• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제9권9호
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• pp.114-124
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• 2009

우리나라 온라인게임 중 약 73%가 중세배경의 세계관을 갖고 있다. 역사에서 암흑과 야만의 시기로 종종 점하되었던 중세 천년이 디지털 가상세계에서 새롭게 부활하고 있는 것이다. 첨단 테크놀로지로 시현되는 온라인게임에서 '중세'라는 전근대적인 세계가 빈번하게 등장하는 현상은 역설적 이며 의미심장하다. 본 연구는 이러한 문제의식에 기반해 온라인게임에서 중세 세계관이 등장하게 된 배경과 구현양상을 살펴보고자 했다. 이에 중세 판타지 게임의 등장은 현대인들의 전근대에 대한 탈출과 동경 때문이며, 이러한 중세 판타지 세계관은 게임 스토리텔링의 기반 서사와 퀘스트 스토리, 캐릭터 설정 등에 많은 영향을 끼치고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 자연과 초자연의 공존이라는 이중 구조는 중세 판타지 게임의 기반 서사를 설정하는데 중요한 축으로 작용하고 있으며, "목표설정-모험과 투쟁-목표달성"이라는 3단계의 추구서사(quest narrative)를 가진 중세 로망스문학은 중세 판타지 게임에 이르러 퀘스트 스토리에 반영되고 있다. 봉건제로 대표되는 중세의 엄격한 피라미드적 위계질서는 캐릭터 디자인에 의미 있는 메타포를 형성하고 있으며, 플레이어들은 이러한 수직적 구조 속에서 동시에 수평적 연대의식을 통해 온라인게임의 커퓨니티를 구성하고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국지형학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.85-98
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 고려시대의 천문 기상 기후 현상을 담고 있는 고려사(高麗史)에 기록된 한국 중세(A.D. 936~1391)의 가뭄, 홍수, 상해 등의 자연재해와 흉년, 역질, 반란 등의 사회불안 현상과의 관련성을 비교 분석하였다. 고려시대의 여러 자연재해 중 가뭄은 4~5년에 최소 1회 이상 역사서에 기록되어 있다. 삼국시대 자료를 포함한 고대와 중세 기간 중 대략 AD 286~335년, AD 786~835년, AD 1261~1320년 경에 가뭄의 발생빈도가 상대적으로 높게 나타났다. 고대와 중세 1,500년간의 가뭄 현상은 세 번의 주기가 인정되며, 대략 500년의 시간 간격으로 발생하였다. 고려 말기에 증가한 가뭄 발생빈도는 사회 혼란 요소로 볼 수 있는 흉년과 반란이 자주 발생한 것과 일치한다. 이러한 기록들로 볼 때, 가뭄과 같은 자연재해는 농업 중심 국가였던 고려의 멸망에 영향을 주었을 것으로 추정된다.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.127-138
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• 2011

The style which is created by grafting the characteristics of goth onto haute couture designer works is called 'Haute goth'. The purpose of this study is to analyze the modem Goth fashion style based on Goth's historical background and characteristics. Also, I investigated the aesthetic characteristics of haute goth style appeared from the work of haute couture designers. Goth means a member of East Germanic people who invaded and settled in the Roman Empire from the 3rd to the 5th century. Goth style had been developed to the medieval European architecture style or the literature style of 18th~19th centuries and later it was reappeared in the gothic band in the late 20th century. Goth fashion shows the characteristics of the medieval times and Victorian times mixed with punk and fetish style. Goth fashion is expressed with the images of fear, darkness, mystique, dandy and eroticism. 'Dark esthetics' is realized through black clothes, pale complexion and silver accessories. Many designers like Alexander McQueen and John Galliano designed 'haute goth fashion' in various ways. The characteristics of 'haute goth' can be summarized in four things. It creates new images, seeks various changes and pursuits newness. It upgrades a street look style gothic fashion to a luxury high fashion and the creative design with artistic value. It also shows an experimental sprit by using a unique shapes, silhouettes, different materials and extreme images or creating new combination through the mismatch of opposite objects or emotions. Although it is rooted in the past because of the influences by late medieval times, Victorian times and Edwardian times, it displays enough of future-oriented historicism designs.

• 영어영문학
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.639-666
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• 2010

Meditation on Christ's body is peculiar to late medieval female mysticism. The somatic meditation on Christ basically derives from the Incarnation, but the female mystics focused more on the Passion and the Eucharist, i.e., Christ's bleeding and feeding. Then, female body structure and the gender role of nurturing were combined to make facile her imitatio Christi, because the female body was aptly identified with Christ's body. The blood flowing in the side of Christ was often in medieval graphics and texts identified with a mother's milk for a baby to suck. Wound and food, suffering and nourishing, were inseparable in Christ's and the female mystics' body. Thus, in late medieval female mystical practice, it is important to note, first, female mystics' bodily pain was not to be cured but endured; second, that not only did a female mystic eat Christ's body, but her own body was to be "eaten" by poor neighbors, just as Christ gave his own body to be eaten by believers. As Christ's body is punctured, so does the female body have open holes, and as Christ is food, so is the female body. This female meditation on Christ's body developed the notion of "divine motherhood" to be accepted and enjoyed quite literally by the female mystics in late medieval times. Yet, in a sense, the female mystics' meditating on Christ's feminine function of nourishing can be considered as their accepting and interiorizing the socially constructed female gender role and thus lacking in subversive power. Nevertheless, this meditative practice at least functioned to redeem the female body which had typically been labelled inferior and even dirty. Through Christ's feminized body, the female mystics rehabilitated their bodily dimension, presenting it to be shared by male believers. Capitalizing on the gender stereotype of womanhood itself, they converted female weakness to power.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.73-90
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• 2011

Modern footwear is accepted as a fashion accessory that plays the role of a point of style, which reflects trends and makes use of individuality and stylishness, not a practical means itself. This study considers diverse types of western shoes, which had been historically popular from, and about a role in accordance with it, and grasps the occurrence background and the aesthetic characteristics in shoes type, which had initiated fashion in the historically cultural aspect. Thus, the aim is to be conducive to developing design related to modern shoes. As a result of this study, shoe styles have changed in relation to the historical situation throughout every period from medieval times to mid-modern times. Two functions of shoes, practicality and aesthetics, could be observed tendency of leading fashion in the middle of mutual control and supplementation according to social conditions, economic strength in a person of wearing shoes, social standing, and gender. Accordingly, considering that designs related to shoes are influenced by the historical conditions, continuous research on unique designs according to each era is thought to be necessary to develop shoe designs of the future.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.97-116
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• 2007

This article has the objective of studying French ADR System which is unique and peculiar in the world. Nowadays commercial conflict is resolved by litigation or ADR. ADR plays an important part in resolving commercial conflict in the US, England, Germany, Japan and France. Untill now, only French ADR System has not been studied at all in Korea. So we can safely say that it is necessary to research into French ADR System in order to improve Korea's ADR System. This study is composed of Introduction, Concept of French ADR System, Actual Circumstances of French ADR System and Conclusion. The Fundamental system of French ADR is the law of February 8, 1995 that is made up of 82 articles. Among these articles, Judical Conciliation and Mediation are the most important. It is universally admitted by most of legal scholars that judicial conciliation and mediation have the character of contract. Because mutual consent is necessary in order for judicial conciliation and mediation to be effective. French system of judicial conciliation and mediation is provided in French Civil Procedure Law. Judicial conciliation plays an important role in Labor Law and Family Law. In the early part of litigation, the attempt of consiliation can be made very frequently in France. Successful conciliation and mediation are induced into negociation between parties. Arbitration has its long history in Europe. In the medieval times, Western European merchant began to use Arbitration System. After the medieval times had passed, Arbitration System took root in France. But Arbitration System has not so developed in France. On the other hand, Arbitration System has developed to a considerable degree in the US in spite of its short history. It is due to the fact that the French dislike to have recourse to litigation as compared with the Americans. However Arbitration can resolve securities conflict through various institutions in France, which is very similar to the concerned US phenomenon.

• 디자인학연구
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.157-166
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• 2005

본 논문은 장신구에 내재하고 있는 상징적 의미에 대한 연구이다. 상징적 의미란 상징의 여러 속성들 중 의미와의 연관관계를 말하는 것이다. 장신구를 사용하는 것은 인류 문명사의 초기에서부터 나타나는 본능적 행위이다. 인간은 자신을 치장하기 위한 장식적인 목적이나 바라는 바를 이루기 위한 주술적인 이유에서 권력이나 힘을 과시하기 위한 수단으로 또는 사랑이나 그리움 등의 감정을 전달하기 위해서 등 다양한 목적으로 장신구를 사용하였다. 본 논문에서는 여러 종류의 장신구들 중 상징적 성격이 가장 강하게 나타나는 반지를 중심으로 장신구의 상징적 의미를 역사적 배경 속에서 살펴보았다. 고대 중세에는 상징성이 강하게 나타나며 근대와 현대에 이르러 약해지는 경향을 보인다. 또, 고대 중세에는 공통성, 보편성을 가진 의미가 많은 반면, 근대 이후 현대에는 개인적이고 사적인 의미가 증가하였다. 시대별로 장신구의 의미들은 시대상황과 연관관계를 맺으며 조금씩 변화하였지만, 장신구는 어떠한 시대상황에서도 우리의 마음속에 의미와 상징을 불러일으키며 인간의 내면의 사상과 감정을 표현하는 역할을 한다.

• 한국제4기학회지
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• 제18권2호통권23호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2004

Temperature variations, and carbon dioxide and methane concentrations are summarized during the past 400,000 years. Atmospheric temperature varied approximately within $10^{\circ}C$ during the past 400,000 years. Most of the time during the past 400,000 years, temperature was lower than today except 410000, 320000, 250000, and 125000 years ago. Temperature was slightly higher or at least similar to today during the time period of 410000. 320000, 250000, and 125000 years ago. The carbon dioxide concentration varied between 180 and 300 ppm, and the methane concentration varied between 40 and 700ppb. The present atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide is 375 ppm and methane is 1750 ppb. Temperature was 5-$7^{\circ}C$ lower than today during the Last Glacial Maximum(18,000 years ago) and the Younger Dryas(10,000 years ago). Temprature was varied within $1^{\circ}C$ during the past 10,000 years. Especially Middle Holocene Climatic Optimum(6,000 years ago), Medieval Warm Period (500-1,000 years ago), and Little Ice Age(100-500 year ago) were global climatic events. In general, mechanism for the Middle Holocene Climatic Optimum, Medical Warm Period, and Little Ice Age can be explained by the solar insulation, however their exact mechnism is not well known. Carbon dioxide concentration during the past 400,000 years never reached the current value of 375 ppm. Furthermore, the current methane concentration never reached during the past 20Ma. However, current temperature value has happened several times during the past 400,000 years. The implication of this is unsolved question so far. This should be challenged in the near future.

• Acta Via Serica
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.85-108
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• 2017

This paper details the advance of the "Hui" (回) people to Korea and their socioeconomic activities in forming their own community during the late Goryeo and early Joseon period. Hui (回) or Hui Hui (回回) is generally recognized as representative of Muslim culture in Chinese and Korean sources. From the $8^{th}$ century, Korean-Muslim cultural relations accelerated as an outcome of ancient Chinese-West Asian commercial transactions along the Silk Road. These contacts between Muslims and Koreans on the Korean peninsula are borne out by references to Korea found in 23 Islamic sources written between the $9^{th}$ and $16^{th}$ centuries by 18 Muslim scholars, including Ibn Khurdadbih, Sulaiman al-Tajir, and Mas'ud1 i. Ibn Khurdadbih was the first Arab who wrote of Muslims' residence in the Unified Silla Kingdom (661-935CE). However, in the period of Silla, we could not find any reliable written documents in Korea to show encounters between Korea and the Muslim world. In the Goryeosa (GS) chronicle, Muslim merchants who came to Korea were described as "Daesik" (大食: Tashi). Daesik (Tashi) is most probably derived from "Tajir", which means "trader" in Muslim language. Muslims' mass influx and their wide ranging influence on Korean society manifested from the late $13^{th}$ century when the Goryeo Dynasty first came under Mongol control and afterward in the early $15^{th}$ century with the new dynasty of Joseon in Korea.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.27-41
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• 2009

As for modern people, the fashion accessory plays a role in allowing the whole coordination in clothing to be highlighted, receives environmental factors in the complementary relationship with clothing, and is being progressed rapidly as well. Among accessories, it is considered to be probably significant to examine especially about the historical consideration and the transitional process in bag, which becomes a means of expressing free individuality in fashion while recognizing importance of bag, which is being developed today as a necessary article along with diverse lifestyles in each individual. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to examine which correlation a bag comes to have with clothing according to a historical change in fashion and was changed in the transitional process of historical consideration on bag from the latter half of the medieval times to the modern times. Also, it tries to analyze on features in a form, material, kind, and color by period in a bag. Thus, the aim is to be conducive to a future qualitative research on bag Through the research process, it could be known about which a bag has been changed into diverse forms while experiencing several processes in order to conform with a flow of clothing, which is required by society according to a change in period, and about its historical significance, value, and aesthetic characteristics. It was certainly necessary for walking about with putting commodity necessary for people in it. As one of accessories that cannot be separated from clothing, it makes it available for knowing user's social standing and position and living scale, and makes it realized for the importance influence upon establishing a woman's identity.