• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2008년도 추계 학술발표회
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• pp.1502-1511
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• 2008

The mixture of bentonite powder and water is generally used to maintain the stability of excavation surface during the construction of vertical cutoff walls. The filter cake on the sidewall surface is the result of filtration of slurry into the adjacent soil formation. The filter cake is believed to have a very low hydraulic conductivity compared to that of the cutoff wall. This paper evaluates hydraulic conductivities of bentonite filter cakes set up with three types of bentonites under various pressure levels. A modified fluid loss test was employed in this experiment. Theory of filtration process was reviewed to explain the procedure in the present experiment. Hydraulic conductivity of the filter cakes with consideration of the filter medium resistance was evaluated. The results of the experiment with two calculation methods and discussion are presented to show the efficiency of the modified fluid loss test.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2005년도 ICCAS
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• pp.241-245
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• 2005

Strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS) integrated with astronavigation system (ANS) yields reliable mission capability and enhanced navigational accuracy for spacecrafts. The theory and characteristics of integrated system based on unscented Kalman filtering is investigated in this paper. This Kalman filter structure uses unscented transform to approximate the result of applying a specified nonlinear transformation to a given mean and covariance estimate. The filter implementation subsumed here is in a direct feedback mode. Axes misalignment angles of the SINS are observation to the filter. A simple approach for simulation of axes misalignment using stars observation is presented. The SINS error model required for the filtering algorithm is derived in space-stabilized mechanization. Simulation results of the integrated navigation system using a medium accuracy SINS demonstrates the validity of this method on improving the navigation system accuracy with the estimation and compensation for gyros drift, and the position and velocity errors that occur due to the axes misalignments.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산유체공학회 1998년도 춘계 학술대회논문집
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• pp.110-115
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• 1998

An axisymmetric Navier-Stokes procedure has been developed to analyze the pulse jet flow in a ceramic filter unit for the dust dislodging process. Using Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model as a closure relationship, the SIAF(Scalar Implicit Approximate Factorization) algorithm together with the ${\delta}^k-Correction$ iterative time marching scheme is adopted to solve the unsteady compressible Navier-Stokes equations. After some validation tests, the code has been applied to solve the pulse jet flow and examine the effects of geometry and reservoir pressure condition on the pressure level inside the filter unit. To avoid dealing with the uncertainty of such factors as the cohesion of the collected dust and the adhesion of the dust to the medium and also to simplify the analysis, the filter wall is assumed to be impermeable. The results for various test cases are presented.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.334-340
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• 1997

중소규모(中小規模) 축산농가(畜産農家)에서 배출(排出)되는 돼지(돈(豚)) 분뇨폐수(糞尿廢水)를 효과적(效果的)으로 처리(處理)함과 동시(同時)에 재활용(再活用)할 수 있는 방법(方法)의 하나로 볏짚을 살수여상법(撒水濾床法)의 충전재(充塡材)로 이용(利用)하였다. 폐수처리(廢水處理) 후(後) 볏짚을 건조(乾燥) 분쇄(粉碎)하여 토양(土壤)에 첨가(添加)한 후 orchard grass를 재배(栽培)하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. 볏짚 충전재(充塡材)를 시용(施用)했을 경우(境遇) 일반적(一般的)인 농가퇴비(農家堆肥)에 못지 않은 수량(收量) 향상(向上) 효과(效果)가 있었다. 기본시비(基本施肥)(NPK)에 처리(處理)한 짚 40 ton/ha의 비율(比率)로 혼합(混合) 시용 했을 때 가장 효과(效果)가 컸다. 2. Orchard grass 1차 예취(刈取) 후의 수량은 기본시비(基本施肥) 전량 시용구가 반량(半量) 시용구보다 많았다. 3. Orchard grass 1차, 2차 예취(刈取) 후(後) 볏짚충진제 처리구 토양(土壤)의 화학적 특성은, 공시토양에 비해 pH 의 증가와 함께 Av. $P_2O_5$, Ex. K, Ca, Na, Mg 와 유기물함량(有機物含量)이 증가(增加)했는데 특(特)히 Exc. Mg 의 현저한 증가(增加)가 있었다. 4. 볏짚 충진제를 시용한 결과 Orchard grass에 의해 흡수된 질소, 인산, 양이온등의 영양소는 증가되었고, 증가량은 처리량에 비례했다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.343-348
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• 1996

Mouse의 대장에서 분리된 E. coli LI-10 균주를 보조균주로 하여 Cellulomonas sp. KL-6과 혼합배양한 결과, 균체증식은 주균주와 보조균주를 1 : 1(v/v)의 비로 혼합하였을 때 가장 좋았다. 혼합배양은 주균주 단독배양 보다 균체증식을 63% 정도로 증가시켰으며 두 균주의 분포도는 10 : 1 비율로 KL-6 균주가 주로 분포되어 있었다. 0.1%의 $CaCO_3$의 첨가는 무첨가에 비해 각 배양기간별로 pH를 상승시켜 어느정도의 균체증식을 가져왔다. Filter paper 배지에서 혼합배양시, 본 균주들은 cellobiose를 월등하게 많이 생산하였으나 glucose는 검출되지 않았다. 균체증식 최적배지에서 4일간 혼합배양하였을 때, $1.0\;g/{\ell}$의 균체량을 생산하여 기본배지인 CMC 배지에서 생산한 균체량보다 53% 정도가 증가되었다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.327-343
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• 2012

In order to develop a high cellulolytic direct-fed microorganism (DFM) for ruminant productivity improvement, this study isolated cellulolytic bacteria from the rumen of Holstein dairy cows, and compared their cellulolytic abilities via DM degradability, gas production and cellulolytic enzyme activities. Twenty six bacteria were isolated from colonies grown in Dehority's artificial (DA) medium with 2% agar and cultured in DA medium containing filter paper at $39^{\circ}C$ for 24h. 16s rDNA gene sequencing of four strains from isolated bacteria showed that H8, H20 and H25 strains identified as Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and H23 strain identified as Fibrobacter succinogenes. H20 strain had higher degradability of filter paper compared with others during the incubation. H8 (R. flavefaciens), H20 (R. flavefaciens), H23 (F. succinogenes), H25 (R. flavefaciens) and RF (R. flavefaciens sijpesteijn, ATCC 19208) were cultured in DA medium with filter paper as a single carbon source for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 days without shaking at $39^{\circ}C$, respectively. Dry matter degradability rates of H20, H23 and H25 were relatively higher than those of H8 and RF since 2 d incubation. The cumulative gas production of isolated cellulolytic bacteria increased with incubation time. At every incubation time, the gas production was highest in H20 strain. The activities of carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) and Avicelase in the culture supernatant were significantly higher in H20 strain compared with others at every incubation time (p<0.05). Therefore, although further researches are required, the present results suggest that H20 strain could be a candidate of DFM in animal feed due to high cellulolytic ability.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.140-145
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• 1999

Livestock manure is generally beneficial to soil and crop production when appropriate amount is applied, but excessive application may be detrimental to soil and water environments. A proper protocol of livestock waste treatment is required to manage the quality of soil and water. A trickling filter system using rice straw media was employed to treat piggery wastewater from small-scaled livestock farms as an alternative to the currently available methods. Batches of piggery wastewater were treated with this system, and the byproducts of rice straw media and trickling filtrate were applied to the soil with cultivating rye (Secale cereale L.). Objective of this research was to characterize these byproducts for the sustainable soil amendments and rye production. Both the treated straw medium and filtrate were proven to be effective organic fertilizers for rye plant development, with the enhanced but balanced absorption of nutrients. The synergistic effects of filtrate in addition to straw application did not show, but the filtrate appeared to lead to a higher water content of the plant. No specific nutrient deficiency or toxicity symptom was shown due to the salts derived from the byproducts applied. Chemical parameters of the soil quality were significantly improved with the application of straw medium either with or without the filtrate. Judging from parameters relating to the salt accumulations, such as sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), electrical conductivity (EC), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), potassium adsorption ratio (KAR), and residual P concentrations, the byproducts from piggery wastewater exhibited no detrimental effects on soil quality within the ranges of treatments used. In addition to the effectiveness of the rice straw trickling filter system for the small-scaled swine farms, both rice straw medium and filtrate could be recycled for the sustainable soil amendment and plant nutrition.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.363-368
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• 2021

On the assessment results of the non-point source pollutant removability of bio-block using waste sewage sludge, at the reactor's initial operation stage, the removal efficiency of COD was slightly unstable. However, after the reactor was stabilized, the COD removal efficiency was higher in the reactor filled with bio-blocks compared to the reactor filled with broken stones. In terms of nitrogen and phosphorus, their removal efficiency was unstable at the initial stage of the reactor operation. This phenomenon was investigated through the bio-block elution experiments. Results indicated that nitrogen and phosphorus were eluted from the bio-blocks affecting their removal at the initial operation. Furthermore, based on elution tests conducted after the dry ashing of the waste sewage sludge, part of the nitrogen and phosphorus was eluted similar to the bio-block elution test results, although considerable amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus were reduced compared to the sludge cake. Prior to the use of the waste sewage sludge bio-blocks as a filter medium to remove non-point source pollutants, a stabilization period of 10 days was required. After the stabilization process, results showed similar characteristics as general aggregates. Moreover, to use the bio-block as a filter medium for the non-point pollutant removal, the filling ratio of 75% was the most suitable as it resulted in the highest nitrogen removal efficiency after the stabilization. The results of this study suggested that waste sewage sludge can be suitably recycled as a mixed raw material for the bio-blocks, with satisfactory application as a filter medium in artificial wetlands, stormwater runoff problems, stream water pollutants to eliminate non-point source pollutants.

• 한국관개배수논문집
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.31-38
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• 1999

Recently, biofilm reactors have been considered as an efficient small scale sewage treatment system in Korean rural areas because of easy operation and cost effectiveness. The objective of this study was to select a more effective filter medium of the bio

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.61-72
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• 1999

To obtain the experimental data for design and operation of actual filtration processes, a sand filter and three kinds of dual media filters in pilot-plant scale were operated in this study. We analyzed the effect of filter medium composition on the filter performance and the effects of backwash water flow rates, length of stream line and air flow rate on the filter backwash efficiency. We also compared the efficiencies of the combined air-water backwashing and the water backwashing in dual media filters. As the backwash water flow rates or the length of stream line increased, the final turbidity of backwash water was decreased and the filtration duration time after backwash was increased. In the case of the combined air-water backwashing, the backwash water quantity needed for backwashing the dual media filters could be decreased. The total volume of filtered water for the dual media filters during filter run was over three times larger than that for the sand filter. The dual media filters could be operated at a high filtration rate of 360 m/day.