• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
• /
• v.20 no.5
• /
• pp.271-279
• /
• 2020

Background: The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of buffered and unbuffered local anesthesia solutions during inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) administration in children. Methods: PubMed, Ovid SP, and Cochrane databases were searched separately by two independent reviewers for potential papers published between 1980 and April 2020 using relevant MeSH terms and pre-specified inclusion and exclusion criteria. T Studies of IANB administration in children comparing buffered and unbuffered local anesthesia solutions were evaluated. The primary outcome evaluated was pain (perception and reaction), while the secondary outcome was the onset of anesthesia. Results: A total of five articles were included in a qualitative analysis; among them, four qualified for quantitative analysis of the primary outcome and three for quantitative analysis of the secondary outcome. A fixed-effects model was used to perform the meta-analysis. Pain perception (child-reported pain): Significantly lower pain scores were reported with buffered local anesthesia solution than with unbuffered solution (P = 0.006, MD: -0.32, 95% CI: -0.55 to -0.09). Pain reaction (observer-reported pain reaction in child): No significant difference was found between buffered and unbuffered solution in terms of observer-reported pain behavior in the child (P = 0.09, MD: -0.21, 95% CI: -0.46 to 0.04). Onset of anesthesia: A significantly lower duration of anesthesia onset was reported with buffered local anesthesia solution than with unbuffered solution (P = 0.00001, MD: -12.38, 95% CI: -17.64 to -7.13]. Conclusion: Buffering local anesthesia solution may reduce discomfort due to IANB injection administration and lower the initial onset time of anesthesia. More randomized control trials with adequate sample sizes should be carried out to validate the accuracy of these results.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.64-72
• /
• 2003

Comparing with transmission networks, the faults in distribution networks more often occurs because of the complicated structure and the adjacency to customers. Moreover the faults give direct damage to customers. So fault diagnosis and blackout restoration in distribution networks are very important elements to reduce the damage of customers and to maintain the stability. The restoration problem of distribution networks is subject to time. Minimizing the switching numbers in restoration process is the crucial element. In other words. the best restoration is to restore all blackout area through just one switching, if not the restoration has to be accomplished through several switching. This paper proposes the efficient restoration system in distribution networks to minimize the switching numbers. The proposed system uses the dynamic division method of hierarchical structure which consists of heuristic searching method and meta algorithm. The proposed system is applied to the sample networks, and the results showed a promising possibility.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.733-744
• /
• 2016

The legacy methods for converting a business model to a feature model make it difficult to support an automatic transformation due to a dependence on a domain analyzers' intuitions, which hinders the feature oriented development for the integration of feature modeling in business modeling. This paper proposes a method for converting a BPMN business model into a feature model based on syntax. To allow the conversion between the heterogeneous models from BPMN to the FM(Feature Model), it defines the grouping mechanism based activities' syntax, and then makes translation rules and a method based on the element (represent business function) and structure (relationships and process among elements), which are common constructs of their models. This method was applied to an online shopping mall system as a case study. With this mechanism, it will help develop a mechanical or automated structure transformation from the BPMN model to the FM.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.137-146
• /
• 2014

The geology of the study area which is located in Samkoe-dong, Dong-gu, Daejeon city comprises black slate, limestone, and pebble-bearing phyllitic rock as meta-sedimentary rocks; and biotite granite and quartz porphyry intrusions. Face mapping revealed sliding in three or four sites of contained coaly slate, where the dip of the foliation and other discontinuities is parallel to the surface slope. The cause of the slope sliding is this parallelism as well as the swelling of the coaly slate when wet. In contrast, the slop on the opposite side of the road is relatively stable because the dip of the foliation and other discontinuities are oblique or normal to the surface slope. To ensure slope stability, a cut-and-cover tunnel was designed and constructed for the new road.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• v.41 no.4
• /
• pp.373-388
• /
• 2016

Background: Recent inquiries into high-quality foods have discussed the importance of the functional aspects of foods, in addition to traditional quality indicators such as color, firmness, weight, trimming loss, respiration rate, texture, and soluble solid content. Recently, functional Chinese cabbage, which makes up a large portion of the vegetables consumed in Korea, has been identified as an anticancer treatment. However, the investigation of practical issues, such as the effects of storage conditions on quality indicators (including functional compounds), is still limited. Purpose: We reviewed various studies on variations in the quality indicators and functional compounds of Chinese cabbage in response to different storage environments, focusing on storage temperature and storage period. In particular, we emphasized the effect of storage temperature and storage period on glucosinolate (GSL) levels, in order to provide guidelines for optimizing storage environments to maximize GSLs. Additionally, we used response surface methodology to propose experimental designs for future studies exploring the optimal storage conditions for enhancing GSL contents. Review: Large variations in quality indicators were observed depending on the cultivar, the type of storage, the storage conditions, and the harvest time. In particular, GSL content varied with storage conditions, indicating that either low temperatures or adequate air composition by controlled atmospheric storage may preserve GSL levels, as well as prolonging shelf life. Even though genetic and biochemical approaches are preferred for developing functional Chinese cabbage, it is important to establish a practical method for preserving quality for marketability; a prospective study into optimal storage conditions for preserving functional compounds (which can be applied in farms), is required. This may be achievable with the comprehensive meta-analysis of currently published data introduced in this review, or by conducting newly designed experiments investigating the relationship between storage conditions and the levels of functional compounds.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
• /
• v.37 no.8
• /
• pp.737-743
• /
• 2009

Design optimization process and results of Loop Heat Pipe(LHP) using Tabu Search have been presented in this study. An objective of optimization is to reduce a mass of the LHP with satisfying operating temperature of a Lithium Ion battery onboard an aircraft. The battery is assumed to be used as power supply of air borne high energy laser system because of its high specific energy. The analytical models are based on a steady state mathematical model and the design optimization is performed using a Meta Model and Tabu Search. As an optimization results, the Tabu search algorithm guarantees global optimum with small computation time. Due to searching by random numbers, initial value is dominant factor to search global optimum. The optimization process could reduce the mass of the LHP which express the same performance as an published LHP.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.1043-1051
• /
• 2018

The coordination of directional overcurrent relay (DOCR) is employed in this work, considering gray wolf optimizer (GWO), a recently designed optimizer that employs the hunting and leadership attitude of gray wolves for searching a global optimum. In power system protection coordination problem, the objective function to be optimized is the sum of operating time of all the main relays. The coordination of directional overcurrent relays is formulated as a linear programming problem. The proposed optimization technique aims to minimize the time dial settings (TDS) of the relays. The calculation of the Time Dial Setting (TDS) setting of the relays is the core of the coordination study. In this article two case studies of IEEE 6-bus system and IEEE 30-bus system are utilized to see the efficiency of this algorithm and the results had been compared with the other algorithms available in the reference and it was observed that the proposed scheme is quite competent for dealing with such problems. From analyzing the obtained results, it has been found that the GWO approach provides the most globally optimum solution at a faster convergence speed. GWO has achieved a lot of relaxation due to its easy implementation, modesty and robustness. MATLAB computer programming has been applied to see the effectiveness of this algorithm.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.16 no.9
• /
• pp.6376-6384
• /
• 2015

In practice of urban redevelopment promotion projects, since the decision-making is dependent on the verbal agreements between the participants, planning changes are frequently occur. A master plan can be utilized as an effective feedback and adjusting means for decisions. It is a difficult to establish a master plan quickly and effectively to consider the large number of information. Effective decision support system that can storage and retrieval information items systematically and efficiently necessary when planning master plan is required. In this study, a data-warehouse prototype that supports the master planning at early stage was suggested. A metadata index database was developed by identifying information items of base survey results and master plan cases. Also user interface for information searching was presented. The applicability of the prototype was evaluated by case application. It was found that the prototype allows effective searching of desired information through meta data.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
• /
• 2006.06a
• /
• pp.8-9
• /
• 2006

Hafnium oxide ($HfO_2$) thin films were deposited on p-type (100) silicon wafers by atomic layer deposition (ALD) using TEMAHf and $O_3$. Prior to the deposition of $HfO_2$ films, a thin Hf ($10\;{\AA}$) metal layer was deposited. Deposition temperature of $HfO_2$ thin film was $350^{\circ}C$ and its thickness was $150\;{\AA}$. Samples were then annealed using furnace heating to temperature ranges from 500 to $900^{\circ}C$. The MOS capacitor of round-type was fabricated on Si substrates. Thermally evaporated $3000\;{\AA}$-thick AI was used as top electrode. In this work, We study the interface characterization of $HfO_2$/Hf/Si MOS capacitor depending on annealing temperature. Through AES(Auger Electron Spectroscopy), capacitance-voltage (C-V) and current-voltage (I-V) analysis, the role of Hf layer for the better $HfO_2$/Si interface property was investigated. We found that Hf meta1 layer in our structure effective1y suppressed the generation of interfacial $SiO_2$ layer between $HfO_2$ film and silicon substrate.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.207-212
• /
• 2011

A hydraulic breaker is an attachment installed at the end of excavator arm and is used for breaking. As per the authors' knowledge, there have been no research results on reducing the weight of the hydraulic breaker even though this weight reduction is very important for improving the performance of the excavator. In this study, we minimize the weight of the housing of the hydraulic breaker under normal operating conditions, while the maximum stress of the housing is lower than the allowable stress. A meta-model, which is generated by using the CAE results for the sampling design points determined by an orthogonal array, is used to solve the minimization problem. The weight of the housing according to the optimal design is found to be lower than the original weight by 4.8% while satisfying the constraint on the maximum stress.