• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 1979

In order to study the water pollution in Suyeong Bay, Busan, some chemical constituents were determined at 25 stations in the neap tides on 9 Aug. 1977 and spring tides on 30 Aug. 1977. Range and mean values of the constituents in the spring tides are as follows: $pH\;6.54\~8.06,\;7.54;$ electrical conductivity $0.413\~0.481\times10^5\;\mu\mho/cm,\;0.467\times10^5\;\mu\mho/cm;\;transparency\;0.2\~5.5m,\;2.2m;$ turbidity $1\~60ppm$, 14ppm, chlorosity $15.20\~18.11g/\ell,\;17.67g/\ell;$ fluoride ion $0.94\~1.03ppm$, 0.99ppm; dissolved oxygen $0.17\~7.60ppm$, 4.77ppm; sulfide $0\~0.46ppm$, 0.07ppm; chemical oxygen demand $1.20\~40.74ppm$, 6.11ppm; ammonia-nitrogen $0.060\~0.520ppm$, 0.180ppm; nitrite-nitrogen $0.001\~0.026ppm$, 0.009ppm; nitrate-nitrogen $0\~0.037ppm$, 0.014ppm; phosphate-phosphorus $0.002\~0.261ppm$, 0.050ppm; n-Hexane soluble $0.5\~5.4ppm$, 2.1ppm ; iron $1.0\~104.11\;ppb$, 24.15ppb ; copper $0\~27.45ppb$, 4.19ppb; lead $0\~2.50ppb$, 0.92ppb; zinc $0\~5.15ppb$, 1.47ppb ; cadmium $0\~0.26ppb$, 0.04ppb; and mercury $0.05\~0.37ppb$, 0.11ppb respectively. The variations of the contents of the chemical constituents in the spring tides were larger than in the neap tides. The contents of COD, sulfide, nutrient salts and heavy metals were the highest in the estuary of Suyeong River, and decreased in order of off Kwangan-Ri region, outer Bay and off Haeun-Dae region. The water quality in Suyeong Bay was particularly shown that the concentrations of COO, iron, copper and mercury were higher than those of other coastal aseas and deficiency in dissolved oxygen was observed in some parte of Suyeong Bay. In consideration of the relationship between the chlorosity and the concentrations of nutrient salts, COD and total heavy metals, water pollution of this area is considered due to the inflow of Suyeong River which was extremely polluted by sewage and industrial wastewaters.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.179-188
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• 1981

The authors made an investigation concerning the geographical distribution and some major differentiations in morphological characteristics associated with the each habitat, of the pond smelt, Hypomesus olidus, which was introduced into Korea more than 50 years ago. Major characteristics utilized for the comparison study were upper jaw (maxillary), number of fin rays, scale structure, vertebral count, number of pyloric caeca, number of gill rakers, and the relative measurements of these and other internal characters. 1. The main areas of natural distribution are Paro Lake, Soyang Lake, Han River, Euirim Lake, and Ogjeong Lake (or Unam Lake) and the tributaries of these waters. 2. Morphological variations varied when the mean values of measurements from each area were compared with the standard measurement value by mosaic comparison, and in some instances a significant variation was found. 3. The most significant variations were found in the number of fin rays of pectoral and anal fins; the lengths from the tip of snout to the origin of pectoral fin, from snout to ventral fin, and from snout to anal fin, relative to standard body length; eye depth relative to head length; upper jaw: the number of pyloric caeca and the scale structure. Variations, on the other hand, by each habitat were not clear in the numbers of ventral and dorsal fin rays, gill rakers, vertebrae and lateral line scale : and the depth of caudal peduncle and distance from the tip of snout to the origin of dorsal fin relative to standard body length. 4. The scales of pond smelt showed some differences in the shape of scales, the shape and position of the focus and the number of ridges according to the scale positions on the body. No radii were present. The relations between longitudinal and transverse diameters of the scale suggest that the pond smelts of Soyang Lake and Un-am Lake are closely related, and those of Han River and Euirim Lake are also closely related. 5. The geographical variations in morphology of the pond smelt seem to have resulted from the variations in turbidity, water temperature, salinity (rather conductivity) and currents. 6. From the results obtained, it may be concluded that such factors as supramaxillary, relation between scale length and its breadth, number of caudal vertebrae and eye depth relative to head length may be used as the key characters for the classification of geographical varieties of Pond smelt.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.889-898
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• 1996

This study estimated the re!ation between psychological stress and stress hormones, nu­t tritional status of patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus(NIDDM). Psycho­l logical stress such as depr'ession and anxiety in 34 diabetics was analyzedin relation to nutrient intake, blood components such as fasting blood sugar(FBS), hemoglobin AIC, stress hormones a and amino acids. The IeveIs of depression and anxiety were measured by The center for ep­i idemiological studies-depc$pm$111.49pg/ml for total catecholamine ( (norepmephrine and epinephrine) and 233.95 $pm$73.99pg/ml for norepinephrine, 94.03$pm$75. 9 97pg/ml for epinephrine, 13.lS$pm$5.55pl/dl for cortisol and 171.50$pm$62.50pg/ml for gul c cagon respectlveIy. The leveIs of stress hormones in diabetics such as total catecholamine, norep­i mephrine cortisol and glucagon were significantly higher than those in normal control. The lev­el of epmephrine was higher in diabetics but the diffierenee was not significant. The calorie m t take in diabetics was 1762$pm$292keal which is S1.4% lower than Korean recommended dietary a allowances(RDA). Calcium intake was slightly low but other nutrients intakeswere higher than R RDA. The value of fasting blood sugar(FBS), usual fasting blood sugar(usual FBS) which refteet a average FBS during 3 months and hemoglobin Al C in diabetics was 1S4.1S$pm$74.22mg/dl, 177.76$pm$42.77mg/dl and S.S4$pm$2.S2% respec디VeIy. The distribution of plasma amino acids in d diabetics was generally in the normal range. The leveI of anxiety in diabetics was positively cor­related with norepinephrine, concentration and usual FBS. The levels of glucagon, usual FBS a and hemoglobin Aj C were pOSI디veIy correlated with the branched chaimamino acid(BCM : leucme, isoleucme and valine)

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.149-156
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• 2016

Measurement of cardiac blood flow using the magnetic resonance imaging has been limited due to breathing and involuntary movements of the heart. The present study attempted to improve the accuracy of cardiac blood flow testing through phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging by presenting the adequate breathing method and imaging variables by comparing the measurement values of cardiac blood flow. Each was evaluated by comparing the breath hold retrospective 1NEX and non breath hold retrospective 1-3NEX in the ascending aorta and descending aorta. As a result, the average blood flow amount/velocity of the breath hold retrosepctive 1NEX method in the ascending aorta were $96.17{\pm}19.12ml/sec$, $17.04{\pm}4.12cm/sec$ respectively, which demonstrates a statistically significant difference(p<0.05) with the non-breath hold retrospective method 1NEX of $72.31{\pm}13.27ml$ and $12.32{\pm}3.85$. On the other hand, the average 2NEX blood flow and mean flow velocity is $101.90{\pm}24.09$, $16.84{\pm}4.32$, 3NEX $103.06{\pm}25.49$, $16.88{\pm}4.19$ did not show statistically significant differences(p>0.05).The average blood flow amount/ velocity of the breath hold retrospective 1NEX method in the descending aorta were $76.68{\pm}19.72ml/s$, and $22.23{\pm}4.8$, which did not demonstrate a significant difference in comparison to non-breath hold retrospective method 1-3 NEX. Therefore, the non breath hold retrospective method does not significantly differ in terms of cardiac blood flow in comparison with the breath hold retrospective method in accordance with the increase of NEX, so pediatric patients or patients who are not able to breathe well must have the diagnostic value of their cardiac blood flow tests improved.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.613-623
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• 2011

This study assessed the feasibility to apply Two-band and Three-band reflectance models for chlorophyll-a estimation in turbid productive waters whose scale is smaller and narrower than ocean using a high spatial resolution image. Those band ratio models were successfully applied to analyzing chlorophyll-a concentrations of ocean or coastal water using Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS), Sea-viewing Wide Field-fo-view Sensor(SeaWiFS), Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer(MERIS), etc. Two-band and Three-band models based on band ratio such as Red and NIR band were generally used for the Chl-a in turbid waters. Two-band modes using Red and NIR bands of RapidEye image showed no significant results with $R^2$ 0.38. To enhance a band ratio between absorption and reflection peak, We used red-edge band(710 nm) of RapidEye image for Twoband and Three-band models. Red-RE Two-band and Red-RE-NIR Three-band reflectance model (with cubic equation) for the RapidEye image provided significance performances with $R^2$ 0.66 and 0.73, respectively. Their performance showed the 'Approximate Prediction' with RPD, 1.39 and 1.29 and RMSE, 24.8, 22.4, respectively. Another three-band model with quadratic equation showed similar performances to Red-RE two-band model. The findings in this study demonstrated that Two-band and Three-band reflectance models using a red-edge band can approximately estimate chlorophyll-a concentrations in a turbid river water using high-resolution satellite image. In the distribution map of estimated Chl-a concentrations, three-band model with cubic equation showed lower values than twoband model. In the further works, quantification and correction of spectral interferences caused by suspended sediments and colored dissolved organic matters will improve the accuracy of chlorophyll-a estimation in turbid waters.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.267-271
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• 2014

Accurate determination of in vivo oocyte maturation is particularly critical for dog cloning compared to other assisted reproductive technologies because oocytes in metaphase II stage have to be recovered in order to undergo somatic cell nuclear transfer right after its recovery. The aim of present study was to evaluate the reliability and to set a reference range of a chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA) compared to radioimmunoassay (RIA) method to retrieve in vivo matured oocytes. Serum progesterone concentration during proestrus and estrus was analyzed by RIA and CLEIA to determine ovulation day (Day 0). On Day 3, in vivo oocytes were recovered surgically and evaluated microscopically maturation status after staining nucleus with bisbenzimidazole dye. Mean progesterone concentration by CLEIA ($7.64{\pm}0.06ng/ml$) was significantly higher than by RIA ($6.46{\pm}0.04ng/ml$, P < 0.0001). It was not different between CLEIA ($10.01{\pm}0.34ng/ml$) and RIA values ($7.91{\pm}0.14ng/ml$, P < 0.05) on Day 0, but significantly higher CLEIA level on Day -1 and Day 1 ($6.41{\pm}0.15$ and $14.25{\pm}0.44ng/ml$) was assessed compared to RIA ($4.95{\pm}0.10$ and $11.29{\pm}0.34ng/ml$). However, with both methods, progesterone level was significantly increased from Day -1 to Day 2. To determine oocyte maturation with CLEIA method, a wider and higher reference range has to be considered.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.848-852
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• 2012

Vegetation can make not only to lower the urban ambient air temperature (UAAT) by crop evapotranspiration (ET) and increasing solar radiation albedo, but also to reduce the urban air pollution by $CO_2$ uptake and $O_2$ emission in addition to the reducing ozone concentrations by aid of lower the UAAT. To evaluate the effect of vegetation on urban heat island mitigation (UHIM), the climate change of 6 cities during 30 years are analysed, and the amount of ET, $CO_2$ uptake, $O_2$ emission and ozone concentrations are estimated in Korea. The most hot season is the last part of July and the first part of August, and the highest average UAAT of a period of ten days was $35.03^{\circ}C$ during 30 years (1979 - 2008). The mean values of maximum ET of rice and soybean in urban area during urban heat island phenomena were 6.86 and $6.00mm\;day^{-1}$, respectively. The effect of rice and soybean cultivation on lowering the UAAT was assessed to be 10.5 and $3.0^{\circ}C$ in Suwon, respectively, whereas the differences between the UAAT and canopy temperature at urban paddy and upland in Ansung were 2.6 and $2.2^{\circ}C$. On the other hand, the urban-garden in Suwon city had resulted in lowering the UAAT and the surface temperature of buildings to 2.0 and $14.5^{\circ}C$, respectively. Furthermore, the amounts of $CO_2$ uptake by rice and soybean were estimated to be 20.27 and $15.54kg\;CO_2\;10a^{-1}day^{-1}$, respectively. The amounts of $O_2$ emission by rice and soybean were also assessed to be 14.74 and $11.30kg\;O_2\;10a^{-1}day^{-1}$, respectively. As other cleaning effect of air pollution, the ozone concentrations could be also estimated to reduce 21.0, 8.8, and 4.0 ppb through rice-, soybean cultivation, and urban gardening during most highest temperature period in summer, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.291-298
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• 2001

Seawater, sediment and biota in the Kwangyang Bay were analyzed by gas chromatography/quartz furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GC-QFAAS) to investigate concentrations and distribution pattern of butyltin compounds (TBT, DBT, MBT) during February, April and July, 1996, Marine biota analyzed were Tapes japcnicus and Crassostrea gigas. The concentrations of tributyltin (TBT) in seawater were in the range of ND-15.7 ng/L for the surface and ND-68.5 ng/L for the bottom. The highest concentration of TBT in seawater was detected in April for the both, surface and bottom water. The maximum value of $TBT_{(bottom)}/TBT_{(surface)}$, 3.6 in April showed the increased input of TBT from the surface water in April compared to February (2.1) and July (0.9). The concentrations of TBT in the sediment were in the range of ND-8.5 ng/g dry wt. The highest concentration of TBT in the sediment was measured in July, This result seems to attributed to the removal of TBT from water column via sorption onto particulate matters to the relatively undisturbed underlying sediment and increased input of TBT by increased fluxes of detritus of marine plankton after spring bloom, in July. The mean values of partitioning coefficient ($K_d$) of TBT between seawater and sediment were $3.0\times10^3$(February), $7.4\times10^3$(April) and $9.4\times10^3$(July). The concentrations of TBT in biosamples were in the range of ND-93.30 ng/g dru wt. (T. japonicus) and ND-138.53 ng/g dry wt. (C. gigas). The seasonal variation of TBT contents in biota was remarkable. The $K_d$ (biological concentration factor) was $7-41\times10^3$ for T. japonicus. and $5-34\times10^3$ for C. gigas. The measured TBT concentrations in seawater in the study area was sufficient to cause the imposex of shellfish and to retard the growth of aquatic organisms including oyster upon chronic exposure.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.29 no.1 s.72
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• pp.51-72
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• 1999

In orthodontic field, it is very important to understand the normal growth. Such an understanding can be derived from observation of normal growth in various samples from childhood to adulthood, and this builds a foundation from which growth abnormality or variation can be defined. Thus, a broad data collection of normal children, as well as basic study reviewing such data become necessary. The relationship between the mean values of cephalometric measurements in Growth and Development was studied among the groups(boys and girls) of Korean chidren from the ages 6-years to 16-years. 220 boys 170 girls were chosen as subjects : Cephalometric X-ray were taken for 3 years and hard tissue analysis on McNamara and Ricketts Analysis which was divided into measurements of 5 parts(Cranial base, Cranial base and Maxilla & Mandible, Maxilla and Mandible, Mandible, Dental measurements). The relationship of craniofacial growth was studied. The following conclusions were obtained: 1. There were statistically significant differences in anterior cranial base between the two sexes of 14 and 15-year grouips. 2. In comparison of growth amounts among different age groups, statistically singnificant difference in Posterior facial height exhisted among $10\~11,\;12\~13\;and\;14\~15$ year-old interval groups. This pattern increased with aging. 3. Na perpendicular to A showed earlier growth peak in females(11-12years) than males(12-13years). When horizontal measurements of point A and Pogonion are compared, mandibular growth appeared to be greater. 4. Maximum growth peak of cranial base and mandible was earlier in females (11-12years) than males(13-14 years). 5. Upper central incisor flared out with aging, and there were increases in lower incisor to A-Pg, and lower incisor inclination There was significant difference between the two sexes in 10-year-old group.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.334-345
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• 2009

Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the management status of chronic disease at community health centers. Methods: The study subjects were 450 employed persons at community health centers in Jeonlanamdo. General characteristics, status of chronic disease management and health education were collected for statistical analysis. The differences on management status among working areas were assessed with chi-square test and ANOVA. Results: The mean values of work duration were 18.7 years in rural, 14.4 years in fishing village, and 17.4 years in urban-rural, respectively. The number of management registration was highest in hypertension. The ways of disease management were medication check-up, diet stopping smoking. The contents of group health education were exercise, diet and prohibition of smoking. The place of health education was town assembling hall. The fields which officials wanted to be educated were symptom, diagnosis, treatment and complication. The most important field was early detection of chronic disease patients and health education. Finally, the field requiring support was work standardization. Conclusions: Community health workers have worked positively in chronic disease management. The barriers to work were the lack of professional and preliminary data. The support system with other health organ and health education were needed for the improvement of working ability.