• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.359-375
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• 1999

This is a survey in order to provide basic information about menstrual pain management and dysmenorrhea management. Menstrual pain means low abdominal cramps during menstruation and dysmenorrhea means low abdominal pains, and other symtoms as lumbago, fatigue, G-I symptoms, etc. The purposes of this study were (1) to measure the menstrual pain and dysmenorrhea, (2) to determine factors influenced to them, and (3) to know self-management method for them of college students. The subject of this study consisted of 312 college students Data were collected by questionnaire which was to measure the menstrual pain(Visual Analogue Scale(VAS), dysmenorrhea (dysmenorrhea scale) and general informations from May to June, 1999. The results of this study were as follows ; (1) Mean age for subjects was 19.4 yrs, their height was 161.4Cm, weight, 50.9Kg, menarcheal age, 13.5yrs, menstural period, 30.1 days, and menstrual duration was 5.6 days. Most respondents replied that their menstrual bleeding was moderate (72.1%) and occured regularly(55.4%). (2) Mean menstrual pain was 5.20. Menstrual pain didn't be occured 17.4 % of respondents, periodically 46.0%, and intermittently 36.6%, most commonly beginning the first day of menstruation (3) Chief management method was endurance (40.4%), use of analgesics (29.5%) and bed rest(16.5%). (4) Factors influenced to menstrual pain were analgesics use, heavy bleeding, time of menstrual pain, life change during menstruation. (5) Most symptoms of dysmenorrhea were low abdominal pain(22.2%), lumbago (15.9%), fatigue(9.0%). (6) Factors influenced to dysmenorrhea were anlgesics use and menstrual pain. (7) By Pearson's correlation analysis, there was a significant correlation between menstrual pain and menarcheal age, menstrual period. menstrual duration. But there was no correlation between menstrual pain and height, weight (8) By Pearson's correlation analysis, there was a significant correlation between dysmenorrhea and menstrual period But there was no correlation between menstrual pain and menarcheal age, menstrual duration, height, weight The results demonstrate the importance of development and clinical trial of nursing intervention on menstrual pain and dysmenorrhea.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.201-206
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• 2011

Purpose: Westernized eating habits have been associated with earlyage menstruation, which increases the incidence of dysmenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome among adolescent girls. We therefore surveyed changes in menarche timing and the general menstrual characteristics of adolescent girls in Seoul, Korea. Methods: We surveyed 538 teenage girls who visited our hospital between July and November 2007. Items explored included age at menarche, general menstrual characteristics, occurrence of premenstrual syndrome and treatment thereof, and an association between present dysmenorrhea and a family history of the condition. Results: Average age at menarche was 12.6 years, with 29% (n=156) subjects beginning menstruation at age 12 years. The prevalence of dysmenorrhea was 82% (n=435). The main symptoms were abdominal (53.2%) and lower back pain (34.2%), and 15.2% of girls who experienced such symptoms required medication. Present dysmenorrhea, and a family history thereof, were statistically correlated (P<0.05). In addition, 58.8% (n=316) of teenage girls had symptoms of premenstrual syndrome. The most frequent psychological symptoms were fatigue (36.4%) and nervousness (38.7%), whereas the most common physical symptom was menstrual cramps (46.5%). Most subjects (87.6%) tolerated the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome without medication; 11.4% took medicines including painkillers; but only 0.1% of subjects visited a doctor. Conclusion: The average age at menarche in Korean girls was 12.6 years, thus younger than in the past. Most teenage girls experienced dysmenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome, but few consulted a doctor. Organized treatment plans are required to manage menstrual problems in teenage girls.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.134-149
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• 2008

Purpose: Dysmenorrhea is a common gynecologic condition among reproductive-age women. It consisted with menstrual clamps and other symptoms such as nausea. vomiting, diarrhea, and fatigue. Pain control for this disease mainly through NASIDs. but recently CAM therapies, acupuncture and others for painful menstruation are widely used in western countries. But RCT articles about dysmenorrhea in Korea, are not enough to lead such global research trends. The purpose of this study is to review treatment method and other research tendency about dysmenorrhea in Korean Medicine(KM) related dominant journals. Methods: Searching was done through web site and directly searched dysmenorrhea related articles in journals of Korean medicine Gynecology, published during 1996-2007. Results: Twenty five articles were searched in KM related journals, then two of them were simple case report and ten were paper of clinical trials. But there no RCT or control group-designed study. All of them present positive effect on dysmenorrhea but drop out rates were relatively high. Conclusion: KM therapies including acupuncture and herbal medicine have some beneficial effect to resolve menstrual cramps, but KM therapy related Korean articles don't have strong objective power as a evidence in the viewpoint of EBM. So continuous clinical trials such as RCT and multi center trials are needed.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.162-175
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• 1999

The study was intended to investigate and explore the preimenstrual symptoms, their severity levels, their patterns and the relationships of the age to those symptoms and patterns among Korean women. The data were collected from 844 women in one highschool, one Nursing college and one Korea National Open University in Seoul, from Nov, 1997 to Jun. 1998. The instruments were the Menstrual Symptoms Questionnaire developed by Chesney and the Center for Epidemiologic studies Depression scale developed by Radloff. the data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Duncan's multiple comparison test, $X^2$-test, simple regression analysis and logistic regression analysis using pc-SAS program. The results were as follows ; 1. Korean women had more symptoms of abdominal bloating, fatigue, abdominal discomfort and backache in perimenstrual period. There Teenages had more symptoms of depression and uterine cramps in the day before or the first day of menstruation. Women in their twenties had more symptoms of abdominal pain or abdominal discomfort, backache, abdominal bloating and the sensitiveness /discomforts in the lower back, abdomen and inner part of thighs. women in their thirties had more symptoms of abdominal bloating, fatigue, tension and nervousness before the menstruation, abdominal discomfort and backpain in the first day of menstruation. Women in their forties had more symptoms of backache, breast discomforts, abdominal pain and discomforts. 2. The severity levels of the perimenstrual symptoms showed the highest score(mean=2.73) in twenties and the lowest score)mean=1.96) in forties The perimenstrual symptom patterns were prevailed the spasmodic menstrual symptoms in teenage and twenties and the congestive menstrual symptoms in thirties and forties. The age was a determinant of perimenstrual symptom patterns and the precipitative equation was log[p(age)/(1-p(age)]=2.7356-0.0982 age. 3. The relationship of the age to perimenstrual symptoms was vanished or lessened, controlling for parity as a test factor. this finding supports the notion that parity is an extraneous variable.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.41-46
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• 2020

Objectives : According to 2013 statistics, the primary infertility rate is 13.5%. The current situation is much worse than that reported, so it is even emerging as a social problem. The purpose of this study is to analyze the 5 cases of successful infertility treatment with herbal treatment and to give hope to the infertile couple to become pregnant and to suggest the possibility of herbal treatment in infertility treatment. Methods : We administered Jokyungjongok-tang gamibang as a herbal medicine and treated with acupuncture, moxibustion. Treatment was done once or twice a week. The herbal medicines were taken 30 minutes after meals and 3 times a day. While taking the herbal medicine, they were prohibited from eating flour, pork, liquor, tobacco and coffee. Patient status was assessed by consultation through pulse, tongue and abdominal diagnosis. The diagnosis of pregnancy was confirmed by ultrasonography at hospitals and the success of the treatment was judged based on healthy birth. Results : Patients had common features, such as lower abdominal pain, menstrual cramps, and blood clots during menstruation. Herbal medicine combined with acupuncture, moxibustion improved patients' overall fatigue and reduced the body's coldness. Since then, the dysmenorrhea and blood clots have decreased, and the digestion condition has improved. Therefore they became pregnant and gave birth to a healthy baby. Conclusion : Jokyungjongok-tang gamibang was effective in improving the body's coldness and uterine condition and was successful in pregnancy and helped to give birth to a healthy baby.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.81-84
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• 2004

Gingival hyperpigmentation may cause esthetic problems and embarrassment. Especially in patients with a gummy smile. Melanin pigmentation is related to estiologic factor such as hormon, systemic factor, drug, smoking and gingival inflamation. During our search for new inhibitory components on melanogenesis from natural resources, MeOH extracts of more than 100 higher plants were tested for the inhibitory effect on melanogenesis in cultured B-16 mouse melanoma cell lines, and methylene chloride soluble part extract of Cnidii Rhizoma MeoH extraction was found to have potent activity. Cnidii Rhizoma, the root of Cnidium officinale Makino (Umbelliferae), is used for the treatment of abdominal pain, arthralgia, headache, hypertension, intestinal colic and for menstrual disorders and uterine cramps for its anti-blood stagnation effect. Two compounds were isolated and their chemical structures were determined as linoleic acid methyl ester(1), 1,3-dilinoleoyl-2-stearoyl glycerol(2), on the basis of physical and spectral data.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.603-614
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• 2005

This study was performed to investigate the correlation between Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and nutritional intake, blood composition of female students. One hundred and one female students were selected as the experimental subjects at Gyeongsang National University. To assess the PMS symptoms of the subjects, a questionnaire (PAP) score based on the methods of Halbreich, Endicor and Nee was prepared with 34 different items. Dietary survey was conducted by 24­hour recall method for 3 days and nutrient intakes were analyzed by the CAN-Pro. Blood composition of WBC, RBC, Hb, Hct, Ca and Mg was measured. The average height, weight and BMI of subjects were $160.7\pm4.6cm,\;54.1\pm5.7kg\;and\;21.2\pm1.9$, respectively. Average intakes of energy, calcium, iron, zinc, vit $B_2$, and folic acid per day were $1810.2\pm344.9kcal(90.5\%\;of\;RDA),\;621.1\;197.3mg(88.7\%\;of\;RDA),\;15.9\;pm4.9mg\;(99.3\%\;of\;RDA),\;8.1\pm3.4mg(80.5\%\;of\;RDA),\;1.1\pm0.6mg(88.3\%\;of\;RDA)\;and\;234.3\pm78.6{\mu}g(93.7\%\;of\;RDA)$, respectively. Score of the behavioral symptoms, psychologic symptoms, physical symptoms and other symptoms were recorded $1.79\pm0.86,\;2.11\pm1.08,\;2.31\pm1.11\;and\;1.58\pm0.86$, respectively. The relation between PMS and menstrual cramps was significant. A significant difference was observed for menstruation amount in physical symptoms (p<0.05) and other scores (p<0.05). The group who drinks alcohol over 30g per day showed higher scores at total PAP (p<0.05), psychologic symptoms (p<0.05), physical symptoms (p<0.05), and other scores (p<0.05) than those who don't drink alcohol. Calcium in the blood showed a negative correlation with total PAF score (p<0.05), behavioral symptoms (p<0.05), physical symptoms (p<0.05) and other scores (p<0.01). Magnesium in the blood showed a negative correlation with physical symptoms (p<0.05), other score (p<0.05). WBC was negatively associated with psychologic scores (p<0.05). Hb and Hct were negatively associated with other scores (p<0.05). In conclusion, calcium intake showed a level of $88.7\%$ of RDA and this study revealed that there is a correlation between PMS and blood composition in female college students. Therefore, calcium and magnesium supplements can be beneficial to relieve PMS symptoms.