• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.46-51
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• 1998

Treatment of esophageal perforation when diagnosed late remains controversial. Ten consecutive patients since 1990 were treated late(later than 24 hours) for esophageal perforation with primary repair. Four perforations were iatrogenic, 3 were spontaneous, 2 were foreign body aspiraton and 1 was trauma. The interval from perforation to operation was 116 hours in mean and 48 hours in median value. The principles of repair included (1) a local esophagomyotomy proximal and distal to the tear to expose the mucosal defect and intact mucosa beyond, (2) debridement of the mucosal defect and closure, (3) reapproximation of the muscle, and (4) adequate drainage. The repair was buttressed with parietal pleura or pericardial fat in 9 patients. Associated distal obstruction was treated with dilation and esophagomyotomy intraoperatively. There was one mortality and cause of death was massive gastric bleeding due to gastric ulcer on 33rd day after operation. Five patients had leak at the site of repair and these cases were treated completely with conservative treatment except a mortality case. In conclusion, in the absence of malignant or irreversible distal obstruction, meticulous repair of perforated esophagus and adequate drainage are preferred approach, regardless of the duration from the injury to the operation.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.279-285
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• 2001

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a halophilic bacterium associated with seafood gastroenteritis. An unusual strain of Kanagawa-positive urease producing Vibrio parahaemolyticus O1:K1 was isolated from the environment and identified . A polymerase chain reaction assay revealed that this strain harbored both the tdh and the genes. The urease from this strain was studied. Maximum urease production was induced in LB medium containing 0.2% urea, 0.5% glucose, 2% NaCl and pH 5.5 with 6h of culti-vation at 37$\^{C}$ under aeration. Purification of urease was achieved by the process of whole cell lysate, 65% ammonium sulphate precipitation, DEAE-cellulose ion exchange column chromatography, Sepharose CL-6B gel filtration and oxirane activated Sepharose 6B-urea affinity chromatography with 203 fold purification and 2.2% yield. Analysis of the purified enzyme by SDS-PAGE demonstrated the presence of the subunits with a molecular weight of 85kDa, 59kDa, 41kDa and the molecular weight for the native enzyme by nondenaturing PAGE and gel filtration chromatography was 255kDa. The purified urease was stable at pH 7.5 and the opeimal pH in HEPES buffer was 8.0 The enzyme was stable at 60$\^{C}$ for 2 h with a residual activity of 32% . The addition of 10$\mu$M if NiCl$_2$maintained stability for 30 min. The Km value of the purified enzyme was 35.6 mM in urea substrate. The TD$\_$50/(median toxic dose) of the purified urease was 2.5$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml on human leukemia cells.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.121-126
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• 2004

The primary goal of six sigma is to improve patient satisfaction, and thereby profitability, by reducing and eliminating defects. Defects may be related to any aspect of customer satisfaction: high product quality, schedule adherence, cost minimization, process capability indices, defects per unit, and yield. Many six sigma metrics can be mathematically related to the others. Literally, six means six standard deviations from the mean or median value. As applied to quality metrics, the term indicates that failures are at least six standard deviations from the mean or norm. This would mean about 3.4 failures per million opportunities for failure. The objective of six sigma quality is to reduce process output variation so that on a long term basis, which is the customer's aggregate experience with our process over time, this will result in no more than 3.4 defect Parts Per Million(PPM) opportunities (or 3.4 Defects Per Million Opportunities. For a process with only one specification limit (upper or lower), this results in six process standard deviations between the mean of the process and the customer's specification limit (hence, 6 Sigma). The results of applicative six sigma experiment studied on 18 items TP, ALB, T.B, ALP, AST, ALT, CL, CK, LD, K, Na, CRE, BUN, T.C, GLU, AML, CA tests in clinical chemistry were follows. Assessment of process performance fits within six sigma tolerance limits were TP, ALB, T.B, ALP, AST, ALT, CL, CK, LD, K, Na, CRE, BUN, T.C, GLU, AML, CA with 72.2%, items that fit within five sigma limits were total bilirubin, chloride and sodium were 3 sigma. We were sure that the goal of six sigma would reduce test variation in the process.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2009

To investigate the effect of hydrogen peroxide in israel carp, Cyprinus carpio, toxicity and microbial activities were determined. For hydrogen peroxide toxicity test, the median lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$) to israel carps Cyprinus carpio (average weight 0.44 g) by acute toxicity was determined after 24 hour treatment. All israel carp were alive in 24 hours treatment at 80 $\mu\ell/\ell$ concentration and $LC_{50}$ value was 148.9 $\mu\ell/\ell$. For biocidal activities of hydrogen peroxide, remove of parasite and growth inhibition of pathogenic bacteria were determined. The parasite Trichodina sp. infected on the skin and gills of israel carps (average weight 0.1 g) was completely eliminated at 40 $\mu\ell/\ell$ of hydrogen peroxide treatment for 24 hour. Most of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against 30 fish pathogenic bacteria were less than 40 $\mu\ell/\ell$.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.313-326
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• 2007

With rising prevalency of mouth breathing children caused by developing civilization and increasing pollution, there are many maxillary transverse discrepancy patients with undergrowth of maxilla. For improving this, maxillary mid-palatal suture splitting was often performed. The purpose of this study was to analyse the stress distribution on the craniofacial suture and cranium after rapid maxillary expansion by finite element model. The boy(13Y6M) was chosen for taking computed-tomography for finite element model. Three-dimensional model of maxilla, first premolar, first molar, buccal and lingual part of rapid maxillary expansion were constructed. 1. The alveolar bone adjacent to the first molar and the first premolar that was affected directly by rapid maxillary expansion was displaced laterally approximately 4.04mm at maximum. The force decreased toward anterior region and frontal alveolar bone displaced laterally about 3.18mm. 2. A forward maximum displacement was exhibited at zygomatic process middle region. 3. At maximum, maxillary median part experienced 0.973mm downward repositioning and 0.65mm upward repositioning at lateral alveolar bone. 4. Von mises stress was observed the largest stress distribution around teeth and zygomatic buttress. 5. The largest tensile force was observed around alveolar bone of teeth, while compression force was observed at zygomatic buttress.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 2010

Objective : Clinical, radiographic, and outcomes assessments, focusing on complications, were performed in patients who underwent pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) to assess correction effectiveness, fusion stability, procedural safety, neurological outcomes, complication rates, and overall patient outcomes. Methods : We analyzed data obtained from 13 consecutive PSO-treated patients presenting with fixed sagittal imbalances from 1999 to 2006. A single spine surgeon performed all operations. The median follow-up period was 73 months (range 41-114 months). Events during peri operative course and complications were closely monitored and carefully reviewed. Radiographs were obtained and measurements were done before surgery, immediately after surgery, and at the most recent follow-up examinations. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the Oswestry Disability Index and subjective satisfaction evaluation. Results : Following surgery, lumbar lordosis increased from $-14.1^{\circ}{\pm}20.5^{\circ}$ to $-46.3^{\circ}{\pm}12.8^{\circ}$ (p<0.0001). and the C7 plumb line improved from $115{\pm}43\;mm$ to $32{\pm}38\;mm$ (p<0.0001). There were 16 surgery-related complications in 8 patients; 3 intraoperative, 3 perioperative, and 10 late-onset postoperative. The prevalence of proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) was 23% (3 of 13 patients). However, clinical outcomes were not adversely affected by PJK. Intraoperative blood loss averaged 2,984 mL. The C7 plumb line values and postoperative complications were closely correlated with clinical results. Conclusion : Intraoperative or postoperative complications are relatively common following PSO. Most late-onset complications in PSO patients were related to PJK and instrumentation failure. Correcting the C7 plumb line value with minimal operative complications seemed to lead to better clinical results.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.163-167
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• 2013

Objective of the study was to compare reflectance spectrum in the blade and the vein parts of cabbage and kale leaves. A total 6 cabbage and kale leaves were taken from a plant factory in Chungnam National University, Korea. Spectra data were collected with a UV/VIS/NIR spectrometer (model: USB2000, Ocean Optics, FL, USA) in the wavelength region of 190 - 1130 nm. Median filter smoothing method was selected to preprocess the obtained spectra data. We computed reflectance difference by subtraction of averaged spectrum from individual spectrum. To estimate correlation at different parts of cabbage and kale leaves, cross - correlation method was used. Differences between cabbage and kale leaves are clearly manifested in the green, red and near - infrared ranges. The percent reflectance of cabbage leaves in the NIR wavelength band was higher than that of kale leaves. Reflectance in the blade part was higher than in the vein part by 18%. Reflectance difference in the different parts of cabbage and kale leaves were clear in all of the wavelength bands. Standard deviation of reflectance difference in the vein part was greater for kale, while the value in the blade part was greater for cabbage leaves. Standard deviation of cross - correlation increased from 0.092 in the first sensor (UV/VIS) and 0.007 in the second sensor (NIR) to 0.099 and 0.015, respectively.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.63 no.1
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• pp.20-24
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• 2020

Background: Predicting the prognosis of patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) is very important in determining further management and resource allocation. The prognostication of critically ill children can be challenging; hence, accurate methods for predicting outcomes are needed. Purpose: To evaluate the role of microalbuminuria at admission as a prognostic marker in comparison to standard Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM) and Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction (PELOD) mortality scores in children admitted to the PICU. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2015 to October 2016. Eighty-four patients aged 1 month to 18 years admitted to the PICU of teaching hospitals for more than 24 hours were enrolled by convenience sampling method. Microalbuminuria was estimated by spot urinary albumin-creatinine ratio. PRISM and PELOD scores were calculated using an online calculator. Outcome measures were PICU length of stay, inotrope usage, multiorgan dysfunction, and survival. ACR was compared with mortality scores for predicting survival. Results: Microalbuminuria was present in 79.8% with a median value of 85 mg/g (interquartile range, 41.5-254 mg/g). A positive correlation was found between albumin-creatinine ratio and PICU length of stay (P=0.013, r=0.271). Albumin-creatinine ratio was significantly associated with organ dysfunction (P=0.004) and need for inotropes (P=0.006). Eight deaths were observed in the PICU. The area under the curve for mortality for albumin-creatinine ratio (0.822) was comparable to that for PRISM (0.928) and PELOD (0.877). Albumin-creatinine ratio >109 mg/g predicted mortality with a sensitivity of 87.5% and specificity of 63.2%. Conclusion: Microalbuminuria is a good predictor of PICU outcomes comparable with mortality scores.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.58-66
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• 1992

The insecticide p-nitropheny diethyl thiophospate is alse known by the symbol E.605 and a legion of trade names including “parathion”. The insecticide is widely used in agriculture, but it is highly toxic and now clear that parathion behaves like a cholinergic drug by inhibiting the enzyme cholinesterase. In order to know acute toxicity and the changes of glucose concentrations and activity according to time lapsed in female mice given orally single with the half dose to $LD_{50}$ of parathion, glucose contents and cholinesterase activities in serum as well as cholinesterase activities in whole brain and spinal cord were investigated, otherwise median lethal dose ($LD_{50}$) of parathion given orally against female mice was determined. The results obtained were summerized as follows ; 1. $LD_{50}$ value of parathion given orally to female mice was 7.1mg/kg(95% confidence limits, 3.8-13.1mg/kg) 2. The inhibition rate of cholinesterase activities in serum of parathion-administrated mice according to time lapsed were peakly decreased to 61% after 30 minutes in comparison to control group, but activities were completely recovered after 48 hours. 3. The inhibition rate of cholinesterase activities in whole brain of parathion-administrated mice according to time lapsed were peakly decreased to 49% after 2 hours in completely recovered after 24 hours. 4. The inhibition rate of cholinesterase activities in spinal cord of parathion-administrated mice according to time lapsed were peakly decreased to 57% after 2 hours in comparison to control group, but activities were completely recovered after 48 hours. 5. The changes of glucose contents in serum of parathion-administrated mice according to time lapsed and in directly after death due to parathion poisoning were no significantly difference.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.606-614
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the attitude to various soy foods and to estimate dietary isoflavone intake among Korean adolescents. The survey was carried out by self-administered questionnaire with 800 middle and high school students residing in urban and rural areas and 714 questionnaires were collected: resulting in 89% response rate. The dietary isoflavone intake was estimated by food frequency questionnaire developed for rapid assessment of isoflavone intake. Soybean paste, soybean curd, soy milk, bean sprouts and dambuk were recognized as nutritious and healthy food in order. Dambuk got the lowest score in taste and flavor. Bean sprouts, soybean curd and soybean paste were recognized as familiar food in order. Stuffed rice in fried soybean curd got the highest score and Miso soup got the lowest in preference. More than 50% of the subjects consumed soybean paste stew/soup and soybean curd over twice per week and 12.3% of the subjects consumed soybean over once a day. The estimated daily intake of isoflavones ranged from 0 to 227 mg, and the mean daily isoflavone intake of the subjects was 28.1 mg (16.3 mg genistein and 12.0 mg daidzein) whereas the median value of isoflavone intake was 19.7 mg. There was statistically significant relationship among Kyung Gi Do, Chung cheung Do and Seoul residents in their intake of isoflavone. The highest monthly income group consumed isoflavone more than the other groups. These results suggest that Korean adolescent perceived the soybean dishes as high quality foods but they didn't take much because of difficulty to cook or less chance to eat. Nutrition education program is needed to enhance consuming soy foods for prevention of chronic diseases related to dietary isoflavone intake. More detailed information on easy cook method of soy food is also needed.