• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.67-77
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• 2005

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to examine if Bee Venom Acupuncture may be effective to the neuropathic pain(mechanical allodynia, cold allodynia) in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Methods : To produce the model of neuropathic pain, under isoflurane 2.5% anesthesia, tibial nerve and sural nerve was resected. After the neuropathic surgery, the author examined if the animals exhibited the behavioral signs of alloynia. The allodynia was assessed by stimulating the medial malleolus with von Frey filament and acetone. Three weeks after the neuropathic surgery, Bee Venom Acupuncture was injected at Hwando(GB30) one time a day for one week. After that, the author examined the withdrawl response of neuropathic rats' legs by yon Frey filament and acetone stimulation. And also the author examined c-Fos in the midbrain central gray of neuropathic rats and the change of WBC count in the blood of neuropathic rats. Results : The Bee Venom Acupuncture injected Hwando(GB30) decreased the withdrawl response of mechanical allodynia in BV-2, BV-3 group as compared with control group. The Bee Venom Acupuncture injected Hwando(GB30) decreased the withdrawl response of chemical allodynia(cold allodynia) in BV-2, BV-3 group as compared with control group. The Bee Venom Acupuncture injected Hwando(GB30) showed the significant difference between control group and BV-2 group, control group and BV-3 group in the c-Fos expression and U count. Conclusion : We have noticed that Bee Venom Acupuncture at Hwando(GB30) decreased mechanical allodynia and cold allodynia in the model of neuropathic pain compared with the control group. C-Fos expression in the central gray of that group was also decreased compared with the control group. Psin control using Bee Venom Acupuncture was accumulated as time goes by. This study can be used as a basic resource on a study and a treatment of pain.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.67-84
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• 2010

Objectives : To review RCTs on acupuncture treatment for shoulder pain in order to establish a standard acupuncture treatment model in treating shoulder pain. Methods : RCT articles on traditional acupuncture treatment for shoulder pain were searched through online database. Quality of studies were assessed using the FEAS and the modified Jadad score. Results : Eighteen trials of acupuncture for shoulder pain were analyzed. Based on the results of these reviews the following factors might contribute to optimal results from acupuncture treatment. 1) Usage of LI, SI, TE meridians, usage of $LI_{15}$, $TE_{14}$, $GB_{21}$, $LI_{11}$, $LI_4$, $SI_{14}$, $LI_{14}$, $TE_{15}$ acupuncture points. 2) More than four acupuncture points should be used. 3) More than 15 minutes of needle retention time. 4) Needle length-40mm and diameter-0.30mm. 5) More than 9 times treatment 6) More than 5 weeks treatment duration. Conclusions : There was no relation between quality of article and effectiveness of acupuncture. To improve the remedial value, it is necessary to mention De-qi, stimulation of acupuncture and correct variation in diagnosis with the above-mentioned. It is better that clinical trials of acupuncture treatment is designed that type of RCT and double blind. Also when it is set that sham nonpenetrating acupuncture, no treatment group as a control group, and participants don't distinguish wheather acupuncture treatment or not, it will be more meaningful.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.2 no.6
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• pp.661-670
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• 1998

Dopamine has been generally known to exert antinociceptive action in behavioral pain test, such as tail flick and hot plate test, but there appears to be a great variance in the reports on the antinociceptive effect of dopamine depending on the dosage and route of drug administration and type of animal preparation. In the present study, the effects of dopamine on the responses of wide dynamic range (WDR) cells to mechanical, thermal and graded electrical stimuli were investigated, and the dopamine-induced changes in WDR cell responses were compared between animals with an intact spinal cord and the spinal animals. Spinal application of dopamine (1.3 & 2.6 mM) produced a dose-dependent inhibiton of WDR cell responses to afferent inputs, the pinch-induced or the C-fiber evoked responses being more strongly depressed than the brush-induced or the A-fiber evoked responses. The dopamine-induced inhibition was more pronounced in the spinal cat than in the cat with intact spinal cord. The responses of WDR cell to thermal stimulation were also strongly inhibited. Dopamine $D_2$ receptor antagonist, sulpiride, but not $D_1$ receptor antagonist, significantly blocked the inhibitory action of dopamine on the C-fiber and thermal responses of dorsal horn cells. These findings suggest that dopamine strongly suppresses the responses of WDR cells to afferent signals mainly through spinal dopamine $D_2$ receptors and that spinal dopaminergic processes are under the tonic inhibitory action of the descending supraspinal pathways.

• Composites Research
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.136-140
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• 2012

This paper describes the bone healing process of fractured long bones such as a tibia applied by composite IM rods using finite element analysis. To simulated tissue differentiation process mechano-regulation theory with a deviatoric strain was implemented and a user's subroutine programmed by a Python code for an iterative calculation was used. To broadly find the appropriate rod modulus for healing bone fractures, composite IM rods were analyzed considering the stacking sequence. To compare mechanical stimulation at fracture gap, two kinds of initial loading conditions were applied. As a result, it was found that the initial loading condition was the most sensitive factor for the healing performance. In case a composite IM rod made of a plain weave carbon fiber/epoxy (WSN3k) had a stacking sequence of $[{\pm}45]_{nT}$, the healing efficiency was the most effective under a initial load of 10%BW.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.230-243
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• 1996

Root surface exposure due to gingival recession after periodontal surgery, dentin exposure after root planing elicit pain response when exposed to mechanical, heat, chemical or osmotic stimulation. Especially, patients treated with periodontal surgery, show high frequency and there have been reports showing the 1 out of 7 patients have dentin hypersensitivity. There have been many studies on the clinical effects of various materials on the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity. but, none could provide absolute clinical efficacy. In this study, 45 teeth from 30 patients, who had had periodontal surgery and showed dentin hypersensitivity after surgery were chosen for the experimental group and they were illuminated with laser, 15teeth were chosen for the control group and they were not exposed to laser. After this dentin hypersensitivity was elicited by tactile, compressed air, cold water and then, the degree was evaluated using NRS(Numerical Rating Scale). And during LLLT(Low Level Laser Therapy) semiconductor laser using Gallium - Arsenide as a diode was illuminated for 180 seconds at a frequency of 7(500Hz). This therapy was done 10 times, and each time the changes in dentin hypersensitivity was evaluated using NRS. The results were as follows : 1. After treat with LLLT on dentin hypersensitivity due to periodontal surgery, 22.2% showed total loss of dentin hypersensitivity, 60.0% showed loss of tactile dentin hypersensitivity, 48.8% showed loss of compressed air dentin hypersensitivity, 22.2% showed loss of cold water dentin hypersensitivity. 2. As a result of clinical evaluation of dentin hypersensitivity using NRS, there was significant increase in improvement of dentin hypersensitivity in the experimental group compare to the control group(P<0.05). And there was almost no natural loss of dentin hypersensitivity in the control group. 3. In comparison of the stages of evaluation, there was significant difference in between experimental and control group. after the second visit(P<0.05), and the difference increased with each visit.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.77-82
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• 2009

Purpose: In highly doses, endosulfan lowers the seizure threshold and elicits central nervous system stimulation, which can result in seizures, respiratory failure, and death. Management of seizure control is essential for survival and prognosis of intoxicated patients. This study assessed whether seizure time was an independent predictor mortality in patients with endosulfan poisoning. Methods: This retrospective study enrolled patients with endosulfan poisoning presenting to Masan Samsung Hospital and Gyeongsang National University Hospital from January 2003 to December 2008. The data were collected from clinical records and laboratory files. Using a multivariate logistic analysis, data on the total population was retrospectively analyzed for association with mortality. Results: Of the 24 patients with endosulfan poisoning, nineteen (79.1%) experienced seizure. The patients in the seizure group showed significantly lower Glasgow coma scale score, base excess, bicarbonate, and significant existence of mechanical ventilation, as compared to the non seizure group (n=5). Seizure, Glasgow coma scale score, systolic blood pressure, bicarbonate level, need for respiratory support, pulse rate, respiratory rate, pH, base excess, and seizure time were associated with mortality. The fatality rate of endosulfan poisoning was 54.1% with higher mortality among patients experiencing. Longer seizure time was associated with higher mortality. Conclusion: Seizure time can be a significant independent predictor of mortality in patients with acute endosulfan poisoning. Physicians should aggressively treat for seizure control in patients with acute endosulfan poisoning.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.1 s.31
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• pp.222-233
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• 1996

In order to understand the stimulation quality of Artemisine Vulgaris Folium(Bong), Mori Ramulus(Sangi) and Persicae Ramulus(Dogi) combustion, and get the basic data for the development of electric moxibustion apparatus, the average temperature, peak temperature, average gradient temperature, maximum gradient temperature and combustion time of heating period on the three moxa materials were measured. 1. The average combustion temperature was high in order of Dogi, Sangi and Bong, and these were acknowledged to have a significant difference each other in the average temperature. 2. The peak combustion temperature among those was high in order of Dogi, Sangi and Bong, and Bong was acknowledged to have significant differences with Dogi and Sangi. Sangi and Dogi however were not acknowledged to have difference each other. 3. The average gradient temperature among those was high in order of Dogi, Sangi and Bong, and Bong was proved to have significant differences with Dogi and Sangi. Sangi and Dogi however were not proved to have difference each other. 4. The maximum temperature among those was high in order of Dogi, Sangi and Bong, bong was acknowledged to have signigicant differences with Dogi and Sangi, but Sangi and Dogi were not proved to have difference each other. 5. The combustion time was short in order of Dogi, Sangi and Bong. Bong was acknowledged to have significant differences with Dogi and Sangi, but Sangi and Dogi were not. In order to understand well the characteristics of combustion, it is required to have a quantitative interpretation of combustion calory, and, in the future, we expect it is required to have a consistent study for the clinical effectiveness and the mutual relationship according to the combustion characteristics.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.389-402
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• 1990

The physiological characteristics of the neurons receiving the ventral root afferent inputs were investigated in the cat. A total of 70 cells were identified in the lumbosacral spinal cord. All these cells responded only to the C-strength stimulation of the distal stump of cut ventral root and the estimated conduction velocities of the VRA fibers were not faster than 4 m/sec. The majority of them were silent in resting state. For 49 cells, their peripheral receptive fields were characterized. Among them, 25 cells were exclusively excited by VRA inputs, 8 were inhibited and the remaining cells recevied both excitatory and inhibitory VRA inputs. According to the response pattern to the mechanical stimuli applied to their receptive fields, only a fourth of them were typical high threshold cell, a sixth, wide dynamic range cells, while remainings were a rather complex cells. Most of the cells receiving VRA inputs, received only the A ${\delta}-peripheral$ nerve inputs. Intravenous injection of morphine decreased the response of spinal cells to the VRA activation. The responses were abolished completely by counter irritation to the common peroneal nerve with C-strength-low frequency stimuli. These physiological properties of the spinal neurons receiving the VRA inputs are differ in some aspect from the spinal neurons receiving nociceptive inputs from the periphery, but still were consistent with the contention that VRA system might carry nociceptive informations arising from the spinal cord and/or neraby surrounding tissues.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.709-713
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• 2007

Basement membranes (BMs) are extracellular matrices associated with epithelia, endothelia, muscle, fat and peripheral nerve. They are involved in cell survival, migration, differentiation. BMs functions also include tissue formation and provide mechanical stability as a selective barriers. Laminins are heterotrimeric glycoproteins found in BMs and have a crucial role in cell adhesion and signalling. Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells are the best established mammalian model for studying epithelial cell biology The cells form an epithelial monolayer, with tight junctions separating an apical surface from a basolateral membrane facing the filter support and neighboring cells. In this study, using MDCK cells, the synthesis of the BM protein such as laminin with or without methanol extract of Chrysanthemum morifolium (CM) stimulation was analyzed by immunoblotting and CM showed significant increased cell density and enhanced synthesis of laminin.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.603-611
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• 2021

Taste-responsive neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST), the first gustatory nucleus, often respond to thermal or mechanical stimulation. Alcohol, not a typical taste modality, is a rewarding stimulus. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of ethanol (EtOH) and/or temperature as stimuli to the tongue on the activity of taste-responsive neurons in hamster NST. In the first set of experiments, we recorded the activity of 113 gustatory NST neurons in urethane-anesthetized hamsters and evaluated responses to four basic taste stimuli, 25% EtOH, and 40℃ and 4℃ distilled water (dH₂O). Sixty cells responded to 25% EtOH, with most of them also being sucrose sensitive. The response to 25% EtOH was significantly correlated with the sucrose-evoked response. A significant correlation was also observed between sucrose- and 40℃ dH₂O- and between 25% EtOH- and 40℃ dH₂O-evoked firings. In a subset of the cells, we evaluated neuronal activities in response to a series of EtOH concentrations, alone and in combination with 32 mM sucrose (EtOH/Suc) at room temperature (RT, 22℃-23℃), 40℃, and 4℃. Neuronal responses to EtOH at RT and 40℃ increased as the concentrations increased. The firing rates to EtOH/Suc were greater than those to EtOH or sucrose alone. The responses were enhanced when solutions were applied at 40℃ but diminished at 4℃. In summary, EtOH activates most sucrose-responsive NST gustatory cells, and the concomitant presence of sucrose or warm temperatures enhance this response. Our findings may contribute to elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying appetitive alcohol consumption.