• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.228-236
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• 2004

Two varieties of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L cv. Pioneer and Beaver) and timothy (Phleum pratense L cv. Climax and Joliette), grown at different locations in Saskatchewan (Canada), were cut at three stages [1=one week before commercial cut (early bud for alfalfa; joint for timothy); 2=at commercial cut (late bud for alfalfa; pre-bloom head for timothy); 3=one week after commercial cut (early bloom for alfalfa; full head for timothy)]. The energy values of forages were determined using three approaches, including chemical (NRC 2001 formula) and biological approaches (standard in vitro and in situ assay). The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of forage variety and stage of maturity on energy values under the climate conditions of western Canada, and to investigate relationship between chemical (NRC 2001 formula) approach and biological approaches (in vitro and in situ assay) on prediction of energy values. The results showed that, in general, forage species (alfalfa vs. timothy) and cutting stage had profound impacts, but the varieties within each species (Pioneer vs. Beaver in alfalfa; Climax vs. Joliette in timothy) had minimal effects on energy values. As forage maturity increased, the energy contents behaved in a quadratic fashion, increasing at stage 2 and then significantly decreasing at stage 3. However, the prediction methods-chemical approach (NRC 2001 formula) and biological approaches (in vitro and in situ assay) had great influences on energy values. The highest predicted energy values were found by using the in situ approach, the lowest prediction value by using the NRC 2001 formula, and the intermediate values by the in vitro approach. The in situ results may be most accurate because it is closest to simulate animal condition. The energy values measured by biological approaches are not predictable by the chemical approach in this study, indicating that a refinement is needed in accurately predicting energy values.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권8호
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• pp.1137-1142
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• 2003

In a balanced incomplete block design, two dry Holstein cows were used to investigate the effect of $\beta$ 1-4 galactooligosaccharides (GOS) supplementation on nitrogen (N) utilization, rumen fermentation and microbial N supply in the rumen. During the experiment, cows were fed four diets: orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) silage (OS), OS with GOS supplementation (OSG), OS mixed with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) silage (MS) and MS with GOS supplementation (MSG). GOS was supplemented at 2% of dry matter intake. Diets were fed at maintenance level of protein and energy. Results showed that N digestion was affected by silage and interaction of silage and GOS supplementation. Cows fed OSG had the highest N digested (p<0.05) followed by MS, OS and MSG. Supplementation of GOS to OS or MS diets tended to improve N utilization through reducing the N losses on dairy cows. There was no effect of GOS supplementation on rumen fermentation parameters (i.e. pH, $NH_3$-N and total VFA) at 1 h and 6 h after feeding. Compared to cows fed MS, cows fed OS silage had higher (p<0.05) allantoin excretion (80.8 vs. 67.1 mmol/d) and higher (p<0.05) total purine derivatives excretion (92.9 vs. 78.5 mmol/d). The microbial N supply in cows fed OSG was higher (p<0.05) than those fed OS, MS and MSG.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.589-605
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• 2012

This study was conducted to identify allelopathic effect of Ganghwa domestic Artemisia spp., named Sajabalssuk and Ssajuarissuk, for various receptor plants including clover (Trifolium repens L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), lawn grass (Zoysia japonica Steud.), dandelion (Taraxacum platycarpum Dahlst.), and dahurianpatrinia (Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch. ex Trevir). Receptor plants were treated with the aqueous and essential oil extract of Artemisia plants. In consequence, their allelopathic effects were evaluated by measuring seed germination rates, seedling growth, and dry weights of the receptor plants. The seed germination and seedling growth of the receptor plants were inhibited by all treatments of both aqueous and essential oil extracts of the Artemisia plants, and, in addition, the inhibitory effects were increased according to the higher concentration. Among the donor plants, A. $sp.^*III$ showed most effective allelopathic effect. Comparing the alleopathic effect among the receptor plants, seed germination was most inhibited in lawn grass while inhibitory effect of seedling growth was comparatively higher in dandelion. Although inhibitory effects were comparatively lower, the allelopathic effects of Artemisia plants were identified in clover and alfalfa since the seedling growth of these plants were inhibited more than 70%. Thus, in result, Ganghwa domestic Artemisia spp. could be possibly used for weed control since natural products of the plants showed inhibitory effects on seed germination and seedling growth of various receptor plants.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.124-128
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• 1989

本實驗은 Vernal알팔파의 callus 誘導에 미치는 몇가지 要因들에 對하여 糾明하고자 逐行되었으며 얻어진 結果는 다음과 같다, Callus 誘導에서 auxin 源으로서 2,4-D를 2-5mg/1 單用處理한 것이 가장 좋았으며, 여러가지 基本 培地 中에서는 B5와 SH가 callus 誘導에 가장 效果的이었는데, PC와 MS 培地에서 生成된 callus는 friable 하였다. 培地#의 pH는 5.8이 가장 좋았으며 7.0 以上에서는 callus는 거의 생장하지 않았다. 組織片은 9日 齡된 植物體의 것이 가장 좋았으며, 이를 前後하여 callus의 生成量은 減少하였다. Callus 誘導時, 光條件의 有無는 큰 影響을 나타내지 않았으나, 빛 條件에서는 callus 組織은 푸르게 되었다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.151-156
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• 2001

내열성 유전자인 BcHSP17.6를 갖도록 제작한 발현벡터 pBKH4를 Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA 4404에 도입후, Agrobacterium과 알팔파 캘러스의 공배양을 통해 감염시킨 캘러스를 $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$의 kanamycin과 $500{\mu}g/m{\ell}$의 cefotaxim을 첨가한 SH-kc배지에서 배양하며 형질전환된 캘러스를 선발하였다. 식물체 재분화는 SH- nk-c, SH-sp-c, SH-11b-c, SH-1BA 배지에서 약 4개월간 배양하여 재분화를 완성하였으며, 재분화된 알팔파의 genomic DNA를 분리한 후, PCR 분석 및 Southern blot 분석을 실시하여 알팔파의 형질전환을 확인하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권10호
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• pp.1521-1527
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• 2019

Objective: To study the contribution of plant enzyme and microbial activities on protein degradation in silage, this study evaluated the nitrogen transformation dynamics during ensiling of non- and irradiated alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Methods: Alfalfa and red clover silages were prepared and equally divided into two groups. One group was exposed to ${\gamma}$-irradiation at a recommended dosage (25 Gky). Therefore, four types of silages were produced: i) non-irradiated alfalfa silage; ii) irradiated alfalfa silage; iii) non-irradiated red clover silage; and iv) irradiated red clover silage. These silages were opened for fermentation quality and nitrogen components analyses after 1, 4, 8, and 30 days, respectively. Results: The ${\gamma}$-irradiation successfully suppressed microbial activity, indicated by high pH and no apparent increases in fermentation end products in irradiated silages. All nitrogen components, except for peptide-N, increased throughout the ensiling process. Proteolysis less occurred in red clover silages compared with alfalfa silages, indicated by smaller (p<0.05) increment in peptide-N and free amino acid N (FAA-N) during early stage of ensiling. The ${\gamma}$-irradiation treatment increased (p<0.05) peptide-N and FAA-N in alfalfa silage at day 1, whereas not in red clover silage; these two nitrogen components were higher (p<0.05) between day 4 and day 30 in non-irradiated silages than the irradiated silages. The ammonia nitrogen and non-protein nitrogen were highest in non-irradiated alfalfa silage and lowest in irradiated red clover silage after ensiling. Conclusion: The result of this study indicate that red clover and alfalfa are two forages varying in their nitrogen transformation patterns, especially during early stages of ensiling. Microbial activity plays a certain role in the proteolysis and seems little affected by the presence of polyphenol oxidase in red clover compared with alfalfaa.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권7호
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• pp.1196-1203
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• 2024

Objective: A study was conducted to quantify the performance differences of the near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) calibration models developed with different degrees of hay sample preparations. Methods: A total of 227 imported alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and another 360 imported timothy (Phleum pratense L.) hay samples were used to develop calibration models for nutrient value parameters such as moisture, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, crude protein, and in vitro dry matter digestibility. Spectral data of hay samples prepared by milling into 1-mm particle size or unground were separately regressed against the wet chemistry results of the abovementioned parameters. Results: The performance of the developed NIRS calibration models was evaluated based on R², standard error, and ratio percentage deviation (RPD). The models developed with ground hay were more robust and accurate than those with unground hay based on calibration model performance indexes such as R² (coefficient of determination), standard error, and RPD. Although the R² of calibration models was mainly greater than 0.90 across the feed value indexes, the R² of cross-validations was much lower. The R² of cross-validation varies depending on feed value indexes, which ranged from 0.61 to 0.81 in alfalfa, and from 0.62 to 0.95 in timothy. Estimation of feed values in imported hay can be achievable by the calibrated NIRS. However, the NIRS calibration models must be improved by including a broader range of imported hay samples in the modeling. Conclusion: Although the analysis accuracy of NIRS was substantially higher when calibration models were developed with ground samples, less sample preparation will be more advantageous for achieving rapid delivery of hay sample analysis results. Therefore, further research warrants investigating the level of sample preparations compromising analysis accuracy by NIRS.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.879-886
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• 2004

알팔파의 최적 조직배양 조건을 확립하기 위하여 자엽으로부터 배발생 캘러스 유도 및 캘러스로부터 식물체 재분화에 미치는 배지첨가물질과 삼투압 스트레스 처리의 영향을 조사하였다. 배발생 캘러스 유도시에 첨가되는 식물생장조절물질로는 5mg/L 2,4-D와 0.2mg/L kinetin이 혼용 첨가된 SH 배지에서 배발생 캘러스가 가장 높은 빈도로 유도되었다. 배발생 캘러스를 1mg/L 2,4-D와 2mg/L BA가 첨가된 SH 배지에서 배양했을 때 체세포 배가 형성되었다. 재분화 배지에 첨가되는 질소원으로 5mM L-proline과 1g/L casein hydrolysate를 동시에 첨가해주었을 때, 식물체 재분화율이 증가되었다. 배발생 캘러스를 0.7M 농도의 삼투압 스트레스 조건에서 12 ${\sim}$ 18시간 처리한 후, 재분화 배지에서 배양한 결과 재분화율이 현저히 증가되었다. 가장 높은 식물체 재분화율은 0.7M sucrose가 첨가된 배지에서 18시간 처리한 후, 재분화 배지에서 배양했을 때 30.7%의 효율을 나타내었다. 본 연구를 통하여 확립된 알팔파의 효율적인 배발생 캘러스의 유도 및 식물체 재분화체계는 분자육종을 통한 신품종 알팔파의 개발에 유용하게 이용되어질 수 있을 것이다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.804-810
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• 2017

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of sodium diacetate (SDA) on fermentation profile, chemical composition and aerobic stability of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) silage. Methods: Fresh alfalfa was ensiled with various concentrations of SDA (0, 3, 5, 7, and 9 g/kg of fresh forage). After 60 days of the ensiling, the samples were collected to examine the fermentative quality, chemical composition and aerobic stability. Results: The application of SDA significantly (p<0.05) decreased silage pH with the lowest value in silage with 7 g/kg of SDA. The proliferations of enterobacteria, yeasts, molds and clostridia were inhibited by SDA, resulted in lower ethanol, propionic and butyric acid concentrations and dry matter loss in SDA treated silages than control. The increasing SDA linearly decreased free amino acid N (p<0.001), ammonia N (p = 0.018) and non-protein N (p<0.001), while linearly increased water soluble carbohydrate (p<0.001) and peptide N (p<0.001). It is speculated that SDA accelerated the shift from homofermentative to heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria during the silage fermentation, indicated by lower lactic acid production in SDA-9 than SDA-7 silages after 60 days of ensiling. Alfalfa silages treated with SDA at 7 g/kg had highest Flieg's point and remained stable more than 9 d during aerobic exposure under humid and hot conditions in southern China. Conclusion: SDA may be used as an additive for alfalfa silages at a level of 7 g/kg.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.303-309
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• 1995

An experiment was camed out in 1994 to determine the effects of curing periods and preservatives on the characteristics and forage quality of baled alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.) hay after 60 days of storage. The main plots consisted of the curing periods such as 5 and 7 days, and the subplots consisted of preservatives such as commercial propionic acid preservative, lactic inoculant and control. Temperature during storage remained lower in 7 days cured hay bale than in 5 days and didn't rise over $30^{\circle}C$ in 7 days cured hay bale. After storage, bale with 7 days curing remained in better condition by visual assessment and DM loss of the bale was 21.4% with 5 days curing and 11.8% with 7 days curing. ADF and NDF contents of 5 days cured baled hay were 43.0 and 56.1%. respectively, which were lower than those of 7 days cured baled hay by 1.3 and 1.4%, respectively(P< 0.05). ADF and NDF contents of preservative treated baled hay were higher than those of the control(P<0.05). According to RFV, forage quality of the control and inoculant treated baled hay of 5 days curing, and the control of 7 days curing was classified as 3rd grade, but other baled hay was classified as 4th grade. The total nitrogen content of 5 days cured baled hay was 1.84% and 7 days was 1.38%(P<0.05). Significant differences(P<0.05) in total N content of baled alfalfa hay were found among the preservatives. ADIN/total N of 5 and 7 days cured baled alfalfa hays was 28 and 26%. respectively.