• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.233-237
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• 2010

This study evaluated the change in whitening activity of ${\beta}-glucan$ by gamma-irradiation. Tyrosinase inhibition was significantly increased in the samples with 30, 50, 100 kGy irradiated ${\beta}-glucan$. Melanin synthesis of irradiated ${\beta}-glucan$ was measured from B16BL6 melanoma cell line treated with ${\alpha}-melanin$ stimulating hormone. Melanin synthesis was increased in the ${\alpha}-melanin$ stimulating hormone added group. However, it was decreased in the groups of 30, 50 and 100 kGy gamma-irradiated ${\beta}-glucan$ treated with ${\alpha}-melanin$ stimulating hormone. These results indicate that gamma irradiated ${\beta}-glucan$ may elevate the whitening activity. Therefore, gamma-irradiated ${\beta}-glucan$ could be used for nutraceutical foods in cosmetic industry.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.66-82
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was performed to elucidate the inhibitory effect of Yukmijihwangtang-gagambang (YMG) on melanin synthesis in B16F10 mouse melanoma cell. Methods: To demonstrate the inhibitory effects of YMG on melanin synthesis, we measured the amount of released and produced melanin in B16F10 melanoma cell. Also, we evaluated tyrosinase-activity in vitro as well as in B16F10 melanoma cell. And to investigate the action mechanism we assessed the gene expressions of tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2, MMP-2, PKA, PKC${\beta}$, ERK-1 ERK-2, AKT-1 and MITF in B16F10 melanoma cells. Results: 1. YMG decreased the release and production of melanin in B16F10 melanoma cells. 2. YMG decreased tyrosinase activity in vitro and in B16F10 melanoma cells. 3. YMG decreased the expression of tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2, PKA, PKC${\beta}$ and MMP-2 in B16F10 melanoma cells. 4. YMG increased the expression of ERK-1, ERK-2, and AKT-1 in B16F10 melanoma cells. 5. YMG decreased the expression of MITF in B16F10 melanoma cells. Conclusion: From these results, we suggest that YMG inhibit melanin synthesis via tyrosinase inhibition and regulation of the gene expression in B16F10 melanoma cells.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.307-312
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• 2023

Water chestnut is fruits of Trapa natans var. bispinosa grown wild in Korea. In this study, water chestnut was investigated for anti-pigmentation. Treatment with ethanolic extracts of water chestnut significantly reduced production of melanin in α-MSH simulated B16F10 cells. At 200 ㎍/mL ethanolic extracts of water chestnut, melanin contents were repressed by 43.26% compared to the control group. Additionally, ethanolic extracts of water chestnut reduced expression and activity of tyrosinase, key enzyme in melanogenesis, in α-MSH simulated B16F10 cells. Ethanolic extracts of water chestnut downregulated tyrosinase activity and expression to 23.65% and 62.35%, respectively. These results suggest that ethanolic extracts of water chestnut might be used as a promising whitening ingredients for inhibition of α-MSH-induced melanin synthesis and pigmentation.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2023.04a
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• pp.56-56
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• 2023

The cone of Pinus rigida × Pinus taeda (PRT), a plant in the Pinaceae family, has long been used in traditional medicine to treat hemostasis, bruises, and burns. Previous research has shown that regulating oxidation-reduction reactions in reactive oxygen species can help inhibit melanogenesis, the process of melanin synthesis, which is a common target for addressing hyperpigmentation. Inhibiting tyrosinase is also known to be effective in this regard. Based on these findings, we conducted an investigation into the inhibitory effect of the ethyl acetate fraction of PRT (ERT) on melanogenesis in B16 F10 cells. We know that the expression levels of melanin biosynthesis-related proteins, including tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2, are regulated by MITF (microphthalmia-associated transcription factor) and cAMP, with cAMP affecting the activity of protein kinase A (PKA). PKA can reduce melanogenesis, and CREB reduces the phosphorylation of melanin-producing enzymes. In addition, the MAPK signaling pathway, composed of ERK, JNK, p38, and other factors, is also known to play a role in the inhibition of melanogenesis in melanocytes. Our immunoblotting results showed that ERT inhibited the expression of melanin production-related proteins (tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2, and MITF) that were significantly increased by a-MSH treatment to promote melanin production. Furthermore, the phosphorylation levels of factors related to cAMP/PKA/CREB and MAPK signaling pathways were significantly reduced without affecting the total form. In conclusion, we believe that treatment with ERT can inhibit melanin synthesis by modulating the phosphorylation of cAMP/PKA/CREB and MAPK signaling pathways at the cellular level. These findings suggest the potential of ERT as a raw material for functional cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, thanks to its antioxidant activity and ability to inhibit melanogenesis. We thought that these findings of ERT as a natural plant resource will inspire further research and development in this area.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.300-304
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• 2019

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.870-875
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the whitening effect of mycelial culture broth of P. japonica in the mixture of cucumber and grape extracts. In the inhibition test of melanin biosynthesis of melanoma cell, B16BL6, the culture broth of P. japonica more then $50\;{\mu}l/ml$ (5%) concentration inhibited the melanin biosynthesis of the cell entirely without cytotoxicity. More then 10 days incubation of P. japonica in the mixture was required to have the inhibition activity. In vitro inhibition test of melanin biosynthesis of the culture broth of P. japonica was investigated in the concentration dependent manner of 10% to 50%. 30% concentration of the culture broth inhibited completely tyrosinase activity. In the cytotoxicity test, cucumber and grape extract itself has a strong cytotoxicity to the melanoma cell, B16Bl6. The value of $IC_{50}$ of the cucumber and grape extracts against the melanoma cells was 5% concentration. However, the culture broth of P. japonica incubated in the cucumber and grape extracts did not show the cytotoxcity up to 20% against melanoma cell, B16BL6. Therefore, we concluded that the culture broth of P. japonica in the mixture of cucumber and grape extracts can be used as a whitening cosmetic resource.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.578-582
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• 2007

The primary objective of this study was to assess the in vitro melanogenesis inhibitory effects of methanolic extracts of the edible and medicinal lichens, Umbilicaria (Gyrophora) esculenta and Usnea longissima. The quantities of the total phenolic compounds of methanolic extract of the two lichen extracts were determined to be 1.46% and 2.62%, respectively. In order to evaluate the antioxidative effects of the extracts, we also measured electron donating abilities (EDA) and lipid peroxidation rates. The EDA values measured by the reduction of 1.1'-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were 72.8% and 80.7% for the extracts, with $SC_{50}$ (median scavenging concentration) values of $1.29{\pm}0.05\;mg/ml$ and $1.03{\pm}0.06\;mg/ml$, respectively. The rates of inhibition of lipid peroxidation using linoleic acid were 92.1% and 97.3% for the extracts, with $IC_{50}$ (median inhibitory concentration) values of $0.57{\pm}0.05\;mg/ml$ and $0.53{\pm}0.06\;mg/ml$, respectively. The inhibitory rates of the extracts against tyrosinase were 67.4% and 84.8%, respectively. The extracts were shown to reduce melanin formation in human melanoma cells. Melanin contents in the samples treated with 0.01% and 0.1% U. esculenta were 47.1% and 31.2%, respectively, and those treated with 0.01% and 0.1% Usnea longissima were 51.1% and 34.9%, respectively, whereas a value of 54.0% was registered when ascorbic acid was utilized as a positive control. In addition to direct tyrosinase inhibition, it was determined that the lichen extracts affected the activity of tyrosinase via the inhibition of tyrosinase glycosylation. As a result, the methanolic extracts of U. esculenta and Usnea longissima evidenced melanogenesis inhibitory effects, which occurred via multiple routes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.320-326
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• 2017

This study investigated the water extracts of fallen pear (FPWE) on tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis. In the present study, we examined the effects of FPWE on mushroom tyrosinase activity in vitro, B16F10 melanoma cell tyrosinase activity, melanin contents, and expression of melanogenic enzyme proteins such as tyrosinase. An apparent down-regulatory effect on tyrosinase activity was observed when B16F10 cells were incubated with FPWE. Results of melanin assay using B16F10 cells treated with different concentrations (50, 125, and $250{\mu}g/mL$) of FPWE showed a dose-dependent decrease in melanin content. To determine whether or not FPWE indirectly affects tyrosinase activity, we assessed mushroom tyrosinase activity upon treatment with various concentrations (125, 250, 500, and $1,000{\mu}g/mL$) of FPWE. In addition, we investigated changes in the protein level of tyrosinase by using Western blotting. Tyrosinase and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor expression levels in B16F10 melanoma cells were reduced in a dose-dependent manner by FPWE. These results suggest that FPWE reduced melanin formation by inhibition of tyrosinase activity. Therefore, we suggest that FPWE could be used an effective whitening agent for skin.

• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 2003.09b
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• pp.544-544
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• 2003

We investigated the inhibitory effect of whitening materials with growth factor or alone on melanomas derived from Human (B-16) and mouse (SK-MEL-31) using melanin content. Melanin content was determined by the absorbance value at 470nm per cells. we used the growth factors known as activators of Adenylate cyclase, Protein kinase C and tyrosine kinase pathway separately. In addition, we compared the action of UV-induced with non-biological growth factor with whitening materials in melanomas derived from Human and mouse. The results showed that the aspect of inhibitory effect of whitening materials on B16 and SK-MEL-31 was not different. And, the action of each growth factor involved in the differentiation and proliferation of melanoma on the inhibition of melanogenesis in B-16 and SK-MEL-31 using whitening agents showed no difference. Also, The action of UV -induced and non-biological growth factors didn't exhibit different pattern on the effect of whitening agent in B-16 and SK-MEL-31.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.155-160
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• 2015

This research evaluate antioxidant and skin-whitening effect of Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai by extraction processes. First, antioxidant effects were follows: EE (70% ethanol extract) showed higher DPPH scavenging activity of 69.66% than WE (hot water exract) 59.13% at $0.3mg/m{\ell}$, also UE's (70% ethanol extract by sonication process) higher than EE. Reducing power was that also EE showed higher than WE, and it was the highest value with UE's because of ultrasonic pretreatment. Next, the whitening effect tyrosinase inhibition activity was measured that EE was 23.88%, WE's was 16.69%, and UE was 23.34%. Ultrasonic pretreatment did not influence to tyrosinase inhibition activity. Cell viability showed low cell toxicity in all groups. UE's inhibited melanin synthesis, 55.1%, that is higher than EE and WE, 52.7% and 39.5%, respectively. As a result, we confirmed that antioxidant activities and skin-whitening effect by extraction process. Also, this results confirmed that the Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai extracts worth as cosmetic materials.