• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.27-38
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• 2008

This study aims to examine Japanese elementary school architecture in Meiji Era, in which Japanese modern education system was settled down and the school architecture flourished by mass construction of stereotyped school buildings. It is assumed that stereotyped school architecture is due to the influence of the standard drawings made by Japanese Ministry of Education, therefore standard drawings could be a key to understand the characteristics of the stereotyped school buildings in Meiji Era. In this perspective this study attempts to analyze 4 standard drawings and interpret it in relation to regulations and design guidelines for school architecture in that time. As results of this study the change and characteristics of stereotyped school architecture in Meiji Era are clarified in several categories. They are as follows : the deviation of classroom and corridor, the change of classroom size fixing to 4 kan(間) by 5 kan(間), the absolute use of north-lacing single corridor type block-plan, and the change of other space such as waiting room(控所), special instruction room, auditorium and gymnasium.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.142-157
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• 2020

Cannabis is a historical plant which has been used as a medicine in East Asia. These days, there are active debates about using cannabis in clinical field. Collecting and comparing cannabis research articles which had been published in the Opening of Japan to spot the interactions between the traditional medicine of Japan, Rangaku which was established in Edo Period and the European medicine which is transferred after Perry Expedition is academically meaningful. This study searched publications, which were listed on Open-Access databases by Dec. 11^th, 2019. We collected research articles which had been published from January 3^rd, 1867 to July 30^th, 1912 also known as Meiji era and uploaded on OpenAccess databases. Our searching databases were J-stage, CiNii (Scholarly and Academic Information Navigator), Tokyo Metropolitan Library, The National Diet Library, IRDB (Institutional Repositories DataBase) and KAKEN (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research Database). Searching keywords were cannabis, hemp and all their Japanese synonyms and available combinations. We selected final 15 studies which met every selection criteria in the 346,393 collected studies. Cannabis was prescribed in Meiji era of Japan to alleviate pain and cure the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and nervous system diseases such as indigestion, asthma, tuberculosis, gonorrhea and its complications, insomnia, and nervous prostration. Cannabis was medically used in Meiji era of Japan and the reporting and sharing of its clinical effect was published on the medical journals like present days. There were already Cannabis regulations in that era, but its medicinal use was more liberated than nowadays. It may be a chance to reconsider the current legal system, which strictly controls the use of Cannabis.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.29
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• pp.391-411
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• 2012

Request expressions can be defined as expressions that demand or ask the other person to do certain movements. There are direct request expressions that ask the other person to do certain movements directly and indirect request expressions that ask the other person to do certain movements by describing the speaker's condition. The study analyzed gender and hierarchy of speakers and listeners who used 'tekure' and 'tekudasai' in dialog examples of the Meiji Period and the Taisho Period. In those periods, the modern Tokyo dialect was formed and established. "Toseishoseikatagi"in Meiji 10s,"Ukigumo""Natsukodachi""Tajotakon"in Meiji 20s,"Hakai""Botchan"in Meiji 30s,"Huton""Inakakyoshi" in Meiji 40s and "Aruonna"in the Taisho Period were analyzed for the study. 'kure' was used more by male speakers than female speakers. Examples by female speakers were shown on the novels after Meji 30s. In case of male speakers, they often used it to listeners with an equitable relationship at "Toseishoseikatagi"in Meiji 10s but they often used it to younger listeners at "Hakai"in Meiji 30s. 'okure' was used more by female speakers than male speakers. Listeners were varied from older ones to younger ones. In case of female speakers, 'okure' was used more often at "Aruonna"in the Taisho Period than the other novels. In case of male speakers, 'okure' was used only at "Ukigumo""Natsukodachi"and "Hakai". 'Okurenasai' was used outstandingly by female speakers on the form of 'okun_'. In case of 'kudasai', female speakers used it more than male speakers at "Toseishoseikatagi" and "Aruonna"but male speakers used it more than female speakers at "Tajotakon"and "Hakai". Listeners were varied from older ones to younger ones. 'o~kudasai' was not shown until Meiji 20s but shown after Meiji 30s among the analyzed novels. According to gender, it was used a little bit more often by female speakers than male speakers. According to hierarchy, listeners were usually older than speakers. 'o~nasatekudasai' was used more often by male speakers than female speakers. Listeners were also usually older than speakers.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture Conference
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• 2007.10b
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• pp.157-161
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• 2007

Full-scale ferro-concrete building technology came was introduced in Japan in Meiji $35{\sim}40(1902{\sim}1907)$ and heralding the beginning of urban modernization. On the roofs of these new architectural constructions, full-scale rooftop gardens were also developed. We consider that gardens established on the roofs of hotel and department stores created a new, modernized garden culture, which greatly influenced the early modern urban culture of Japan, the drama of which it conceived based on the impression in a rooftop garden is made. In this paper, we discuss the influence of Meiji-Era cultural and technological advances on rooftop gardens constructed during the Taisho $Era(1912{\sim}1926)$, as represented by the gardens of Kobe's Oriental Hotel, Tokyo's Mitsukoshi Department Store and Shimonoseki City's Akita Company. Photographic and print sources are utilized to analyze the design features and temporal changes of these pioneering rooftop gardens, as well as their influence on urban culture.

• Archives of design research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.81-88
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• 1998

In the history of the design movement since 18708 in Japan, four eras can be seen; the first era started with the opening of Meiji era and oontinued to the World War I, the second era to the World War II, the third era from right after the second world war to 1960, and the fourth era after 1960. Before the second world war, the design education of Japan had been influenced by plenty of modem design movements which brought about in Europe such as Art and Craft Movement of William Morris, Deutscher Werkbund, and Bauhaus and by American industrial design after the World War II. Japan which early introduced western civilization established design department in universities in 1940 professing itself to be a original design education. And Japan has kept making progresses with the help of design policies of the government until now, and has seen the tornadoes of education revolution in every university after the oollapse of bubble eoonomy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.119-132
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• 1998

In recent Japan, the demand for woodland creation on revegetation sites is increasing. In the forests and woodlands, we can find many functions of environmental conservation, in addition of biomaterial production, and all of these existences with such functions are defined as environmental woodlands. Many woodlands has been created from old times for the purpose of forest conservation and flood control, and most of these technology are handed down to present time. After Edo era (from the beginning of Meiji era, 1867), some valuable examples of woodlands were created, like Meiji shrine woodland in Tokyo. After the World War II, a lot of technology for woodland revegetation, such as ecological tree planting, have been developed. At present, many revegetation sites are aiming at woodland creation, like on man-made slope, etc.. In the great change of social structure, revegetation technology is also required to keep in close relationships to the restoration of devastated existing forests and woodlands, and to provide many technology for the restoration of secondary woodland, preservation of soil, mitigation, reclamation, etc.. Now in Japan, the improvement of environment including all the member of biosphere is demanded on a large scale. Therefore, revegetation technology should also try to make an activity taking a broad view of the restoration of natural vegetation in addition to the traditional and new woodland creation.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.18
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• pp.81-99
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• 2004

This text discusses trends in the construction of religions since the Meiji Era, using Konkokyo and Restoration Shintoism as examples. The construction of religions is applied here as the process of a deliberate acceptace of religious images as a discourse of "Civilization" endowed with "kyougi" or "Doctrine" and "kyousoku" or "Rules of Instruction." Winding through a meandering path, these constructed religions do not take precedence over "Jikyou" or "State Religion." Yet, "Jikyou" for a while was fixed in its own fragemented self-imagery. As for Shinto, in 1900, the Office of Shinto Shrines became independent from the Office of Shrines and Temples in the Department of Domestic Affairs, and clearly Shinto and Shinto Shrines were part of secular state ideology. In the Bakumatsu and Meiji Periods, it ultimately was cut off from Restoration Shinto, thereby achieving this development on its own. This tells of the formation of an entirely new and modern Shinto within a secular "Jikyou." Konkokyo, moreover, as a religion establishes "kyousoku" and "kyougi." As a Shinto sect, it takes steps on the path toward recognizing a self-identity, namely as religious Shinto. As a result, dogmatization and systemization progress, and "Byoukinaoshi" or "illness-recovery" from the Tokugawa Period weathers. Also, as for progress in the Shinto religious order, from its foundation, the characteristics of a unified state and religion emerge, and thus there is an acceptance of significant restrictions. This dillema continues to persist as a problem in postwar Japan. Shedding light on Tokugawa Era practice also sheds light on where we can now take religious concepts.

• Korean Journal of Comparative Education
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.249-271
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to understand how the three concepts of general educational principles, such as Intellectual, Moral and Physical education, had adopted and developed in Meiji Japan through the introduction process of Western Education. In this work, we hope to identify the three general educational words which are translated in Japanese as well as that of Education. The result of this study is as follows; First, the translated words of these principles had changed from Sam-Kyo(三敎) to Sam-Yuk(三育); owing to the internal change of situation in 1880's. Second, the three general educational principles have changed their main elements for the purpose of education, though still maintaining the three, but it had developed their concepts according to the trend of thought in Japanese education.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.890-909
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• 2022

This study explores the types of clothing imported from Japan during the port-opening era and investigates the characteristics of import trade related to these clothing products. This is a literature study based on trade statistics data and books on Western clothing published in Japan during the Meiji period. Research findings are as follows: clothing products imported from Japan were divided into 6 types: 1) clothing, 2) undergarments, 3) shirts, 4) waterproof coats, 5) European-style clothing, and 6) nightgowns. "Clothing" is a unified name for any kind of garment, appearing in import records only from 1877 to 1884. Undergarments and shirts were imported from 1884. Waterproof coats were imported only in 1886 and 1898. European-style clothing and nightgowns were imported from 1902. In the total import of clothes, the proportion of clothing was the highest (48.0%), followed by undergarments (41.3%) and shirts (10.6%), while the ratio of nightgowns and raincoats was almost 0%. During the port-opening period, the change in the import value of clothes did not show a continuous increase, but rather showed a large stepwise increase over the course of several years.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.337-343
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• 2001

This study was purposed to see how men's hair styles of Japan had changed throughout history and results of the study was as follows. There are such evidences as topknots in its primitive styles and wooden combs that several hair styles were tried already in the primitive Jomon Period. In the Yayoi period, bare topknot style without crowns and Mizura style in which hair drop down both ears were popular. In the period of ancient burial mounds, Mizura style was dominative style and varied its form and shape according to classes and status. In the Aska and Nara era, topknot-in-the-crown style in which hair bound in one as in continental style and put in crown or hood, which style was influenced by the Sui and the Tang periods of China. Since the Heian period, topknot-in-the-Ebosi style, binding style, and Karawa style as well as topknot-in-the-crown style came in sight and Sakayaki style became popular in the Kamakura and Muromachi periods. In the Momoyama period, Chasenmage style and Ichomage style were spread widely. In the early Edo era, Wakashumage style and Yaromage style as well as Ichomage style were preferred. In the middle of Edo era in which form and shape of topknot was more distinct symbol of class, status and job than in any other period, Tachmach style under the influence of the Punkin and Honda modes. Sonno style was popular in the late Edo era. There was a drastic disappearance of topknot style by the hair-cutting order during the Meiji Restoration period and civilized hair style of the Jankiri style, a kind of dishevelled hair style without making a topknot was in fashion and continued to the present.