• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.177-183
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• 2004

The discharge of waste nutrient solution from greenhouse to natural ecosystem leads to the accumulation of excess nutrients that results in contamination or eutrophication. There is a need to recycle the waste nutrient solution in order to prevent the environmental hazards. The amount and kind of nutrients in waste nutrient solution might be enough to grow photosynthetic microorganisms. Hence in the present study, we examined the growth and mass cultivation of cyanobacteria in the waste nutrient solution with an objective of removing N and P and concomitantly, its mass cultivation. Four photosynthetic filamentous cyanobacteria (Anabaena HA101, HA701 and Nostoc HN601, HN701) isolated from composts and soils of the Chungnam province were used as culture strains. Among the isolates, Nostoc HN601 performed faster growth rate and higher N and P uptake in the BG-II ($NO_3{^-}$) medium when compared to those of other cyanobacterial strains. Finally, the selected isolate was tested under optimum conditions (airflow at the rate of $1L\;min^{-1}$. in 15 L reactor, initial pH 8) in waste nutrient solution from tomato hydroponic in green house condition. Results showed to remove 100% phosphate from the waste nutrient solution in the tomato hydroponics recorded over a period of 7 days. The growth rate of Nostoc HN601 was $16mg\;Chl-a\;L^{-1}$ in the waste nutrient solution from tomato hydroponics with optimum condition, whereas growth rate of Nostoc HN601 was only $9.8mg\;Chl-a\;L^{-1}$ in BG-11 media. Nitrogen fixing capacity of Nostoc HN601 was $20.9nmol\;C_2H_4\;mg^{-1}\;Chl-a\;h^{-1}$ in N-free BG-11. The total nitrogen and total phosphate concentration of Nostoc HN601 were 63.3 mg N gram dry weight $(GDW)^{-1}$ and $19.1mg\;P\;GDW^{-1}$ respectively. Collectively, cyanobacterial mass production using waste nutrient solution under green house condition might be suitable for recycling and cleaning of waste nutrient solution from hydroponic culture system. Biomass of cyanobacteria, cultivated in waste nutrient solution, could be used as biofertilizer.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.267-274
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• 2009

This study was carried out to select effective preventive pesticides against pine wilt disease caused by pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus on trunk injection. 1,000 fold aquatic solution of abamectin 1.8% EC and emamectin benzoate 2.15% EC were lower mortality (7.3% and 8.3% respectively) against PWN on 1 day after treatment. However effects of abamectin 1.8% EC, emamectin benzoate 2.15% EC, fosthiazate 30% SL and fenitrothion 30% SL were inhibited the reproduction of PWN over 99.6% in Botrytis cineria media. Effect of trunk injection of abamectin 1.8% EC and emamectin benzoate 2.15% EC at the rate of $10\;m{\ell}$ per 10 cm in diameter of breast height (DBH) on mortality of Japanese black pine, Pinus thungergii by inoculated PWN was 0% and 3.3%, respectively at the applied year however when injection of fosthiazate 30% SL were treated with the rate of $5\;m{\ell}$ per 10 cm tree DBH, mortality of tree was 63.3%. Abamectin 1.8% EC and emamectin benzoate 2.15% EC was showed high preventive efficacy representing >90% against PWN at the following year. PWN preventing efficacy of trunk injection was lower in naturally occurred area (mortality of pine tree in control was 11.7% at the first year) of PWN than artificially infected site (mortality of pine tree in control was >76.7% at the first year), PWN preventing efficacy of trunk injection of abamectin 1.8% EC and emamectin benzoate 2.15% EC at the rate of $10\;m{\ell}$ per 10 cm in DBH was 91.5% and 82.9%, respectively, at the applied year and 89.5% and 82.6% respectively at the following year in PWN naturally occurred site. Control efficacy by trunk injection of abamectin 1.8% EC and emamectin benzoate 2.15% EC was more higher in 10 fold dilution with 10 fold high amount of aquatic solution than no dilution with 10 fold less amount of aquatic solution. The preventive effect of trunk injection of abamectin 1.8% EC and emamectin benzoate 2.15% EC at the rate of $5\;m{\ell}$ per 10 cm in DBH was showed 100% at the applied year in PWN inoculated tree.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.164-179
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• 1991

Korean agriculture has encountered two problems. One is internal income disparity between rural and urbarn area and the other is external Uruguay Round trade problems as an abolition of direct and indirect import barriers, reduction in export subsidies and to reduce internal price supports. These problems will be brought severe farm problems such as decreasing farm household income and repressing agricultural growth in the near future. Considering the above inevitable facts Korean government has implemented several development projects such as rural industrial area development project, rural special production area development project, leisuresight seeing farm development project, traditional food development project, unskilled labor training project for off-farm employment and so on, to increase farm household income through off-farm income increase. This study was mainly concentrated on the identification of operational problems and post evaluation of the rural special production area development projects which aimed at increasing non-farm incomes and giving employment opportunity for rural farmers in small factories processing regional special farm products and mine products. The main findings and problems to be solved for the successful project implementation are as followed ; 1. Total number of the special production area development projects as of the end of 1991 was amount to 138, and total number of farm household participated were estimated at 2,079, and total amount of off-farm income per farm household was reached to 3,011 thousand won. 2. The total number of processed special products have increased from 21 items in 1981 to 56 items in 1991. On the other hand the total number of farm household participated in the projects have decreased from 2,518 to 2,079 during same period. 3. Total amount of investment for the projects has increased from 1,429 million won in 1981 to 24,760 million won in 1991 but the rate of G'T loan of the total investment has reduced from 24.5% to 5.2% during same period. 4. 138 special production area development project are classified into 6 kinds of commodity groups such as 19 of general industrial good production areas, 52 of folks-industrial art objects production areas, 39 of food processing areas, 9 of fiber and texstile processing areas, 18 of agricultural and fishery inputs processing areas and 1 of stone processing area. 5. The total production value in 1990 was estimated 20,169 million won of which export was amount to 2,627 million won. 6. The finacial rate of return of the UNGOK KUGIJA Tea processing Project operated by UNGOK coops and BAKSAN ginseng tea processing project were estimated at 45.4% (B/C Ratio=1.17, NPV=152.5 million won) and 17.7% (B/C Ratio=1.12, NPV=120.2 million won) respectively. 7. More favorite terms and condition of the loan including collateral problems have to be given to farmers participated. Heavy investment and G'T subsidy policies should be started for the successful project implementation anf farm household income increase. 8. To expand market demand of the rural special goods G'T have to provide special program of TV or other mass media for commodity propaganda and the total cost concerned must be supported by G'T subsidy. 9. The special farm products as GUGUJA,MOSI'Ramie', Ginseng. SOGOKJU,HEMP,Mushroom.DUGYUNJU and Chesnut processing projects have to be propelled and expanded for off-farm income increase in Chung Nam Province. 10. Direct operational pattern of the special production area by coops is more favorable to farmers and recommendable considering with off-farm income increase and market demand creation throughout Korea. 11. In rural area, special organizations for project appraisal are not exist. Accordingly special training program, project appraisal, formulation and preparation for civil servants concerned have to be prepared for project selection and sound implementation under limited budget and financial support.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2001

Calli were induced from diploid and haploid tobacco after 4 weeks and maintained on MS medium with combination of 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D,0.1 mg/L BAP and 2.0 mg/L kinetin. Suspension cells were screened through 65 $\mu$m-nylon mesh and 100 $\mu$m-mesh, then they were smeared on selection medium combined with cadmium and PFP by using the low melting agarose of 0.8%. After 30days smeared cultures of the medium the cell was treated with 500 $\mu$M and 1000 $\mu$M to select the resistant cell line were selected. Plant regeneration was induced from the selected cell lines on medium with 0.5, 1.5, 2.0 mg/L BAP and on media with combination of auxin and BAP under 500 $\mu$M and 1000 $\mu$M cadmium. At this time, plant regeneration was achived on cadmium free medium. In case of haploid, occurred from the cell line which is selected in medium with cadmium and PFP. In case of diploid regeneration occurred is in the medium with cadmium alone. The plantlet regenerated from cadmium resistant calli grew well in cadmium 500 $\mu$M. Protein pattern of leaf, root, stem of regenerated plants was analyzed. The quantum was 6.5188 ug/mg.fr.wt in the leaf of plant, 5.3611 ug/mg.fr.wt in the stem, 3.0213 ug/mg.fr.wt in the root. On the other hand, 5.9652 ug/mg.fr.wt. in the leaf of control, 3.5974 ug/mg.fr.wt in the stem of the control, 4.3766 ug/mg.fr.wt. in the root of the control. The one dimension bends regenerated from cadmium resistant calli resistant to cadmium in leaf were 49 involving 198.7KD etc. Disappeared were 4 involving 160.5KD etc, The protein bends were combinized were 3 involving 83.4KD etc. The bends resistant to cadmium stress in stem were 41 involving 4.3KD etc. Disappeared were 5 involving 114.8KD etc. The protein bends combinized were 6 involving 128.7KD etc. The bends which had the resistance to cadmium stress in root is 27 in volving 166,9KD etc. The bends which disappeared were 198.7KD etc. There were 5 involving 83.4KD etc.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.1000-1007
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• 2005

The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship of maternal factors such as knowledge, attitude and practice of weaning with infant feeding. The subjects were 103 mothers visiting a public health center in Gumi, Kyungbook who filled out self-administered Questionnaires. First of all, about $90\%$ of the participants recognized the importance of complementary foods and proper weaning practices. The response for the recognition of the importance of infant weaning process showed a significant difference by education levels. Concerning an appropriate time for the introduction of weaning foods, $53\%$ of mothers had commenced weaning at age $4\~6$ months, while $38\%$ had done so at age $6\~8$ months. Approximately $76\%$ of mothers fed their babies without the knowledge of age-related weaning method and type of weaning foods. There were no statistical differences in maternal weaning knowledges between levels of education and house income. Mothers with higher levels of education and family income tended to show high perception scores regarding possibility of food allergies caused by baby foods. A demand for reliable sources and education related to nutritious weaning foods and weaning practices were strong in the group with higher education. Knowledge of weaning method and baby foods were obtained by 59 of the 103 mothers from mass media, 35 from friends caring babies, and 9 obtained advice from health professionals or family. Advice from the heath professionals was not the main influence on their decision to introduce weaning foods. Although commercial baby foods are the most commonly used as first weaning foods, those with higher education groups considered commercial baby food are not nutritionally better than home-maid foods. The current findings suggest to us that to improve weaning process, mothers should be educated on the selection and preparation of nutritious, balanced weaning foods and on good weaning practices. It is advised that supportive health professionals from community public health centers should lead the education of infant feeding practices based on maternal characteristics and on basic food and nutritional knowledge.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1981.05a
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• pp.41.2-41
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• 1981

Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy are the most common operations in the ENT field. Recent emphasis on careful selection of patients for these procedures derives from concern for complications of surgery, as well as the immunologic and anatomic functions of tonsils and adenoids. Adenoidectomy can relieve nasopharyngeal airway obstruction caused by enlarge adenoids, and can prevent complications such as heart failure and recurrent or chronic otitis media. We researched 117 cases of tonsilloadenoidectomy patients and 266 patients having routine examination from March, 1979 to February, 1981, and described the A/N ratio derived from linear measurements of lateral radiographs of the nasopharynx. The results of Impedance Audiometry and X-ray films from 117 cases of T&A patients were compared: 1) The average A/N ratio by age groups for 266 cases of normal children showed: 0.508 for age group, 0 to 3 years old, 0.533 for age group, 4 to 6 years old, 0.524 for age group, 7 to 9 years old, 0.519 for age group, 10 to 12 years old, 0.507 for age group, 13 to 15 years old, 0.481 for age group over 15 years old. The peak value lies in the age group of 4 to 6 years old. The sex difference of A/N ratio was not significant. 2) The average A/N ratio by age groups from 117 cases of T&A patients showed: 0.709 for age group, 0 to 3 years old, 0.733 for age group, 4 to 6 years old, 0.693 for age group, 7 to 9 years old, 0.707 for age group, 10 to 12 years old, 0.620 for age group, 13 to 15 years old, 0.756 for age group over 15 years old. 3) Among the 117 cases of T&A patients, the average A/N ratio for 57 cases in normal tympanogram was 0.688 and the average A/N ratio for 60 cases in abnormal tympanogram was 0.705. 4) Among 57 cases in abnormal tympanogram: 6 cases (10.5%) showed 0.40-0.59 of A/N ratio, 44 cases (77.2%) showed 0.60-0.79 of A/N ratio, and 7 cases (12.3%) showed 0.80-0.99 of A/N ratio. 5) Among 117 cases of T&A patients, 3 of 15 cases showing A/N ratio under 0.6, and 67 of 102 cases showing A/N ratio over 0.6, had paranasal sinusitis.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.56-61
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• 1997

A study was carried out to find out the basic information in physical properties for selection and manufacturing the good seedling media through the analysis of the physical properties, such as particle size, water retention and three phases of the major horticultural substrates. Easily available water(EAW), the water contents between 1kPa and 5kPa water potental, was highest in peatmoss with 39%, and perlite 34.0%, vermiculite 16.9%, but the values of osmunda and bark were lower than 4.8%. Water buffering capacity(WBC), the water content between 5kPa and 10kPa, was 6.1% in peatmoss and 2.3% in vermiculite but it was lower than 1.0% in other substrates. To adjust the suitable range of water potential at crossing point of water and air curves to 1.5~2.5kPa, more finer materials were needed in osmunda and bark, and more coarser materials must be added to peatmoss, perlite and vermiculite. Water potentials of substrates in saturated pot condition were equivalent to 2.2kPa in peatmoss and others were ranged in 1.0kPa to 4.3kPa of water potential in pressure chamber.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.43
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• pp.67-102
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to analyze the human rights found in the North Korean Constitution and their core problem by focusing on elements of human rights suggested by Daesoon Jinrihoe's doctrine of Haewon-sangsaeng (解冤相生 the Resolution of Grievances for Mutual Beneficence). Haewon-sangsaeng is seemingly the only natural law that could resolve human resentment lingering from the Mutual Contention of the Former World while leading humans work for the betterment of one another. Haewon-sangsaeng, as a natural law, includes the right to life, the right to autonomous decision-making, and duty to act according to human dignity (physical freedom, the freedom of conscience, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of press, etc.), the right to equal treatment in one's social environment, and the right to ensure the highest level of health through treatment. The North Korean Constitution does not have a character as an institutional device to guarantee natural human rights, the fundamental principle of the Constitution, and stipulates the right of revolutionary warriors to defend dictators and dictatorships. The right to life is specified so that an individual's life belongs to the life of the group according to their socio-political theory of life. Rights to freedom are stipulated to prioritize group interests over individual interests in accordance with the principle of collectivism. The right to equality and the right to health justify discrimination through class discrimination. The right to life provided to North Koreans is not guaranteed due to the death penalty system found within the North Korean Criminal Code and the Criminal Code Supplementary Provisions. The North Korean regime deprives North Koreans of their right to die with dignity through public executions. The North Korean regime places due process under the direction of the Korea Worker's Party, recognizes religion as superstition or opium, and the Korea Worker's Party acknowledge the freedoms of bodily autonomy, religion, media, or press. North Koreans are classified according to their status, and their rights to equality are not guaranteed because they are forced to live a pre-modern lifestyle according to the patriarchal order. In addition, health rights are not guaranteed due biased availability selection and accessibility in the medical field as well as the frequent shortages of free treatments.

• Korea Science and Art Forum
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• v.28
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• pp.105-116
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• 2017

This study is a basic research to suggest user-centered general hospital environmental design guidelines, which aims to analyze user's behavior characteristics across generation in general hospital. For this purpose, this study constructed an analysis tool through the literature review with regard to generation and behavior characteristics in general hospital. Besides, an online survey regarding user's behavior in general hospital was conducted targeting from 20s to 60s, 300 persons for each group, total 1,500 persons for about 3 weeks since September 1, 2016. The results of this study are as follows: (1) Based on the generation, there were significant differences in relevant categories of their visiting frequency, visiting purpose, visiting hour, transportation, companion, behavior during the wait and selection of a general hospital. (2) In all generation, they responded that they have visited once or twice per year. People in 20s and 30s responded that their visit for the hospital is to receive specific treatment, while other people in 40s, 50s and 60s visit the hospital majorly for routine check-ups. Therefore, it is imperative for a health check-up center to design an environmental plan that reflects the characteristics of elders in 40s, 50s and 60s. (3) People in 40s, 50s and 60s usually visit a general hospital in the mornings of weekdays, while generations in 20s and 30s responded that they mostly visit the hospital in the mornings of weekend. (4) When they visit a general hospital, people in their 20s are usually using public transportations, while people in their 30s to 60s are using their own vehicle. (5) People in their 20s majorly visited 'lobby'. In older generations, they tend to visit 'outpatient clinic'. Therefore, it is necessary to build an outpatient clinic environment that considers the elderly. (6) Patients majorly responded that they are using their cell phone, while waiting for their clinic call. In elder generations, they responded that they are more likely watching TVs, reading books/magazines or doing nothing. Therefore, it is essential to provide cell-phone related services and environmental supports. Visually attractive media can be utilized for this purpose.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.229-235
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• 2024

Conidial production is a critical factor in testing pathogenicity and studying the physiology and ecology of fungal pathogens. Therefore, selecting an appropriate condition and medium for consistent conidia production is essential. In this study, we investigated light conditions and suitable medium conditions using the slide culture method to establish optimal conditions for continuous spore acquisition of Bipolaris oryzae. Primarily, we observed conidial production using two B. oryzae isolates, CM23-042 and 23CM10, under two different light conditions: (1) consistent near-ultraviolet (NUV) with fluorescent light, and (2) a 12-hr shift of the NUV-dark cycle. Secondly, we examined conidial formation under seven different media on potato dextrose agar (PDA), V8-Juice agar, minimal medium (MM), sucrose-proline agar (SPA), rabbit food agar (RFA), rice bran agar (RBA), and rice leaf agar (RLA). Under consistent NUV light with fluorescent conditions, conidia were induced in both isolates, whereas conidia were not produced under other conditions after 7 days post-inoculation (dpi). Moreover, B. oryzae isolate CM23-042 produced the highest number of conidia in MM, while isolate 23CM10 yielded the highest number of conidia in PDA after 7 dpi. In summary, our data demonstrated that the consistent NUV light with fluorescent conditions were most conducive for conidia induction in B. oryzae. The selection of a medium for conidiation may vary depending on the B. oryzae isolates, but using MM and PDA or SPA and RFA medium could be effective for spore induction. These findings will contribute to improving conidiation according to the characteristics of collected isolates of B. oryzae.