• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.123-142
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• 2010

Objectives : The knee pain is the main reason of getting acupuncture treatment. In order to have confidence in the results of a study, it is necessary to establish that questionnaire is both valid and reliable in questionnaire related study. The aim of this study was to review the instruments that are currently in sue for assessing the knee joint. Methods : A literature study was performed to choose appropriate scales for assessment for pain and the function of the knee. Theoretically based scales were selected for review. Therefore, 18 scales for knee and 9 scale for pain were reviewed. the status of scales involved in knee treatment of acupuncture throughout several countries was evaluated. Results & Conclusion : Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale, Cincinnati knee rating system(CKRS) are adequate for ligament injury in knee. International Knee Documentation Committee scoring system(IKDC) may become a publication requirement for journals in view of the international standing of the committee. The available outcome measure for use in osteoarthritis are Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index(WOMAC), Lequesne Functional Severity Index(LFI) and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score(KOOS), and in rheumatoid arthritis are McMaster-Toronto Arthritis patient function preference questionnaire(MACTAR), Quality of Life-Rheumatoid Arthritis Scale(QoL-RA Scale). Visual analog scale(VAS), verbal rating scale(VRS) are commonly used for the standard pain scale. For long term follow-up study The Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36(SF-36), Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales(AIMS), Health Assessment Questionnaire(HAQ) should be included. Each measurement has its own composition and characteristics. Their validity, reliability, responsiveness and practical characteristics were already evaluated. We found 20 domestic and 28 overseas papers about knee treatment using acupuncture assessed with knee scales.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.761-766
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• 2010

The estimation method of the interchangeability in a partial premixed appliance about various compositions of natural gases using equivalent gases, experimentally. The results of the experiment in which equivalent gases were used compared with those obtained in experiments in which natural gases were used; Images of flames, lift-off limits, CO emissions, and incomplete combustion indices in KS standard for the domestic gas range were considered. From the comparison, it was observed that the length and color of the flame of the equivalent gases were almost the same as those of imported natural gases. Further, in the case of gases with Wobbe indices greater than 51 MJ/$m^3$, the KS standard for lifting limits was satisfied. Furthermore, in the case of gases with Wobbe indices less than 56.3 MJ/$m^3$, the CO mole fractions are in the range 95-100 ppm. Hence, the range of Wobbe indices 51-56.3 MJ/$m^3$ was proposed to be the range for interchangeability from the points of view of lifting limits and incomplete combustion, as prescribed in the domestic gas range in the case of imported natural gases.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.31-43
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• 2014

A depth map is an important component for stereoscopic image generation. Since the depth map acquired from a depth camera has a low resolution, upsamling a low-resolution depth map to a high-resolution one has been studied past decades. Upsampling methods are evaluated by objective evaluation tools such as PSNR, Sharpness Degree, Blur Metric. As well, the subjective quality is compared using virtual views generated by DIBR (depth image based rendering). However, works on the analysis of the relation between depth map upsampling and stereoscopic images are relatively few. In this paper, we investigate the relationship between subjective evaluation of stereoscopic images and objective performance of upsampling methods using cross correlation and linear regression. Experimental results demonstrate that the correlation of edge PSNR and visual fatigue is the highest and the blur metric has lowest correlation. Further, from the linear regression, we found relative weights of objective measurements. Further we introduce a formulae that can estimate 3D performance of conventional or new upsampling methods.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.138-149
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• 2003

Korean regional network of tower flux sites, KoFlux, has been initiated to better understand $CO_2$, water and energy exchange between ecosystems and the atmosphere, and to contribute to regional, continental, and global observation networks such as FLUXNET and CEOP. Due to heterogeneous surface characteristics, most of KoFlux towers are located in non-ideal sites. In order to quantify carbon and energy exchange and to scale them up from plot scales to a region scale, applications of various methods combining measurement and modeling are needed. In an attempt to infer regional-scale flux, four methods (i.e., tower flux, convective boundary layer (CBL) budget method, MM5 mesoscale model, and NCAR/NCEP reanalysis data) were employed to estimate sensible heat flux representing different surface areas. Our preliminary results showed that (1) sensible heat flux from the tower in Haenam farmland revealed heterogeneous surface characteristics of the site; (2) sensible heat flux from CBL method was sensitive to the estimation of advection; and (3) MM5 mesoscale model produced regional fluxes that were comparable to tower fluxes. In view of the spatial heterogeneity of the site and inherent differences in spatial scale between the methods, however, the spatial representativeness of tower flux need to be quantified based on footprint climatology, geographic information system, and the patch scale analysis of satellite images of the study site.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.605-612
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• 2008

In this study, we estimate solar surface insolation (SSI) by using physical methods with MTSAT-1R data. SSI is regarded as crucial parameter when interpreting solar-earth energy system, climate change, and agricultural production predict application. Most of SSI estimation model mainly uses ground based-measurement such as pyranometer to tune the constructed model and to validate retrieved SSI data from optical channels. When compared estimated SSI with pyranometer measurements, there are some systemic differences between those instruments. The pyranometer data observed upward-looking hemispherical solid angle and distributed hourly measurements data which are averaged every 2 minute instantaneous observation. Whereas MTSAT-1R channels data are taken instantaneously images at fixed measurement time over scan area, and are pixel-based observation with a much smaller solid angle view. Those temporal discrepancies result from systemic differences can induce validation error. In this study, we adjust hour when estimate SSI to improve the retrieved accurate SSI.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 1996

Korea Aerospace Research Institute(KARI) is developing a Korea Multi-Purpose Satellite I(KOMPSAT-I) which accommodates Electro-Optical Camera(EOC), Ocean Color Imager(OCI), Space Physics Sensor(SPS) for cartography, ocean color monitoring, and space environment monitoring respectively. The satellite has the weight of about 500 kg and is operated on the sun synchronized orbit with the altitude of 685km, the orbit period of 98 minutes, and the orbit revisit time of 28days. The satellite will be launched in the third quarter of 1999 and its lifetime is more than 3 years. EOC has cartography mission to provide images for the production of scale maps, including digital elevation models, of Korea from a remote earth view in the KOMPSAT orbit. EOC collects panchromatic imagery with the ground sample distance(GSD) of 6.6m and the swath width of 15km at nadir through the visible spectral band of 510-730 nm. EOC scans the ground track of 800km per orbit by push-broom and body pointed method. OCI mission is worldwide ocean color monitoring for the study of biological oceanography. OCI is a multispectral imager generating 6 color ocean images with and <1km GSD by whisk-broom scanning method. OCI is designed to provide on-orbit spectral band selectability in the spectral range from 400nm to 900nm. The color images are collected through 6 primary spectral bands centered at 443, 490, 510, 555, 670, 865nm or 6 spectral bands selected in the spectral range via ground commands after launch. SPS consists of High Energy Particle Detector(HEPD) and Ionosphere Measurement Sensor(IMS). HEPD has mission to characterize the low altitude high energy particle environment and to study the effects of radiation environment on microelectronics. IMS measures densities and temperature of electrons in the ionosphere and monitors the ionospheric irregularities in KOMPSAT orbit.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.361-365
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• 2007

Aero-pulsation noise, generally caused by geometric asymmetry of a rotating device, is one of considerable sources of annoyance in passenger cars using the turbocharged diesel engine. Main source of this noise is the compressor wheel in the turbocharger system, and can be reduced by after-treatment devices such as silencers, but which may increase the manufacturing cost. More effective solution is to improve the geometric symmetry over all, or to control the quality of components by sorting out inferior ones. The latter is more simple and reasonable than the former in view of manufacturing. Thus, an appropriate discrimination method should be needed to evaluate aero-pulsation noise level at the production line. In this paper, we introduce the accurate method which can measure the noise level of aero-pulsation and also present its evaluation criteria. Besides verifying the reliability of a measurement system - a rig test system-, we analyze the correlation between the results from rig tests and those from vehicle tests. The gage R&R method is carried out to check the repeatability of measurements over 25 samples. From the result, we propose the standard specification which can discriminate inferior products from superior ones on the basis of aero-pulsation noise level.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.54-58
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• 2015

A heavy oil of low quality has been mainly used in the diesel engine of the merchant ship as the oil price has been significantly jumped for several years. Thus, a combustion chamber of the engine has been often exposed to severely corrosive environment more and more because temperature of the exhaust gas of the combustion chamber has been getting higher and higher with increasing of using the heavy oil of low quality. As a result, wear and corrosion of the engine parts such as exhaust valve, piston crown and cylinder head surrounded with combustion chamber are more serious compared to the other parts of the engine. Therefore, an optimum repair welding for these engine parts is very important to prolong their lifetime in a economical point of view. In this study, 1.25Cr-0.5Mo filler metal was welded with SMAW method in the forged steel which would be generally used with piston crown material. And the corrosion properties of weld metal, heat affected and base metal zones were investigated using electrochemical methods such as measurement of corrosion potential, anodic polarization curves, cyclic voltammogram and impedance etc. in 35% $H_2SO_4$ solution. The weld metal and base metal zones exhibited the highest and lowest values of hardness respectively. And, the corrosion resistance of the heat affected and weld metal zones was also increased than that of the base metal zone. Furthermore, it appeared that the corrosive products with red color and local corrosion like as a pitting corrosion were more frequently observed on the surface of the base metal zone compared to the heat affected and weld metal zones. Consequently, it is suggested that the mechanical and corrosion characteristics of the piston crown can be predominantly improved by repair welding method using the 1.25Cr-0.5Mo electrode.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.133-153
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• 2008

Understanding of the length of time required to realize the return on the investment of informatization is important for policy makers and decision makers of information system adoption. Previous researchers, however, assessed this issue with the performance measurement approach that was primarily based on static point of view. However, the static analysis on the outcome of the informatization investment is limited in measuring the priori and ex ante effects of the informatization implementation on temporal basis. This study present a methodology to capture the outcome of the informatization investment on dynamic basis. This assessment was performed based on an e-government project in Korea, called "Industry Human Resource Project." Particularly, the study addressed how long it takes to obtain the benefit of WorkNet System, which was part of this Korean e-government project. We proposed various approaches to illustrate the importance and temporal effect of the WorkNet System by analyzing DB data, time reduction of WorkNet business processes and return of investment of IT.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.157-163
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• 2007

Recently, industrialization of a country is accelerated and request of society infrastructure is raised so national land development is activity view. Accordingly, the search for a wide-ranging buried heritage do acted in large construction region. Because the buried heritage get buried in land that it is necessary to the precision search and research for a record and a preservation. Until now, Surveying techniques of a historic site have made status map, profile and cross section map through leveling survey, total-station survey and sketch of specialist. So, to solve problems existing relic survey or drawing making method have using digital camera these researches rapidly and economically obtain stereo image of object and present a technique that constructs 3D image model for digital photogrammetry method. Also, these researches construct 3D image model for record and preservation of a historic site through site test and in 3D and graphical express a historic site and support works that produce other maps if we need it. offer base data of GIS (Geographic Information System) to collect and analyze overall, information of a historic site.