• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
• /
• v.5 no.5
• /
• pp.1185-1203
• /
• 1998

When the class is added of deleted in object-oriented system, restructuring of class hierarchy is needed which enables new relationship with classes. But existing system requires much additional analysis costs because it is difficult to know the meaning between parent class and child class. This paper presents the updates method based on semantic modification through new relationship classification method. This method measures the similarity of classes and based on it's relationship, this method restructures class hierarchy by classifying not-equality, part-of, equality, inclusion, subset relation. This method can minimize the probability of meaning error for classes when the class hierarchy is changed. Also this enhances the reusability and understandability through various graphic and text processing.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• v.30 no.5 s.112
• /
• pp.268-273
• /
• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the specificities of four fulcrum types for geo-statistical analysis of elevation within rice paddy field. In Korea, the spaces between inter-rows and between hills for rice transplanting are 30cm and 11cm to 14cm, respectively. So, the size and shape of fulcrum for field elevation measurement should be considered according to the inter-row and the hill spaces. Four kinds of fulcrum were chosen such as round-shape with 2.5cm diameter, circular-shape with 10cm diameter, 10cm (one third of inter-row space) by 24cm (double of hill space) rectangular-shape, and 20cm (two-thirds of inter-row space) by 24cm rectangular-shape. The resulting descriptive statistics couldn't determine the best fulcrum type to measure the rice paddy field elevation. But the results of geo-statistical analysis could determine the best fulcrum type. In the case of 10cm by 24cm rectangular-shape fulcrum, Nugget and range, meaning measurement error and/or noise, and limit of spatial connection, respectively, were minimum; Q value meaning weight of spatial structure and $r^2$ value were minimum, and residual sum of squares was minimum. It means that 10cm by 24 cm rectangular-shape fulcrum could best describe the rice paddy field elevation.

• Journal of architectural history
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.47-60
• /
• 2023

Due to a mistranslation of Sanskrit to Chinese, East Asian Buddhist community misunderstands the original meaning of the fundamental word, 'sachal(寺刹)'. Sanskrit chattra, a parasol on top of a venerated Indian stupa buried with Buddha's sarira, became the symbol of majesty. The Indian stupa was transformed into a pagoda in China, and the highlighted parasol on the summit was transliterated into chaldara(刹多羅), an abbreviation for chal (刹), and finally designated the whole pagoda(塔). Sachal consists with lying low monastery and high-rise pagoda. Tapsa(塔寺), an archaic word of temple, is exactly the same as sachal, because chal means tap, pagoda. However, during the 7th century a Buddhist monk erroneously double-transliterated the Sanskrit 'kshetra,' meaning of land, into the same word as chal, even despite phonetic disaccord. Thereafter, sutra translators followed and copied the error for long centuries. It was the Japanese pioneer scholars that worsen the situation 100 years ago, to publish Sanskrit dictionaries with the errors insisting on phonetic transliteration, though pronunciation of 'kshe-' which is quite different from 'cha-.' Thereafter, upcoming scholars followed their fallacy without any verification. Fallacy of chal, meaning of land, dominates Buddhist community broadly, falling into conviction of collective fixed dogma in East Asia up to now. In the Buddhist community, it is the most important matter to recognize that the same language has become to refer completely different objects due to translation errors. As a research method, searching for corresponding Sanskrit words in translated sutras and dictionaries of Buddhism is predominant. Then, after analyzing the authenticity, the fallacy toward the truth will be corrected.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.109-119
• /
• 2008

The number of card users has grown steadily after the adaption of smart card. Considering the diverse information from smart card data, the increase of card usage rate leads to various useful implications meaning in travel pattern analysis and transportation policy. One of the most important implications is the possibility that the data enables us to generate transit O/D tables easily. In the case of generating transit O/D tables from smart card data, it is necessary to filter data error and/or data missing. Also, the correction of data missing is an important procedure. In this study, it is examined to compute the level of data error and data missing, and to correct data missing for transit O/D generation.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
• /
• v.39 no.5
• /
• pp.203-206
• /
• 2013

Statistics is the science of data. As the foundation of scientific knowledge, data refers to evidentiary facts from the nature of reality by human action, observation, or experiment. Clinicians should be aware of the conditions of good data to support the validity of clinical modalities in reading scientific articles, one of the resources to revise or update their clinical knowledge and skills. The cause-effect link between clinical modality and outcome is ascertained as pattern statistic. The uniformity of nature guarantees the recurrence of data as the basic scientific evidence. Variation statistics are examined for patterns of recurrence. This provides information on the probability of recurrence of the cause-effect phenomenon. Multiple causal factors of natural phenomenon need a counterproof of absence in terms of the control group. A pattern of relation between a causal factor and an effect becomes recognizable, and thus, should be estimated as relation statistic. The type and meaning of each relation statistic should be well-understood. A study regarding a sample from the population of wide variations require clinicians to be aware of error statistics due to random chance. Incomplete human sense, coarse measurement instrument, and preconceived idea as a hypothesis that tends to bias the research, which gives rise to the necessity of keen critical independent mind with regard to the reported data.

• The Mathematical Education
• /
• v.45 no.3 s.114
• /
• pp.275-293
• /
• 2006

The purpose of this study was to analyze the connection between students' errors and prior knowledge as an attempt to design an efficient teaching method in decimal computation. A survey on decimal computations was conducted in two 6th grade elementary school classrooms. Error patterns on decimal computations were analyzed and clinical interviews were conducted with 8 students according to their error patterns. Main errors resulted from the insufficient understanding of prior knowledge such as place value, connection between decimals and fractions, meaning of operations, and computation principles of fractions. In order to help students overcome such obstacles, a teaching experiment was designed in a manner that strengthens a profound understanding of prior knowledge related to decimal computations, and connects such knowledge to actual decimal calculations. This study showed that well-designed lesson plans with base-ten blocks might decrease students' errors by helping them understand decimals and connect their prior knowledge to decimal operations.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.239-347
• /
• 2009

This paper presents Kolmogorov-Smirnov, mean difference, AUROC and AR, four well known statistics that have been widely used for evaluating the discriminatory power of credit rating models. Criteria for these statistics are determined by the value of mean difference under the assumption of normality and equal standard deviation. Alternative criteria are proposed through the simulations according to various sample sizes, type II error rates, and the ratio of bads, also we suggest the meaning of statistic on the basis of discriminatory power. Finally we make a comparative study of the currently used guidelines and simulated results.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
• /
• 2002.10a
• /
• pp.355-360
• /
• 2002

To calibrate a non-redundantly actuated parallel mechanism, one can find actual kinematic parameters by means of geometrical constraint of the mechanism's kinematic structure and measurement values. However, the calibration algorithm for a non-redundant case does not apply fur a redundantly actuated parallel mechanism, because the angle error of the actuating joint varies with position and the geometrical constraint fails to be consistent. Such change of joint angle error comes from constraint torque variation with each kinematic pose (meaning position and orientation). To calibrate a redundant parallel mechanism, one therefore has to consider constraint torque equilibrium and the relationship of constraint torque to torsional deflection, in addition to geometric constraint. In this paper, we develop the calibration algorithm fir a redundantly actuated parallel mechanism using these three relationships, and formulate cost functions for an optimization algorithm. As a case study, we executed the calibration of a 2-DOF parallel mechanism using the developed algorithm. Coordinate values of tool plate were measured using a laser ball bar and the actual kinematic parameters were identified with a new cost function of the optimization algorithm. Experimental results showed that the accuracy of the tool plate improved by 82% after kinematic calibration in a redundant actuation case.

• East Asian mathematical journal
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.211-244
• /
• 2015

The arithmetic operation have double-sided character. One is calculation as a process, the other is understanding in results as an outcome of the operation. We harbored suspicion on students' misunderstanding in an outcome of the operation, because the curriculum has focused on the calculation, as a process of arithmetic operation. This study starts with the presentation of this problem, we tried to find the recognition ability and character in the arithmetic operation. We researched the recognition ability for 7th grade 27 students who have enough experience in arithmetic operation when studying in elementary school. And we had an interview with 3students individually, that has an error in understanding in results of arithmetic operation but has no error in calculation. We focused on 3students' detailed appearance of the ability to understand in results of arithmetic operation and analysed the changing appearance after recommending unit record using operation expression. As a result, we could find the abily to underatanding in results of arithmetic operation and applicability to recommend unit record using operation expression. Through these results, we suggested educational implications in understanding in results of arithmetic operation.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.10 no.10
• /
• pp.2676-2683
• /
• 2009

The objective of this thesis is to improve the quality of a software product based on the enhancement of a software design quality using a better error detecting method. Also, this thesis is based on a software design method called as MOA(Methodology for Object to Agents) which uses an ontology based ODES(A Method based on Ontology for Detecting Errors in the Software Design) model as a common information model. At this thesis, a new format of error detecting method was defined. The method is implemented during a transformation process from UML model to ODES model using a ODES model, a Inter-View Inconsistency Detection technique and a combination of ontologic property of consistency framework and related rules. Transformation process to ODES model includes lexicon analysis and meaning analysis of a software design using of multiple mapping table at algorithm for the generation of ODES model instance.