• Title/Summary/Keyword: Mechanical & Thermal properties

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Study on Characteristics of PLA/PBAT Composite Film with Various Chain Extenders (고분자 사슬연장제를 이용한 폴리유산 / 폴리부틸렌 아디페이트테레프탈레이트 복합필름의 제조 및 특성 분석)

  • Kim, Sun-jong;Cho, Hyun-seung;Lee, Jae-hwan;You, Myung-je;Um, Yoo-Jun;Park, Su-il
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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    • v.23 no.2
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    • pp.61-66
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    • 2017
  • Poly lactic acid(PLA) and poly butylene adipate-co-terephthalate(PBAT) film was prepared using a twin extruder. PLA (25%) and PBAT (75%) were mixed with various ratio of chain extenders, such as $Joncryl^{(R)}$ and hexamethylene diisocyanate(HDI) to improve the mechanical and thermal properties of produced bio composite films. Tensile strengths of films were steadily increased with increasing ratio of chain extender. The tensile strength of control films was about 25 MPa, and the tensile strength of films with combined chain extenders was above 40 MPa. The films with $Joncryl^{(R)}$ resulted in improved tensile strength, while the film with HDI alone showed improved percent elongation at break. By adding chain extenders into PLA/PBAT resin, the cold crystallization temperature (Tcc) and decomposition temperature (Td) of the produced bio composite films increased. It revealed that the addition of two types of chain extenders was efficient way to get PLA/PBAT film with improved strength and elongation.

Synthesis and Characterization of GAP or GAP-co-BO Copolymer-based Energetic Thermoplastic Polyurethane (GAP 및 GAP-co-BO Copolymer계 에너지 함유 열가소성 폴리우레탄의 합성 및 특성)

  • Seol, Yang-Ho;Kweon, Jeong-Ohk;Kim, Yong-Jin;Jin, Yong-Hyun;Noh, Si-Tae
    • Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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    • v.30 no.6
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    • pp.673-680
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    • 2019
  • GAP or GAP-co-BO based energetic thermoplastic elastomers (ETPEs) were synthesized by changing the hard segment content percent in the range of 30~45% by 5% difference. Thermal and mechanical properties of GAP-co-BO based ETPEs were compared to those of GAP based ETPEs. FT-IR results showed that the capability of forming hydrogen bond increases with increasing the hard segment content in GAP/GAP-co-BO based ETPE, and also the GAP-co-BO based ETPEs are stronger than GAP based ETPEs in the hydrogen bond formation. DSC and DMA results showed that the glass transition temperature (Tg) of GAP based ETPEs increased with the increment of the hard segment content, while the Tg of GAP-co-BO based ETPEs was maintained even the hard segment content increased. The storage modulus at room temperature of the GAP-co-BO based ETPEs was higher than that of the GAP based ETPEs. This was due to the strong phase separation behavior of the hard and soft segment of GAP-co-BO based ETPEs, which further resulted in the stronger breaking strength and lower tensile elongation at break point for GAP-co-BO based ETPE than the GAP based one.

A Numerical Model to Evaluate Fire-Resistant Capacity of the Reinforced Concrete Members (화재에 손상된 철근콘크리트 부재의 수치모델 및 내화성능해석)

  • Hwang, Jin-Wook;Ha, Sang-Hee;Lee, Yong-Hoon;Kim, Wha-Jung;Kwak, Hyo-Gyoung
    • Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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    • v.25 no.5
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    • pp.497-508
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    • 2013
  • This paper introduces a numerical model which can evaluate the fire-resistant capacity of reinforced concrete members. On the basis of the transient heat transfer considering the heat conduction, convection and radiation, time-dependent temperature distribution across a section is determined. A layered fiber section method is adopted to consider non-linear material properties depending on the temperature and varying with the position of a fiber. Furthermore, effects of non-mechanical strains of each fiber like thermal expansion, transient strain and creep strain are reflected on the non-linear structural analysis to take into account the extreme temperature variation induced by the fire. Analysis results by the numerical model are compared with experimental data from the standard fire tests to validate an exactness of the introduced numerical model. Also, time-dependent changes in the resisting capacities of reinforced concrete members exposed to fire are investigated through the analyses and, the resisting capacities evaluated are compared with those determined by the design code.

Preparation and Characteristics of $Y_2O_3-CeO_2-ZrO_2$ Structural Ceramics : II. Mechanical Properties and Thermal Stability of Sintered Body ($Y_2O_3-CeO_2-ZrO_2$ 구조세라믹스의 제조 및 특성 : II. 소결체의 기계적 성질 및 열적 안정성)

  • 오혁상;이윤복;김영우;오기동;박홍채
    • Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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    • v.34 no.1
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    • pp.102-108
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    • 1997
  • ZrO2 powders stabilized with Y2O3 and CeO2 of various compositions were prepared by the coprecipitation of water-soluble ZrOCl2.8H2O, YCl3.6H2O and Ce(NO3)3.6H2O, and their compacts were pressurelessly sintered at 1400 and 150$0^{\circ}C$ for 2hrs in air. 2mol% Y2O3-ZrO3 showed the most superior strength (1003MPa) and microhardness (12.6GPa), while 10 mol%CeO2-ZrO2 had the hightest toughness (13.3 MPa.m1/2) after sintering at 140$0^{\circ}C$. The addition of Y2O3 into Y2O3-ZrO3 decreased mean grain size and increased strength and hardness but decrease toughness. On the other hand, the addition of CeO2 into Y2O3-ZrO2 enhanced the stability of tetragonal phase during low-temperature aging for a long time under hydrothermal atmosphere.

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Characterization of Biodegradable Conductive Composite Films with Polyaniline(1) (폴리아닐린을 함유한 도전성 복합필름의 제조 및 특성 연구(1))

  • Lee, Soo;Seong, Eun-Suk
    • Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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    • v.31 no.2
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    • pp.218-224
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    • 2014
  • Biodegradable conductive composite films of polylactic acid(PLA) were prepared with various amounts of polyaniline(PAni) doped with dodecylbenzenesulphonic acid (DBSA) by solution blending technique to identify their mechanical and electric properties. 15 mol% of DBSA doped PAni was easily obtained by polymerizing of aniline in the presence of APS and DBSA in THF at $0^{\circ}C$. FE SEM characterization showed that PAni were well spread on the PLA domains. The tensile strength of composite film with 15 wt% of PAni was significantly decreased from $565.3kg_f/cm^2$ for PLA film itself to $309.7kg_f/cm^2$. Elongations of all PAni/PLA composite films were also decreased up to 3-6%. Electrical conductivity of $2.9{\times}10^{-3}$ S/cm could be achieved for the composite film containing 15 wt% of PAni-DBSA. Thermal stability of these composite films measured by thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) showed a slight decrease with the amount of PAni in PAni/PLA composite films at temperature lower than $300^{\circ}C$. However, the final weight of char was strongly depended with the amount of PAni in original composite films. Conclusively, PAni/PLA composite films containing more than a 15 wt% of PAni could be used for intercepting electromagnetic and preventing electrostatic applications.

Preparation and Characterization of Biomass-based Polymer Blend Films(2) (Biomass-based 고분자 블렌드 필름의 제조 및 특성 연구(2))

  • Lee, Soo;Park, Myung-Ho
    • Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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    • v.30 no.2
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    • pp.305-311
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    • 2013
  • PLA(polylactic acid), one of biodegradable polymers was blended with various amounts of wood pulp powder through solution blending technic to verify the effect of reinforcing pulp amount on the mechanical properties of blend films. Also these blend films were further modified with TDI(toluene diisocyanate) as crosslinking agent to introduce urethane functions by reaction of pulp hydroxyl groups and isocyanate. As a result, the tensile strength of blend film with 0.25 wt% pulp was increased from $565.25kg_f/cm^2$ for PLA film itself to $624.20kg_f/cm^2$. However, elongation of this film was decreased by 50% of that of PLA film itself. Only PLA/pulp blend film further modified with 500% of TDI/0.25 wt% pulp showed the slightly increased tensile strength but decreased elongation. Melting point and glass transition temperature of PLA/pulp blend films were confirmed by using Differential Scanning Calorimeter(DSC). Thermal stability of these blend films measured by TGA showed only a slight increase at temperature lower than $300^{\circ}C$.

The Study on Phase Separation Development by Curing Reaction Rate for Unsaturated Polyester/Polyvinylacetate Semi-IPN (Unsaturated Polyester/Polyvinylacetate Semi-IPN의 경화반응속도에 따른 상분리현상 연구)

  • Chang, Won-Young;Kim, Moo-Sool;Kim, Jin-Hwan;Nam, Jae-Do
    • Polymer(Korea)
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    • v.25 no.1
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    • pp.78-89
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    • 2001
  • Morphological changes of unsaturated polyester/polyvinylacetate semi-IPN were studied while the phase separation and the cure reaction occurred in a competing fashion. The light scattering and thermal analysis techniques were used to investigate the phase separation rates and mechanical properties resultantly induced by molecular diffusion of thermoplastic polymer during the curing process of thermosetting polymer. The reaction activation energy was calculated by using Flynn-Wall method and the semi-IPN structure exhibited various phase-separation morphological characteristics. When PVAc composition was 10 wt%, the phase separation was not observed during the curing reaction, but the phase separation occurred in a similar fashion to nucleation and growth(NG) mechanism at room temperature. On the other hand, when PVAc composition was over 11.65 wt%, the phase separation was generated in the middle of the curing process. Consequently, the phase separation seemed to influence the curing reaction rate, which was also supported by the changing activation energy with conversion and PVAc composition. Finally, the total scattered intensity was measured at various temperature, and subsequently the diffusion rates of phase separation R(${\beta}m$) were evaluated.

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Development of Adhesive Resins Formulated with Rapeseed Flour Hydrolyzates for Laminated Veneer Lumber and Its Performance Evaluation (유채박을 이용한 단판적층재용 접착제의 개발 및 성능평가)

  • Yang, In;Han, Gyu-Seong;Choi, In-Gyu;Kim, Yong-Hyun;Ahn, Sye-Hee;Oh, Sei-Chang
    • Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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    • v.39 no.3
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    • pp.221-229
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    • 2011
  • Due to the increase of oil price and the environmental issue such as the emission of volatile organic compounds, the necessity for developing alternative resins of petroleum-based adhesive resins, which have extensively been used for the manufacture of wood-based products, has been speculation since the early 1990. In our study, rapeseed flour (RSF), which is the by-product of bio-diesel produced from rapeseed, were hydrolyzed by enzymes. As a crosslinking agents of the RSF hydrolyzates, phenol-formaldehyde prepolymers (PF) were prepared. The RSF hydrolyzates and PF were mixed to complete the formulation of RSF-based adhesive resins, and the resins were applied to make the laminated veneer lumber (LVL). The physical and mechanical properties of the LVL were measured to examine whether RSF can be used as raw materials of adhesive resins for the fabrication of LVL or not. The average moisture content and soaking delamination rate of the LVL bonded with RSF-based adhesive resins exceeded the minimum requirement of KS standard. Moreover, thermal analysis of the RSF-based resins showed similar tendencies except for the RSF-based adhesive resins formulated with pectinase-hydrolyzed RSF. The bending strengths of the LVL were higher than that of the LVL made with commercial PF resins. These results showed the potential of RSF as a raw material of alternative adhesives for the production of LVL. Further works on the optimal conditions of RSF hydrolysis and spreading characteristics for RSF-based adhesive resins is required to improve the adhesive performance of RSF-based resins.

Physico-mechanical Properties and Optimum Manufacturing Conditions of Bi-Sn Metal Alloy Impregnated Wood Composites (Bi-Sn 용융합금주입 목재복합체의 최적제조조건 및 물리·기계적 특성)

  • Park, Kye-Shin;Lee, Hwa-Hyoung;Kang, Seog Goo
    • Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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    • v.42 no.6
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    • pp.691-699
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    • 2014
  • In order to improve the dimensional stability and durability of wood, this study attempted to impregnate bismuth (Bi) - tin (Sn) alloy metal with low melting temperature into solid woods of three species such as radiata pine, red oak and white oak, and investigated to determine an optimum condition of manufacturing the metal alloy-wood composites with natural wood grains. These Bi-Sn alloys were chosen for this study because they were harmless to human and melting at low temperatures. The composites resulted in high dimensional stability and low thickness swelling, and also showed much improved performance such as high bending strength, high hardness, high electric conductivity, and high thermal conductivity as floor materials. A proper impregnating condition of all specimens was determined as 10 minutes of the preliminary vacuum time, and $185^{\circ}C$ of the heating temperature. The proper processing condition for radiata pine wood was 2.5 minutes of the pressuring time at the pressure of $10kgf/cm^2$. For red oak wood, 10 minutes of the pressuring time at the pressure of $30kgf/cm^2$ were the proper condition. The proper manufacture conditions for white oak wood was determined as 10 minutes of the pressuring time at the pressure of $50kgf/cm^2$.

Enhanced Mechanical Properties and Thermal Stability of CrAlN Coatings by Interlayer Deposition (중간층 증착에 의한 CrAlN 코팅의 기계적 물성 및 내열성 향상에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Hoe-Geun;Ra, Jeong-Hyeon;Song, Myeon-Gyu;Lee, Sang-Yul
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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    • 2016.11a
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    • pp.100-100
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    • 2016
  • 물리기상증착방법 (Physical vapor deposition)에 의하여 합성된 천이금속 질화물 박막은 경도, 내마모성 등 절삭공구의 성능을 향상시키며, Ti-Al-N, Ti-Zr-N, Zr-Al-N, Cr-Si-N 등의 3원계 경질 박막에 대한 연구가 지속적으로 이루어지고 있다. 이중에서도 CrAlN 코팅은 높은 경도, 낮은 표면 조도 등의 우수한 기계적 특성 이외에 고온에서 안정한 합금상 형성으로 인하여 우수한 내열성을 보유하여 공구 코팅으로의 적용 가능성이 크다. 그러나 최근 공구사용 환경의 가혹화로 인하여 코팅의 내마모성 및 내열성 등의 물성 향상을 통한 공구의 수명 향상이 필요시 되고 있으며, 코팅에 적합한 중간층을 합성함으로써 공구 코팅으로의 적용 가능성을 높이는 연구들이 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 CrAlN 코팅의 물성을 향상시키기 위해 CrAlN 코팅과 WC-Co 6wt.% 모재 사이에 CrN, CrZrN, CrN/CrZrSiN 등의 다양한 중간층을 합성하였으며, 중간층을 포함한 모든 코팅의 두께는 $3{\mu}m$ 로 제어하였다. 합성된 코팅의 미세조직, 경도 및 탄성계수, 내모성을 분석하기 위해 field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM), nano-indentation, ball-on-disk 마모시험기 및 ${\alpha}-step$을 사용하였다. 코팅의 내열성을 확인하기 위해 코팅을 furnace에 넣어 공기중에서 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, $1,000^{\circ}C$로 30분 동안 annealing 한 후에 nano-indentation을 사용하여 경도를 측정하였다. CrAlN 코팅을 나노 인덴테이션으로 분석한 결과, 모든 코팅의 경도(35.5-36.2 GPa)와 탄성계수(424.3-429.2 GPa)는 중간층의 종류에 상관없이 비슷한 값을 보인 것으로 확인됐다. 그러나, 코팅의 마찰계수는 중간층의 종류에 따라 다른 값을 보였으며, CrN/CrZrSiN 중간층을 증착한 CrAlN 코팅의 마찰계수는 0.34로 CrZrN 중간층을 증착한 CrAlN 코팅의 마찰계수(0.41)에 비해 낮은 값을 보였다. 또한, 코팅의 마모율 및 마모폭도 비슷한 경향을 보인 것으로 보아, CrN/CrZrSiN 중간층을 합성한 CrAlN 코팅의 내마모성이 상대적으로 우수한 것으로 판단된다. 이것은 중간층의 H/E ratio가 코팅의 내마모성에 미치는 영향에 의한 결과로 사료된다. H/E ratio는 파단시의 최대 탄성 변형율로써, 모재/중간층/코팅의 H/E ratio 구배에 따라 코팅 내의 응력의 완화 정도가 변하게 된다. WC 모재 (H/E=0.040)와 CrAlN 코팅(H/E=0.089) 사이에서 CrN, CrZrSiN 중간층의 H/E ratio 는 각각 0.076, 0.083 으로 모재/중간층/코팅의 H/E ratio 구배가 점차 증가함을 확인 할 수 있었고, 일정 응력이 지속적으로 가해지면서 진행되는 마모시험중에 CrN과 CrZrSiN 중간층이 WC와 CrAlN 코팅 사이에서 코팅 내부의 응력구배를 완화시키는 역할을 함으로써 CrAlN 코팅의 내마모성이 향상된 것으로 판단된다. 모든 코팅을 열처리 후 경도 분석결과, CrN/CrZrSiN 중간층을 증착한 CrAlN 코팅은 $1,000^{\circ}C$까지 약 28GPa의 높은 경도를 유지한 것으로 확인 되었고, 이는 CrZrSiN 중간층 내에 존재하는 $SiN_x$ 비정질상의 우수한 내산화성에 의한 결과로 판단된다.

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