residual stresses in the joining region were either released or formed a stress field prohibiting the growth or nucleation of the interfacial cracks. Thermal fatigue tests were performed on the mock-ups of flat and arc interface under the heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ with the cooling water velocity of 10 m/s. After thermal cycle experiments, a large number of microcracks appeared at the tungsten substrate due to large radial tensile stress on the flat mock-up. The defects would largely affect the heat transfer capability and the structure reliability of the mock-up. As for the arc mock-up, even though some microcracks were found at the interface of the regions, all microcracks with arc interface were divided into different arc-grooved zones, so the propagation of microcracks is difficult.

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The Silicon Type Load Cell with SUS630 Diaphragm (SUS630 다이아프램을 이용한 반도체식 로드셀)

  • Moon, Young-Soon;Lee, Seon-Gil;Ryu, Sang-Hyuk;Choi, Sie-Young
    • Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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    • v.20 no.3
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    • pp.213-218
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    • 2011
  • The load cell is a force sensor and a transducer that is used to convert a physical force into a electrical signal for weighing equipment. Most conventional load cells are widely used a metal foil strain gauge for sensing element when force being applied spring element in order to converts the deformation to electrical signals. The sensitivity of a load cell is limited by its low gauge factor, hysteresis and creep. But silicon-based sensors perform with higher reliability. This paper presents the basic design and development of the silicon type load cell with an SUS630 diaphragm. The load cell consists of two parts the silicon strain gauge and the SUS630 structure with diaphragm. Structure analysis of load cell was researched by theory to optimize the load cell diaphragm design and to determine the position of peizoresistors on a silicon strain gauge. The piezo-resistors are integrated in the four points of silicon strain gauge processed by ion implantation. The thickness of the silicon strain gauge was polished by CMP under 100 ${\mu}M$. The 10 mm diameter SUS630 diaphragm was designed for loads up to 10 kg with 300 ${\mu}M$ of diaphragm thickness. The load cell was successfully tested, the variation of ${\Delta}$R(%) of four points on the silicon strain gauge is good linearity properties and sensitivity.

An Introduction to the Ground Water Model Test (지하수 model에 관한 모형시험방법)

  • 김주욱
    • Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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    • v.9 no.2
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    • pp.1301-1305
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    • 1967
  • Ground water flow can be studied with model test. Model test of ground water works are necessary for economic and safe design of the works. Also influence of the ground water flow to the durability and safety of hydraulic structures can be studied with this model. a. Sand model ; Water flow through porous media is the principle of sand model. Darcy's formula is the basic equation, $q=k{\frac{dh}{ds}}^{\circ}. The effect of the ground water flow on the grain system itself is represented with this model only. b. Hele-Shaw model ; In this model use is made of the viscous flow analogy. Viscous fluid such as glycerine flowing through two parallel plates depends on Poiseuille law, $q=-c{\frac{dh}{ds}}$. The analogue can be used vertically and horizontally. c. Heat model ; This is based on the analogy of the Fourier's law for heat conduction and Darcy's law for ground water flow. Especially unsteady problem can be studied with this model. A difficulty of the construction of this model is the isolation, which has to prevent losses of the heat. d. Electirc model ; Ohm's law for electric current is analogous to Darcy's law. Resistance material such as metal foil, graphite block, water with salt added, gelatine with salt added, ete. is connected to electric sources and resistor, and equi-voltage line is detected with galvanometer, $N_aCl$, $CuSo_4$, etc. are used as salt in the model. e. Membrane model ; This model is based on the facts that the deflection of a thin membrane obeys Laplace's equation if there is no load in the direction perpendicular to the membrane, and if the dellection is small.

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Electrochemical Properties of Buckminsterfullerene ($C_{60}$) in Acetonitrile Containing Quarternary Ammonium Electrolytes

  • Kim, Il Kwang;Kim, Hyun Jin;Oh, Gi Su;Jeon, Il Chol;Ahn, Byoung Joon
    • Analytical Science and Technology
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    • v.8 no.4
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    • pp.675-682
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    • 1995
  • Thin films of buckminsterfullerene($C_{60}$) formed by solution drop casting on Pt foil electrode surfaces were studied by cyclic voltammetry(CV) in acetonitrile(MeCN) containing quaternary ammonium or alkali-metal salts as supporting electrolyte. The electrochemical behaviors of $C_{60}$ films are found to be strongly dependent on the nature of the supporting electrolytes, especially with tetrabutyl ammonium perchlorate (TBAP, $NBu_4ClO_4$), and tetrabutyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate ($TBABF_4$, $NBu_4BF_4$). Reasonably stable films are formed into which electrons can be injected. The interaction of $C_{60}$ film with the quaternary ammonium cation may produce the fulleride salts $(TBA^+)(C{_{60}}^-)$ and $(TBA^+)_2(C{_{60}}^{2-})$. The bulk electroreduction with a controlled potential to generate the soluble $C{_{60}}^{3-}$ anions(dark red-brown color) is followed by electrooxidative deposition to produce a neutral $C_{60}$ film on the surface. The peak currents($I_{pc}$ and $I_{pa}$) of these thin film were dramatically decreased with repetitive potential scanning. These results could be explained by the adsorption-desorption phenomena and ion pairing interaction of reduced species($C{_{60}}^-$, and $C{_{60}}^{2-}$) onto the electrode surface. The peak current changes and peak potential shifts of the thin $C_{60}$ film in cyclic voltammograms formed from solution were observed by varying scan rates.

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