• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.449-465
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• 2024

This study conducted a systematic literature review using online databases to investigate the effective feedback types that enhance the learning experiences of online students. Feedback is a critical component for learner success. With the expansion of online education, the importance of feedback has become more evident due to the reduced interaction between instructors and learners. Instructors must provide high-quality feedback that motivates learners and supports their educational goals. This involves using automated tools appropriate for the environment and effective feedback strategies to deliver personalized feedback. The literature was gathered through an extensive search process, adhering to predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, and included a risk assessment of selected studies, drawing from sources such as Google Scholar, Elsevier, and other Scopus-indexed journals. The review adhered to the guidelines set forth by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Specific keywords related to the study's focus, including "Online learning," "Improving learning," "Learner performance," "Feedback type," and "Feedback," guided the database searches. The protocol for selecting systematic reviews on learning enhancement involved screening articles published from 2013 to 2021 based on their titles and abstracts according to established criteria. Analyzing and studying data on learning patterns in non-face-to-face educational environments can improve learners' needs and educational effectiveness. Selecting the right types of feedback, taking into account the learners' levels and educational objectives, is crucial for providing effective feedback. A variety of feedback types are essential for the continuous improvement of learners' learning.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.1867-1875
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• 2024

Identification of the biochemical metabolic pathway for lignin decomposition and the responsible degradative enzymes is needed for the effective biotechnological valorization of lignin to renewable chemical products. In this study, we investigated the decomposition of kraft lignin by the soil bacterium Pseudomonas kribbensis CHA-19, a strain that can utilize kraft lignin and its main degradation metabolite, vanillic acid, as growth substrates. Gel permeation chromatography revealed that CHA-19 decomposed polymeric lignin and degraded dehydrodivanillin (a representative lignin model compound); however, the degradative enzyme(s) and mechanism were not identified. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction with mRNAs from CHA-19 cells induced in the presence of lignin showed that the putative genes coding for two laccase-like multicopper oxidases (LMCOs) and three dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs) were upregulated by 2.0- to 7.9-fold compared with glucose-induced cells, which indicates possible cooperation with multiple enzymes for lignin decomposition. Computational homology analysis of the protein sequences of LMCOs and DyPs also predicted their roles in lignin decomposition. Based on the above data, CHA-19 appears to initiate oxidative lignin decomposition using multifunctional LMCOs and DyPs, producing smaller metabolites such as vanillic acid, which is further degraded via ortho- and meta-ring cleavage pathways. This study not only helps to better understand the role of bacteria in lignin decomposition and thus in terrestrial ecosystems, but also expands the biocatalytic toolbox with new bacterial cells and their degradative enzymes for lignin valorization.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.457-476
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• 2009

The research aimed to investigate characteristics of middle school students in a biology class as science gifted education in terms of self-regulated learning abilities, personality traits and learning preferences. The twenty subject in the study responded to questionnaires of a self-regulated learning ability instrument, a personality trait tool, and a learning preference survey in March, 2009. It was found that the research subjects showed higher levels of cognitive strategies, meta-cognition, and motivation than those students in a previous study(Jung et. al., 2004), while environment was opposite. The level of cognitive strategies was significantly correlated with meta-cognition(r=.610, p=.004) and motivation (r=.538, p=.014) and meta-cognition with environment(r=.717, p=.000). Those students who showed highest levels of self-regulated learning ability displayed various personality traits. One male student with the highest level of self-regulated learning ability showed a personality of hardworking, tender-minded, and conscientious traits and wanted to be a medical doctor. The female student with the second highest level of self-regulated learning ability presented a personality as creative, abstract and divergent thinker and she showed a strong aspiration to be a world-famous biologist with breakthrough contribution. The five students with highest levels of self-regulated learning ability showed a common preference in science learning: they dislike memory-oriented and theory-centered lecture with note-taking from teacher's writings on chalkboard; they prefer science learning with inquiry-oriented laboratory work, discussion among students as well as teachers. However, reasons to prefer discussion were diverse as one student wants to listen other students' opinions while the other student want to present his opinion to other students. The most favorable science teachers appeared to be who ask questions frequently, increase student interests, behave friendly with students, and is a active person. In conclusion, science teaching for the gifted should employ individualized teaching strategies appropriate for individual personality and preferred learning styles as well as meeting with individual interests in science themes.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-30
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• 2004

Study 1 composed of three experiments examined differences in person perception between computer-mediated (or CMC) and face-to-face (or FTF) communications. In Experiment 1, each of 17 groups of 4-5 discussed a donation entrance system through CMC and a week later a college-based university system through FTF communication mode for half an hour. Then members of a given group rated each other along with self-ratings on five personality traits. Results indicated that in FTF than CMC condition, ratings of others were more positive and also self-peer agreement and meta-accuracy were larger in spite of no large difference in inter-judge agreement between two communication modes. In Experiment 2, 17 groups of 4 in each of the CMC and FTF condition discussed a college-based university system for an hour. Then group members rated each other on another five trait dimensions. Although ratings of others were more positive in FTF than CMC condition, there no systematic differences in two types of agreement and meta-accuracy between the two communication modes. In Experiment 3, 17 groups of 4 in each of the CMC and FTF condition discussed a donation entrance system for an hour and then group members rated each other on five trait dimensions different from those used in Experiment 1 and 2. The findings replicated Experiment 1. Study 2 examined gender differences in person perception in CMC. Fifteen dyads for each of the man-man, man-woman, and man-woman conditions communicated for an half hour in CMC and then rated each other along with self ratings on 25 personality trait dimensions. Results indicated that participants rated their partners more negatively for extorversion, agreeableness and culture factors, which was due mainly to woman's negative evaluations for their male partners. Also, self-peer agreement was the largest in the man-man communication condition. These findings were discussed in relation to differences between CMC and FTF communication modes.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.788-794
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• 2008

The aim of the present study is to estimate the overall prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) in Korean women, through literature review and meta-analysis. We searched published data for the period between 1995 and 2007 using the following inclusion criteria; (1) studies using type-specific HPV tests, (2) data from Korean female, (3) with cytologic or pathologic results, (4) having more than 20 cases for each subgroup classified by cytologic results, and (5) HPV detection including types 16, 18, and at least one other type. In total, 18 studies (13,842 cases) published up to April 2007 were identified and selected. Adjusted overall HPV prevalence was 23.9% (95% CI: 23.8-24.1%) in women with normal cytology and 95.8% (95% CI: 95.4-96.2%) in women with cervical cancer. Type 16 was predominant regardless of cervical disease status, and type 58 occupied a significantly larger proportion in high-grade cervical intraepitheliallesions and cervical cancer in Korean women. HPV types 58, 33, and 52 together accounted for about 20% of infections in cervical cancer and high-grade intraepitheliallesions. After introduction of HPV prophylactic vaccines, extended protection, especially against types 58, 33, and 52, will be an important issue for cervical cancer prevention in Korea. The future dominant genotypes will require follow-up epidemiological studies with a large-scale, multicentered, and prospective design.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.375-385
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• 2009

For 2007 Korea presidential election, most polls by telephone surveys indicated Lee Myung-Bak led the second runner-up Jung Dong-Young by certain margin. The margin between two candidates can be estimated accurately by averaging individual poll results, provided there exists no systematic bias in telephone surveys. Most Korean telephone surveys via telephone directory are based on quota samples, with the region, the gender and the age-band as quota variables. Thus the surveys may result in certain systematic bias due to unbalanced factors inherent in quota sampling. The aim of this study is to answer the following questions by the analytic methods adopted in Huh et al. (2004): Question 1. Wasn't there systematic bias in estimates of support rates. Question 2. If yes, what was the source of the bias? To answer the questions, we collected eighteen surveys administered during the election campaign period and applied the iterated proportional weighting (the rim weighting) to the last eleven surveys to obtain the balance in five factors - region, gender, age, occupation and education level. We found that the support rate of Lee Myung-Bak was over-estimated consistently by 1.4%P and that of Jung Dong-Young was underestimated by 0.6%P, resulting in the over-estimation of the margin by 2.0%P. By investigating the Lee Myung-Bak bias with logistic regression models, we conclude that it originated from the under-representation of less educated class and/or the over-representation of house wives in telephone samples.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.36-51
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• 1997

Background : Clinical practice guidelines define "systematically developed statements to assist practitioner and patient decisions about appropriate health care for specific clinical circumstances" and help to improve patient care. The purpose of this study is to develop a clinical practice guideline for the most effective diagnoses and treatments of benign prostatic hyperplasia based on patient preference and clinical need. Methods : For this research project, extensive literature searches (208 articles) were conducted. As well, critical reviews and syntheses (meta-analysis) were used to evaluate empirical evidence and significant outcomes of the BPH literature. Questionnaires about clinical practice for BPH patients were distributed and consensus meetings were undertaken to grasp variations in clinical practice and to reach agreement on the guideline's development. The guideline was promoted under the sponsorship of the Korean Medical Association and the Korean urological Cancer. Society. For the task, the Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Guideline Panel was composed of multidisciplinary experts in the field. Results : BPH is a disease that affects a patient's quality of life. This Clinical Practice Guideline was developed for the typical man over age 50 with symptoms of prostatism, but with no significant medical morbidities such as diabetes or other known causes of voiding dysfunction, such as urethral stricture or neurogenic bladder. The guidelines detail the relative benefits and obstacles associated with all diagnostic and treatment approaches, including watchful waiting. Conclusion : This guideline provides a cornerstone for our medical association. It represents the most current scientific knowledge regarding the development, diagnosis, and treatment of BPH. It will be revised and updated as needed.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.173-188
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• 2016

Research on didactic transposition in mathematics education has about 25-year and about 35-year long history in and out of Korea, respectively. This study attempts to investigate in trends of those research and to suggest tasks needed to be tackled. Major findings are followed. First, studies done in Korea tended to focus on the application of the didactic transposition theory for proving its effectiveness in understanding mathematics textbooks and mathematics lessons in-depth. It is suggested to conduct meta-analysis of the accumulated results or analysis of further applications of the didactic transposition theory to improve theoretical aspects of didactic transposition. Second, new categories for extreme teaching phenomenon were found and new typology in knowledge to be considered in the didactic transposition was developed in a few studies done in other subject matter education. Application of these to mathematics education may enhance research in didactic transposition of mathematical knowledge. Third, praxeology or a complex of praxeology for Korean school mathematics should be explored as did in other countries. Fourth, there have been rich attempts to link perspectives in didactic transposition to other perspectives or fields such as anthropology, human and education in technology era, praxeology theory in economics, epistemology in other countries but not in Korea. It is suggested to extend the scope of discussion on didactic transposition and to relate various concepts given in other disciplines. Fifth, clarification or negotiation of meaning for the main terms used in the discussion on didactic transposition such as personalization, contextualization, depersonalization, decontextualization, Topaze Effect, Meta-Cognitive Shift is suggested by comparing researchers' various descriptions or uses of the terms.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.1881-1895
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• 2015

Background: The vascular endothelial growth factor family has been implicated in tumorigenesis and metastasis. The prognostic value of each vascular endothelial growth factor family member, particular VEGF/VEGFR co-expression, in patients with non-small lung cancer remains controversial. Materials and Methods: Relevant literature was identified by searching PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science. Studies evaluating expression of VEGFs and/or VEGFRs by immunohistochemistry or ELISA in lung cancer tissue were eligible for inclusion. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from individual study were pooled by using a fixed- or random-effect model, heterogeneity and publication bias analyses were also performed. Results: 74 studies covering 7,631 patients were included in the meta-analysis. Regarding pro-angiogenesis factors, the expression of VEGFA (HR=1.633, 95%CI: 1.490-1.791) and VEGFR1 (HR=1.924, 95%CI: 1.220-3.034) was associated separately with poor survival. Especially, VEGFA over-expression was an independent prognostic factor in adenocarcinoma (ADC) (HR=1.775, 95%CI: 1.384-2.275) and SCC (HR=2.919, 95%CI: 2.060-4.137). Co-expression of VEGFA/VEGFR2 (HR=2.011, 95%CI: 1.405-2.876) was also significantly associated with worse survival. For lymphangiogenesis factors, the expression of VEGFC (HR=1.611, 95%CI: 1.407-1.844) predicted a poor prognosis. Co-expression of VEGFC/VEGFR3 (HR=2.436, 95%CI: 1.468-4.043) emerged as a preferable prognostic marker. Conclusions: The expression of VEGFA (particularly in SCC and early stage NSCLC), VEGFC, VEGFR1 indicates separately an unfavorable prognosis in patients with NSCLC. Co-expression VEGFA/VEGFR2 is comparable with VEGFC/VEGFR3, both featuring sufficient discrimination value as preferable as prognostic biologic markers.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.2629-2635
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• 2016

Genetic polymorphisms constitute one of the reasons behind the racial variation in prostate cancer occurrence. Published studies regarding genetic associations of glutathione S-transferase mu 1 (GSTM1) and glutathione S-transferase theta 1 (GSTT1) null deletion polymorphisms with prostatic carcinoma have generated inconsistent results among different populations. To date, even a single meta-analysis is not available representing the association of these genes with prostate cancer in different ethnic groups. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to provide a clear picture of GSTM1 and GSTT1 null deletion and risk of prostate cancer among different ethnic groups (i.e. Asians, Europeans, Americans, Africans and Eurasians). A systematic search was performed with the help of various search engines to find out the all the recent studies (2004 to 2015) evaluating the role of GSTM1 and GSTT1 deletion in prostate cancer development. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) of a total of 34 studies with 7,281 cases and 9,082 controls was analyzed using STATA and MedCalc software. Overall, GSTM1 deletion (OR 3.67; CI 1.39-9.85; P= 0.001) was strongly associated with prostatic cancer. In the sub group analysis GSTM1 null deletion was also significantly associated with prostate cancer among Asians (OR 4.84; CI 1.08-21.5; P= 0.03), Eurasians (OR 17.69; CI 9.87-31.70; P< 0.001) and Americans (OR 0.11; CI 0.01-1.06; P= 0.05). No association was observed among Europeans (P=0.42) and Africans (P= 0.40). As a whole GSTT1 null deletion (OR 0.85; CI 0.28-2.58; P= 0.77) did not show anyt significant association with prostate cancer risk among different populations. When the data were stratified into different groups, however, Africans demonstrated a significant association of GSTT1 null deletion (OR 1.95; CI 1.57-2.39; P<0.001) with prostate cancer, whereas no association was found among Asians (P= 0.90), Americans (P= 0.50), Europeans (P= 0.89) and Eurasians (P= 1.0). In conclusion, both GSTM1 and GSTT1 may contribute to prostate cancer development but GSTM1 may prove to be a stronger candidate risk factor.