• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.50 no.8
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• pp.121-127
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• 2013

Memory devices including SRAM and DRAM are very susceptible to high energy radiation particles in the space. Abnormal operation of the devices is caused by SEE or TID. This paper presents a method to estimate proton SEU cross section representing the susceptibility of the latch circuit that the unit cell of the SRAM and proposes a new latch circuit to mitigate the SEU. 50b shift register was fabricated by using the conventional latch and the proposed latch in $0.35{\mu}m$ process. Irradiation experiment was conducted at KIRAMS by using 43MeV proton beam. It was found that the proposed latch-shift register is not affected by the radiation environment compared to the conventional latch-shift register.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.35-39
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• 2019

The shielding effectiveness (SE) of the EMI spray coating film was measured in a three-dimensional structure. The shielding effectiveness was measured by AST D4935 using coaxial type TEM cell. A standard sample of the cylindrical slab is fabricated to measure the shielding effectiveness using the ASTM D4935. At this time, spray coating was performed by bonding a three-dimensional structure with NAND flash memory to a standard sample. In the case of spray coating, it was uniformly coated not only on the horizontal plane but also on the vertical plane of the three-dimensional structure. As a result of measurement, shielding effectiveness of maximum 59 dB was measured in a three-dimensional structure similar to the case without three-dimensional structure. As a result, it was confirmed that the spray coating can be uniformed even in the three-dimensional structure.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.30 no.4B
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• pp.162-169
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• 2005

Network traffic measurements show that the data traffic on packet switched networks has the self-similar features which is different from the traditional traffic models such as Poisson distribution or Markovian process model. Most of the call admission control researches have been done on the performance analysis of a single network switch. It is necessary to consider the performance analysis of the proposed admission control scheme under interconnected switch environment because the data traffic transmits through switches in networks. From the simulation results, it is shown that the call admission control scheme may not operate properly on the interconnected switch even though the scheme works well on a single switch. In this parer, we analyze the cell loss probability, utilization and self-similarity of output ports of the interconnected networks switch by using shared buffer memory management schemes and propose the new call admission control scheme considering the interconnected network switches under self-similar traffic environments.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.71-77
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• 2019

Previous studies have shown that spinosin was implicated in the modulation of sedation and hypnosis, while its effects on learning and memory deficits were rarely reported. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of spinosin on the improvement of cognitive impairment in model mice with Alzheimer's disease (AD) induced by $A{\beta}_{1-42}$ and determine the underlying mechanism. Spontaneous locomotion assessment and Morris water maze test were performed to investigate the impact of spinosin on behavioral activities, and the pathological changes were assayed by biochemical analyses and histological assay. After 7 days of intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of spinosin ($100{\mu}g/kg/day$), the cognitive impairment of mice induced by $A{\beta}_{1-42}$ was significantly attenuated. Moreover, spinosin treatment effectively decreased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and $A{\beta}_{1-42}$ accumulation in hippocampus. $A{\beta}_{1-42}$ induced alterations in the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), as well as inflammatory response in brain were also reversed by spinosin treatment. These results indicated that the ameliorating effect of spinosin on cognitive impairment might be mediated through the regulation of oxidative stress, inflammatory process, apoptotic program and neurotrophic factor expression,suggesting that spinosin might be beneficial to treat learning and memory deficits in patients with AD via multi-targets.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.375-382
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• 2012

Ginsenoside Rp1 (G-Rp1) is a saponin derivate that provides anti-metastatic activities through inhibition of the NF-${\kappa}B$ pathway. In this study, we examined the effects of G-Rp1 on regulatory T cell (Treg) activation. After treatment of splenocytes with G-Rp1, Tregs exhibited upregulation of IL-10 expression, and along with dendritic cells (DCs), these Tregs showed increased cell number compared to other cell populations. The effect of G-Rp1 on Treg number was augmented in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which mimics pathological changes that occur during inflammation. However, depletion of DCs prevented the increase in Treg number in the presence of G-Rp1 and/or LPS. In addition, G-Rp1 promoted the differentiation of the memory types of $CD4^+Foxp3^+CD62L^{low}$ Tregs rather than the generation of new Tregs. In vivo experiments also demonstrated that Tregs and DCs from mice that were fed G-Rp1 for 7 d and then injected with LPS exhibited increased activation compared with those from mice that were injected with LPS alone. Expression of TGF-${\beta}$ and CTLA4 in Tregs was increased, and upregulation of IL-2 and CD80/CD86 expression by DCs affected the suppressive function of Tregs through IL-2 receptors and CTLA4. These data demonstrate that G-Rp1 exerts anti-inflammatory effects by activating Tregs in vitro and in vivo.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.08a
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• pp.788-791
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• 2006

The ion adsorption on an aligning layer deposited onto a conductive electrode in a liquid crystal (LC) cell has been shown to depend strongly on the dielectric constants of the layer and its thickness d. Calculations made in the framework of the three-layer electrostatic theory showed that, depending on those and other intrinsic parameter of the problems, it is possible to observe either ion attraction or repulsion at the aligning surface. Tentative measurements of the ion adsorption dynamics on the aligning layers with various d qualitatively agree with the theory. The results obtained allow the memory effect in LCs and the sticking effect in LC displays (LCDs) to be controlled effectively.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.392-400
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• 2021

It has been more than a year since severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) first emerged. Many studies have provided insights into the various aspects of the immune response in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Especially for antibody treatment and vaccine development, humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 has been studied extensively, though there is still much that is unknown and controversial. Here, we introduce key discoveries on the humoral immune responses in COVID-19, including the immune dynamics of antibody responses and correlations with disease severity, neutralizing antibodies and their cross-reactivity, how long the antibody and memory B-cell responses last, aberrant autoreactive antibodies generated in COVID-19 patients, and the efficacy of currently available therapeutic antibodies and vaccines against circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants, and highlight gaps in the current knowledge.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.116-124
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• 2015

Background: Ginseng, the root of Panax ginseng (PG), is used widely as a herbal medicine to prevent and treat various diseases. Panax ginseng has pharmacological effects on neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present study evaluated the neuroprotective effects of PG and its possible neuroprotective mechanisms in advanced glycation end product (AGE)-induced AD in a rat model. Methods: Advanced glycation end products were injected bilaterally into the CA3 region of the rats' brains. The Morris water maze test and step-down type passive avoidance test were performed to evaluate their memory and cognitive abilities. The oxidation indexes in the hippocampus were detected. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to visualize the receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGEs) and nuclear factor-kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (NF-${\kappa}B$). Results: Behavioral results showed that PG (1 g/kg, 0.5 g/kg, and 0.25 g/kg) significantly shortened the escape latency, remarkably increased the number of crossing times, significantly decreased the number of errors, and prolonged the latency in rats with AGE-induced AD. Panax ginseng also significantly reduced the malondialdehyde level, increased the glutathione content, and increased superoxide dismutase activity in the hippocampus. Panax ginseng significantly decreased the expression of RAGE and NF-${\kappa}B$. The blockade of anti-RAGE antibody could significantly reduce AGE-induced impairments and regulate these expressions. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that PG significantly inhibits AGE-induced memory impairment and attenuates Alzheimer-like pathophysiological changes. These neuroprotective effects of PG may be associated with the RAGE/NF-${\kappa}B$ pathway. Our results provided the experimental basis for applying PG in preventing and treating AD.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.55-82
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• 2007

Ohjective: This research investigates the effect of the DJR on Alzheimer's disease. Method: 1.The effects of the DJR extract on IL.-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, cox-2, and NOS-II mRNA of BV2 microglia cell line treated with LPS; 2. the behavior: 3. the infarction area of the hippocampus, and brain tissue injury in Alzheimer's diseased mice induced with ${\beta}$A were investigated. Result: 1. The DJR extract suppressed the expression of IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA in BV2 microglia cell line treated with LPS. 2. The DJR extract suppressed the expression of IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and TNF-${\alpha}$ protein production in BV2 microglia cell line treated with LPS. 3. For the DJR extract group a significant inhibitory effect on the memory deficit was shown for the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by .${\beta}$A in the Moms water maze experiment, which measured stop-through latency, and distance movement-through latency. 4. The DJR extract suppressed the over-expression of IL-$1{\beta}$ protein, TNF-${\alpha}$ protein and CD68/CD11b, in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}$A 5. The DJR extract reduced the infarction area of hippocampus, and controlled the injury of brain tissue in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}$A. 6. The DJR extract reduced the tau protein, GFAP protein, and presenilin1/2 protein (immunohistochemistry) of hippocampus in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}$A. Conclusion: These results suggest that the DJR extract may he effective for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Investigation into the clinical use of the DJR extract for Alzheimer's disease of suggested for future research.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.58-68
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• 2000

In this paper we introduce the correlation-aided distributed sample acquisition (CDSA) scheme for fast cell search in IMT-2000 W-CDMA cellular system. The proposed scheme incorporates the state symbol correlation process into the comparison-correction based synchronization process of the original DSA scheme to enable fast acquisition even under very poor channel environment. for its realization, each mobile station (MS) has to store in its memory a set of state sample sequences. which are determined by the long-period scrambling sequences used in the system and the sampling interval of the state samples. CDSA based cell search is carried out in two stages : First, the MS first acquires the slot timing by using the primary synch code (PSC) and then identifies the igniter code which conveys the state samples of the current cell . Secondly. the MS identifies the scrambling code and frame timing by taking the comparison-correction based synchronization approach and, if the identification is not done satisfactorily within preset time. it initiates the state symbol correlation process which correlates the received symbol sequence with the pre-stored state sample sequences for a successful identification. As the state symbol SNR is relatively high. the state symbol correlation process enables reliable synchronization even in very low chip-SNR environment. Simulation results show that the proposed CDSA scheme outperforms the 3GPP 3-step approach, requiring the signal power of about 7 dB less for achieving the same acquisition time performance in low-SNR environments. Furthermore, it turns out very robust in the typical synchronization environment where large frequency offset exists.