• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.401-409
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• 2004

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of a complex Lactobacilli preparation on performance, resistance to E. coli infection and gut microbial flora of weaning pigs. In exp. 1, twelve pigs (7.65$\pm$1.10 kg BW), weaned at 28 d, were randomly allotted into 2 groups and placed in individual metabolic cages. During the first 7 d, one group of pigs was provided ad libitum access to water containing $10^5$ colony forming units (CFU) Lactobacilli per ml and the control group was provided tap water. The Lactobacilli preparation included Lactobacillus gasseri, L. reuteri, L. acidophilus and L. fermentum, which were isolated from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract mucosa of weaning pigs. On d 8, 20 ml of $10^8$ CFU/ml E. coli solution (serovars K99, K88 and 987P at the ratio of 1:1:1) was orally administered to each pig. Diarrhea scores and diarrhea incidence were recorded from d 7 to 14. On d 14, pigs were euthanized and digesta and mucosa from the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum and colon were sampled using aseptic technique to determine microflora by culturing bacteria in selective medium. The results showed that Lactobacilli treatment significantly decreased E. coli and aerobe counts (p<0.01) but increased Lactobacilli and anaerobe counts (p<0.01) in digesta and mucosa of most sections of the GI tract. A 66 and 69.1% decrease in diarrhea index and diarrhea incidence, respectively, was observed in the Lactobacilli treated group. In exp. 2, Thirty-six crossbred Duroc$\times$Landrace$\times$Yorkshire piglets, weaned at 28$\pm$2 days, were selected and randomly allocated into 2 groups. There were 18 piglets in each group, 3 piglets in one pen and 6 replicates in each treatment with 3 pens of barrow and 3 pens of female piglet in each treatment. Piglets had ad libitum access to feed and water. The initial body weight of piglet was 7.65$\pm$1.09 kg. Dietary treatments included a non-medicated basal diet with Lactobacilli ($10^5$ CFU/g diet) or carbadox (60 mg/kg) as control. On d 21, six pigs per group (one pig per pen) were euthanized. Ileal digesta was collected to determine apparent amino acid digestibility. Microflora content was determined similarly to exp.1. The results showed that Lactobacilli treatment significantly improved average daily feed intake (ADFI) of pigs compared to carbadox (p<0.05) during the first 2 wks after weaning and average daily gain (ADG) and ADFI increased significantly (p<0.05) from d 8 to 14. Nitrogen and total phosphorus digestibility also increased (p<0.05). Bacterial counts were similar to exp. 1. The results indicate that the complex Lactobacilli preparation improved performance for 2 wks after weaning, enhanced resistance to E. coli infection, and improved microbial balance in the GI tract.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.318-322
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• 2008

Obesity is an increasing worldwide health problem that is strongly related to the imbalance of food intake and energy metabolism. It was well-known that several substances in the hypothalamus regulate food intake and energy metabolism. We planned an integrative study to elucidate the mechanism of the development of obesity. Firstly, to find candidate genes with the marvelous effect, the different expression in the hypothalamus between ob/ob and 48-h fasting mice was investigated by using DNA microarray technology. As a result, we found 3 genes [peroxisome proliferator activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 alpha (Ppargc1a), calmodulin 1 (Calm1), and complexin 2 (Cplx2)] showing the different hypothalamic expression between ob/ob and 48-h fasting mice. Secondly, a genetic approach on PPARGC1A gene was performed, because PPARGC1A acts as a transcriptional coactivator and a metabolic regulator. Two hundred forty three obese female patients with body mass index (BMI)${\geq}$25 and 285 control female subjects with BMI 18 to<23 were recruited according to the Classification of Korean Society for the Study of Obesity. Among the coding single nucleotide polymorphisms (cSNPs) of PPARGC1A, 2 missense SNPs (rs8192678, Gly482Ser; rs3736265, Thr612Met) and 1 synonymous SNP (rs3755863, Thr528Thr) were selected, and analyzed by PCR-RFLP and pyrosequencing. For the analysis of genetic data, chi-square ($X^2$) test and EH program were used. The rs8192678 was significantly associated with obese women (P<0.0006; odds ratio, 1.5327; 95% confidence interval, 1.2006-1.9568). Haplotypes also showed significant association with obese women ($X^2$=33.28, P<0.0008). These results suggest that PPARGC1A might be related to the development of obesity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.652-657
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• 2007

This study was performed to evaluate the physicochemical and quality characteristics of bread with Enteromorpha intenstinalis added. In order to compare the physical and organoleptic properties, 1 to 4% of E. intenstinalis powder was mixed with the flour. Among the physical characteristics of the dough, the absorption ratio in the farinogram and the degree of attenuation increased with increasing amounts of E. intenstinalis powder, whereas the development time, dough stability, the degree of extension, the degree of resistance, and R/E became reduced. In the amylogram, there was no difference in the gelatinization starting temperature among the samples, but the maximum viscosity gradually increased according to increasing amounts of E. intenstinalis powder. Also, a sensory evaluation was carried out in terms of acceptability (color, flavor, moistness, tenderness, mouth feel, and overall acceptability). Taken together, the 2% treatment showed the highest evaluation values, as compared to the other treatments.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.359-364
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• 1999

The effect of Salicylic acid (SA) on the leaf growth, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance in Commelina communis L. was investigated. C. communis which was grown in Hoagland solution containing 1 mM SA during 3 weeks resulted in a significant reduction of leaf length, width and area. 1 mM SA reduced about 10% of the leaf area at 1 week and 2 weeks, but inhibited 22% of the leaf area at 3 weeks. SA also showed great effect on the reduction of chlorophyll content. SA reduced 47% and 53% of chlorophyll content each at 2 weeks and 3 weeks when it was compared with the control. Chlorophyll a/b ratio in SA treated sample was increased at 3 weeks representing that SA was sensitive to chlorophyll b. The treatment of SA did not inhibit the activity of PSII＋PSI, PSII and PSI. This result indicates that SA did not show direct effect oil the photosynthetic electron transport activity. However, when C. communis was grown in Hoagland solution containing I mM SA fer long period, SA showed clear inhibition of photosyhthesis in intact leaves. The treatment of SA for 3 weeks showed about 23~65% inhibition of photosynthetic activity at various light intensity (100~1000$\mu$mo1 m­$^2$S­$^1$). Similar effect was found on stomatal conductance. The treatment of SA caused an almost closure of stomata. Similar effects of stomatal conductance at various light intensity indicate a loss of normal control on stomatal mechanism. These results indicate that the effect of SA on photo-synthetic activity was not by SA itself but by indirect metabolic pathway.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.39 no.2 s.116
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• pp.219-225
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• 2006

Bacterial community structure in the Juam Reservoir was analysed using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) technique from April 2005 to January 2006. Total bacterial numbers varied in the range of 1.58 ${\sim}\;2.73{\times}\;10^6\;cells\;mL^{-1}$ proportional to the concentration of chi-a and had the minimal value in January. The ratios of ${\alpha}\;{\cdot}\;{\beta}\;{\cdot}\;{\gamma}$-subclass proteobacteria and Cytophaga-Flavobacterium (CF) group to total bacteria ranged from 45.1% to 77.5%, and the ratios of ${\alpha}\;{\cdot}\;{\beta}\;{\cdot}\;{\gamma}$-subclasses to total bacteria in June and September with the concentration of chi-a measured were lower than those ratios in April and January. It suggests that enriched growth of Microcystis aeruginosa may inhibit the metabolic activlty of ${\alpha}\;{\cdot}\;{\beta}\;{\cdot}\;{\gamma}$-subclass proteobacteria. However, the ratio of CF group bacteria represented no large change depending on algal bloom. In terms of nitrifying bacteria, the numbers of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria ranged from 9.9 ${\times}\;10^4\;to\;25.5\;{\times}10^4\;cells\;mL^{-1}$ with sharp fluctuation whereas those of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria varied in 8.7${\sim}9.8{\times}10^4\;cells\;mL^{-1}$ without noticeable change except the maximal value of $20.3{\times}10^4\;cells\;mL^{-1}$ in January maybe due to the high DO.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.175-183
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• 2012

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the leading causes of cancer deaths and can be caused by environmental factors as well as genetic factors. Therefore, we developed a prediction model of CRC using genetic risk scores (GRS) and evaluated the effects of conventional risk factors, including family history of CRC, in combination with GRS on the risk of CRC in Koreans. This study included 187 cases (men, 133; women, 54) and 976 controls (men, 554; women, 422). GRS were calculated with most significantly associated single-nucleotide polymorphism with CRC through a genomewide association study. The area under the curve (AUC) increased by 0.5% to 5.2% when either counted or weighted GRS was added to a prediction model consisting of age alone (AUC 0.687 for men, 0.598 for women) or age and family history of CRC (AUC 0.692 for men, 0.603 for women) for both men and women. Furthermore, the risk of CRC significantly increased for individuals with a family history of CRC in the highest quartile of GRS when compared to subjects without a family history of CRC in the lowest quartile of GRS (counted GRS odds ratio [OR], 47.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.9 to 471.8 for men; OR, 22.3; 95% CI, 1.4 to 344.2 for women) (weighted GRS OR, 35.9; 95% CI, 5.9 to 218.2 for men; OR, 18.1, 95% CI, 3.7 to 88.1 for women). Our findings suggest that in Koreans, especially in Korean men, GRS improve the prediction of CRC when considered in conjunction with age and family history of CRC.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 2017

Objectives : It is well known that Sibjotang (Shizaotang), traditional herbal medicine formula, regulates the body fluid blood pressure homeostasis. This study is to investigate whether Sibjotang improves diabetic renal dysfunction in type II diabetes mellitus animal model, db/db mice. Methods : The animals model were divided into three groups at the age of 8 weeks; control group (C57BLKS/J-db/m mice), diabetic group [(C57BLKS/J+Lepr)-db/db mice], and Sibjotang group [(C57BLKS/J+Lepr)-db/db mice + Sibjotang 100 mg/kg/day]. During 8 weeks of treatment, blood glucose and urinary albumin excretion were checked in metabolic chamber at 8, 12, and 16 weeks of age, respectively. Results : Body weight and food intake of diabetic group were significantly higher than control group after 8 weeks administration. However, there were not significant different between the diabetic group and Sibjotang group. Urinary albumin excretion was significantly decreased in the Sibjotang group than the diabetic group. In addition, supplementation with Sibjotang significantly lowered levels of blood glucose, insulin, and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), suggesting reduced insulin resistance. The ratio of mesangial matrix/glomerular area was markedly larger in diabetic group than control group, whereas Sibjotang significantly reduced this expansion. Moreover, immunohistological study revealed that Sibjotang attenuated the increase of transforming growth $factor(TGF)-{\beta}$ expression in kidney. Conclusion : Sibjotang ameliorates diabetes-associated renal injury through the improvement of the blood glucose and insulin sensitivity, and inhibiting the $TGF-{\beta}1$ expression. Therefore, Sibjotang may be a new therapeutic formula for the treatment of diabetic-associated renal dysfunction.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 2016

The study was performed to investigate the effects of whey protein-rich meal substitute added with vitamins, minerals, and lactobacillus powder probiotics on weight loss, body fat, and body composition in 24 female volunteers for 4 weeks. Whey protein-rich meal substitute was consumed with low-fat, high calcium milk (1% fat, 260 mg/200 mL) twice a day. Subjects submitted 3-day diet records and a life-style questionnaire before the study. During the study, subjects were required to turn in a diet record every day and consume the meal substitute formula in the metabolic ward at C university for 4 weeks. Anthropometric measurements were carried out weekly by Inbody 7.0. The dietary intake and anthropometric data were analyzed to compare changes before and after the study by paired t-test with SPSS version 23.0. The subjects were mostly early 20's and either overweight or obese and highly motivated to lose weight. Most of the subjects consumed three meals per day regularly and spent mostly 10~15 minutes for a meal. Their caloric intake was relatively low and decreased from 1,360 kcal at week 0 to 1,100 kcal after 4 weeks. However, total protein intake increased while carbohydrate and fat intakes decreased (p<0.05) after the trial. Nine vitamin intakes after the study improved compared to those before the study (p<0.05). After the study, subjects showed lower body weight (-1.8 kg), body fat (-0.94 kg), percent body fat (-0.86%), as well as waist circumference (-4.52 cm), hip circumference (-0.44 cm), waist hip ratio (-0.05), and triceps skinfold thickness (-2.39 mm) compared to those at week 0 (p<0.05). Muscle mass tended to be less compared to week 0, although there was no significant differences between weeks 0 and 4. In conclusion, diet trial with whey protein-rich meal substitute induced weight loss and positively changed body fat parameters and body composition.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.86-97
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• 1991

To obtain the basic data of prognosis of acute carbon monoxide(CO) intoxication, one hundred and sixteen cases of CO intoxication defined by carboxyhemoglobin(COHb) and admitted via emergency room of Yeungnam University Hospital from Oct. '85 to April' 89 have been clinically analyzed and evaluated, including delayed postanoxic encephalopathy(DPE) and the following results were obtained. 1. The ratio of male to female was 1:1.5 and mental state was drowsy mostly(26.2% of 116 cases) 2. The more disturbed the mental state, the more decreased was the arterial pH and $PaCO_2$, which may be the result of metabolic acidosis. 3. The early laboratory findings in patients of CO intoxication were as follows : leukocytosis-65.5%, increase of hematocrit-23.3%, hyperglycemia-19.8%, increase of GPT-19.8% increase of creatinine-0.9%, and glucosuria-12.1%. 4. The early findings of EKG were abnormal in 35.3% : change of rhythm-25.0%, abnormal ST segment-15.5% (change of rhythm and abonormal ST segment-5.2%) but the conduction disorder was not present. 5. The abnormal EEG above mild degree was 93.1%, of which moderate was most frequent(80.2%). 6. The incidence of DPE was 7.8% among all admitted CO patients. DPE cases had long duration of exposure time(8 hours), severe leukocytosis(20,000) and an abnormal EEG(MA).

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.69-75
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• 2015

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate effects of the combination with Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), Gastrodia Rhizoma (Gastrodia elata Blume) and Polygoni Multiflori Radix (Polygonum multiflorum Thunberg) on metabolic disorders including cholesterol and erectile dysfunction in hyperlipidemia rats.Methods : Animals were divided into six groups; Control with normal diet, high fat/cholesterol-diet (HFCD), fluvastatin, Korean Red Ginseng treated (KRG), and the combination treated (Korean Red Ginseng, Gastrodia Rhizoma and Polygoni Multiflori Radix; 1:1:1 for KGP1 and 2:1:1 for KGP2). The experimental groups initially received HFCD for 10 weeks and then treated orally with fluvastatin, KRG, KGP1 and KGP2 during the final 6 weeks. Erectile function was determined by the measurements of intracavernosal pressure (ICP) and maximal arterial pressure (MAP) after electrical stimulation of the cavernosal nerve.Results : KGP2 decreased the level of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in the sera of HFCD rats without no changes of body weights. KRG, KGP1 and KGP2 decreased the level of C-reactive protein (CRP) levels except of fluvastatin, synthetic HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. KRG, KGP1 and KGP2 significantly increased the ICP, ICP/MAP ratio, area under the curve (AUC) compared with those of normal rat. Morphometric analyses showed that KRG, KGP1 and KGP2 increased the volume of smooth muscle and the regular arrangement of collagen fibers in corpus cavernosum of HFCD rats. The penile expression of eNOS was increased by KRG, KGP1 and KGP2.Conclusions : Based on these results, we suggest that the combination with Korean Red Ginseng, Gastrodia Rhizoma and Polygoni Multiflori may improve hyperlipidemia through regulating the lipid profiles and erectile dysfunction in rats.